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Istvan ES, Guerra F, Abraham M, Huang KS, Rocamora F, Zhao H, Xu L, Pasaje C, Kumpornsin K, Luth MR, Cui H, Yang T, Diaz SP, Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Qahash T, Mittal N, Ottilie S, Niles J, Lee MCS, Llinas M, Kato N, Okombo J, Fidock DA, Schimmel P, Gamo FJ, Goldberg DE, Winzeler EA. Cytoplasmic isoleucyl tRNA synthetase as an attractive multistage antimalarial drug target. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadc9249. [PMID: 36888694 PMCID: PMC10286833 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adc9249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of antimalarial compounds into clinical candidates remains costly and arduous without detailed knowledge of the target. As resistance increases and treatment options at various stages of disease are limited, it is critical to identify multistage drug targets that are readily interrogated in biochemical assays. Whole-genome sequencing of 18 parasite clones evolved using thienopyrimidine compounds with submicromolar, rapid-killing, pan-life cycle antiparasitic activity showed that all had acquired mutations in the P. falciparum cytoplasmic isoleucyl tRNA synthetase (cIRS). Engineering two of the mutations into drug-naïve parasites recapitulated the resistance phenotype, and parasites with conditional knockdowns of cIRS became hypersensitive to two thienopyrimidines. Purified recombinant P. vivax cIRS inhibition, cross-resistance, and biochemical assays indicated a noncompetitive, allosteric binding site that is distinct from that of known cIRS inhibitors mupirocin and reveromycin A. Our data show that Plasmodium cIRS is an important chemically and genetically validated target for next-generation medicines for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S. Istvan
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Francisco Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Lan Xu
- The Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Tsinghua University 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Charisse Pasaje
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Madeline R. Luth
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Haissi Cui
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sara Palomo Diaz
- Global Health Medicines, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - Tarrick Qahash
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nimisha Mittal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jacquin Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marcus C. S. Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Manuel Llinas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- The Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Tsinghua University 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Paul Schimmel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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2
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Li K, Chen S, Pang X, Cai J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Zhou X. Natural products from mangrove sediments-derived microbes: Structural diversity, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and total synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114117. [PMID: 35063731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mangrove forests are a complex ecosystem, and the microbial communities in mangrove sediments play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of mangrove ecosystems. Mangrove sediments-derived microbes (MSM), as a rich reservoir of natural product diversity, could be utilized in the exploration of new antibiotics or drugs. To understand the structural diversity and bioactivities of the metabolites of MSM, this review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of 519 natural products isolated from MSM with their bioactivities, up to 2021. Most of the structural types of these compounds are alkaloids, lactones, xanthones, quinones, terpenoids, and steroids. Among them, 210 compounds are obtained from bacteria, most of which are from Streptomyces, while 309 compounds are from fungus, especially genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. The pharmacological mechanisms of some representative lead compounds are well studied, revealing that they have important medicinal potentials, such as piericidins with anti-renal cell cancer effects, azalomycins with anti-MRSA activities, and ophiobolins as antineoplastic agents. The biosynthetic pathways of representative natural products from MSM have also been summarized, especially ikarugamycin, piericidins, divergolides, and azalomycins. In addition, the total synthetic strategies of representative secondary metabolites from MSM are also reviewed, such as piericidin A and borrelidin. This review provides an important reference for the research status of natural products isolated from MSM and the lead compounds worthy of further development, and reveals that MSM have important medicinal values and are worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Chest Pain Center, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Siqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Sanya Institute of Oceanology, SCSIO, Sanya, 572000, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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3
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Francklyn CS, Mullen P. Progress and challenges in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-based therapeutics. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5365-5385. [PMID: 30670594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.002956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are universal enzymes that catalyze the attachment of amino acids to the 3' ends of their cognate tRNAs. The resulting aminoacylated tRNAs are escorted to the ribosome where they enter protein synthesis. By specifically matching amino acids to defined anticodon sequences in tRNAs, ARSs are essential to the physical interpretation of the genetic code. In addition to their canonical role in protein synthesis, ARSs are also involved in RNA splicing, transcriptional regulation, translation, and other aspects of cellular homeostasis. Likewise, aminoacylated tRNAs serve as amino acid donors for biosynthetic processes distinct from protein synthesis, including lipid modification and antibiotic biosynthesis. Thanks to the wealth of details on ARS structures and functions and the growing appreciation of their additional roles regulating cellular homeostasis, opportunities for the development of clinically useful ARS inhibitors are emerging to manage microbial and parasite infections. Exploitation of these opportunities has been stimulated by the discovery of new inhibitor frameworks, the use of semi-synthetic approaches combining chemistry and genome engineering, and more powerful techniques for identifying leads from the screening of large chemical libraries. Here, we review the inhibition of ARSs by small molecules, including the various families of natural products, as well as inhibitors developed by either rational design or high-throughput screening as antibiotics and anti-parasitic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Francklyn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Patrick Mullen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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4
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Hu C, Su H, Luo J, Han L, Liu Q, Wu W, Mu Y, Guan P, Sun T, Huang X. Design, synthesis and antifungal evaluation of borrelidin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:6035-6049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: Structure, function, and drug discovery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:400-414. [PMID: 29305884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are the enzymes that catalyze the aminoacylation reaction by covalently linking an amino acid to its cognate tRNA in the first step of protein translation. Beyond this classical function, these enzymes are also known to have a role in several metabolic and signaling pathways that are important for cell viability. Study of these enzymes is of great interest to the researchers due to its pivotal role in the growth and survival of an organism. Further, unfolding the interesting structural and functional aspects of these enzymes in the last few years has qualified them as a potential drug target against various diseases. Here we review the classification, function, and the conserved as well the appended structural architecture of these enzymes in detail, including its association with multi-synthetase complexes. We also considered their role in human diseases in terms of mutations and autoantibodies against AARSs. Finally, we have discussed the available inhibitors against AARSs. This review offers comprehensive information on AARSs under a single canopy that would be a good inventory for researchers working in this area.
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6
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Cochrane RVK, Norquay AK, Vederas JC. Natural products and their derivatives as tRNA synthetase inhibitors and antimicrobial agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The tRNA synthetase enzymes are promising targets for development of therapeutic agents against infections by parasitic protozoans (e.g. malaria), fungi and yeast, as well as bacteria resistant to current antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. K. Norquay
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - J. C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- T6G 2G2 Canada
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7
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Mirando AC, Fang P, Williams TF, Baldor LC, Howe AK, Ebert AM, Wilkinson B, Lounsbury KM, Guo M, Francklyn CS. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase dependent angiogenesis revealed by a bioengineered macrolide inhibitor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13160. [PMID: 26271225 PMCID: PMC4536658 DOI: 10.1038/srep13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) catalyze an early step in protein synthesis, but also regulate diverse physiological processes in animal cells. These include angiogenesis, and human threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) represents a potent pro-angiogenic AARS. Angiogenesis stimulation can be blocked by the macrolide antibiotic borrelidin (BN), which exhibits a broad spectrum toxicity that has discouraged deeper investigation. Recently, a less toxic variant (BC194) was identified that potently inhibits angiogenesis. Employing biochemical, cell biological, and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that the toxicity of BN and its derivatives is linked to its competition with the threonine substrate at the molecular level, which stimulates amino acid starvation and apoptosis. By separating toxicity from the inhibition of angiogenesis, a direct role for TARS in vascular development in the zebrafish could be demonstrated. Bioengineered natural products are thus useful tools in unmasking the cryptic functions of conventional enzymes in the regulation of complex processes in higher metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pengfei Fang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida
| | | | | | - Alan K Howe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont
| | | | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd, Science Village, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | | | - Min Guo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida
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8
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Structural basis for full-spectrum inhibition of translational functions on a tRNA synthetase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6402. [PMID: 25824639 PMCID: PMC4389257 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyketide natural product borrelidin displays antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, insecticidal and herbicidal activities through the selective inhibition of threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS). How borrelidin simultaneously attenuates bacterial growth and suppresses a variety of infections in plants and animals is not known. Here we show, using X-ray crystal structures and functional analyses, that a single molecule of borrelidin simultaneously occupies four distinct subsites within the catalytic domain of bacterial and human ThrRSs. These include the three substrate-binding sites for amino acid, ATP and tRNA associated with aminoacylation, and a fourth ‘orthogonal’ subsite created as a consequence of binding. Thus, borrelidin competes with all three aminoacylation substrates, providing a potent and redundant mechanism to inhibit ThrRS during protein synthesis. These results highlight a surprising natural design to achieve the quadrivalent inhibition of translation through a highly conserved family of enzymes. Borrelidin is an antibiotic with antimicrobial, antifungal, antimalarial and immunosuppressive activity that targets threonyl-tRNA synthetase. Here the authors show that borrelidin functions by preventing binding of all three ThrRS substrates and inducing a distinct, non-productive, conformation of the enzyme.
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9
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Matsuo H, Kondo Y, Kawasaki T, Tokuyama S, Imamura N. Borrelidin Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibited Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells via Several Factors Including GATA-Binding Protein 3. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1504-11. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
- Department of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yoshiyuki Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | - Shinji Tokuyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University
| | - Nobutaka Imamura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
- Department of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University
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10
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Gao YM, Wang XJ, Zhang J, Li M, Liu CX, An J, Jiang L, Xiang WS. Borrelidin, a potent antifungal agent: insight into the antifungal mechanism against Phytophthora sojae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9874-9881. [PMID: 22967236 DOI: 10.1021/jf302857x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Borrelidin has high and specific antifungal activity against Phytophthora sojae . To explore the antifungal mechanism of borrelidin against P. sojae , the relationship between the antifungal activity of borrelidin and the concentration of threonine was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the growth-inhibitory effect of borrelidin on the growth of P. sojae was antagonized by threonine in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) may be the potential target of borrelidin. Subsequently, the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of ThrRS by borrelidin in vitro was confirmed. Furthermore, the detailed interaction between ThrRS and borrelidin was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD), implying a tight binding of borrelidin to ThrRS. Taken together, these results suggest that the antifungal activity of borrelidin against P. sojae was mediated by inhibition of ThrRS via the formation of the ThrRS-borrelidin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Gao
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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11
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Jackson KE, Pham JS, Kwek M, De Silva NS, Allen SM, Goodman CD, McFadden GI, Ribas de Pouplana L, Ralph SA. Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the apicoplast and cytosol in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Eastwood EL, Schaus SE. Borrelidin induces the transcription of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes via a GCN4-dependent pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2235-7. [PMID: 12798341 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global cellular profiling of messenger RNA levels has been used to provide insight into the effects of the angiogenesis inhibitor borrelidin on the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The most notable result of treatment with borrelidin is the induction of amino acid biosynthetic enzymes in a time-dependent fashion. We have ascertained that induction of this pathway involves the GCN4 transcription factor. This conclusion was determined by treating a yeast strain lacking this gene and observing the absence of increased gene transcription under Gcn4p control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Eastwood
- Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, MA 02215, Boston, USA
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13
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Hallstrom TC, Lambert L, Schorling S, Balzi E, Goffeau A, Moye-Rowley WS. Coordinate control of sphingolipid biosynthesis and multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23674-80. [PMID: 11323424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101568200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance often occurs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae through genetic activation of the Cys(6)-Zn(II) transcription factors Pdr1p and Pdr3p. Hyperactive alleles of these proteins cause overproduction of target genes that include drug efflux pumps, which in turn confer high level drug resistance. Here we provide evidence that both Pdr1p and Pdr3p act to regulate production of an enzyme involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. The last step in formation of the major sphingolipid in the yeast plasma membrane, mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide, is catalyzed by the product of the IPT1 gene, inositol phosphotransferase (Ipt1p). Transcription of the IPT1 gene is responsive to changes in activity of Pdr1p and Pdr3p. A single Pdr1p/Pdr3p response element is present in the IPT1 promoter and is required for regulation by these factors. Loss of IPT1 has complex effects on drug resistance of the resulting strain, consistent with an important role for mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide in normal plasma membrane function. Direct assay for lipid contents of cells demonstrates that changes in sphingolipid composition correlate with changes in the activity of Pdr3p. These data suggest that Pdr1p and Pdr3p may act to modulate the lipid composition of membranes in S. cerevisiae through activation of sphingolipid biosynthesis along with other target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hallstrom
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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14
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Smith V, Chou KN, Lashkari D, Botstein D, Brown PO. Functional analysis of the genes of yeast chromosome V by genetic footprinting. Science 1996; 274:2069-74. [PMID: 8953036 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5295.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic footprinting was used to assess the phenotypic effects of Ty1 transposon insertions in 268 predicted genes of chromosome V of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When seven selection protocols were used, Ty1 insertions in more than half the genes tested (157 of 268) were found to result in a detectable reduction in fitness. Results could not be obtained for fewer than 3 percent of the genes tested (7 of 268). Previously known mutant phenotypes were confirmed, and, for about 30 percent of the genes, new mutant phenotypes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Decottignies A, Lambert L, Catty P, Degand H, Epping EA, Moye-Rowley WS, Balzi E, Goffeau A. Identification and characterization of SNQ2, a new multidrug ATP binding cassette transporter of the yeast plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:18150-7. [PMID: 7629127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.30.18150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNQ2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes an ATP binding cassette protein responsible for resistance to the mutagen 4-nitroquinoline oxide, is regulated by the DNA-binding proteins PDR1 and PDR3. In a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from a pdr1 mutant, the SNQ2 protein is found in the 160-kDa over-expressed band, together with PDR5. The SNQ2 protein was solubilized with n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside from the plasma membranes of a PDR5-deleted strain and separated from the PMA1 H(+/-)ATPase by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The enzyme shows a nucleoside triphosphatase activity that differs biochemically from that of PDR5 (Decottignies, A., Kolaczkowski, M., Balzi, E., and Goffeau, A. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 12797-12803) and is sensitive to vanadate, erythrosine B, and Triton X-100 but not to oligomycin, which inhibits the PDR5 activity only. Disruption of both PDR5 and SNQ2 in a pdr1 mutant decreases the cell growth rate and reveals the presence of at least two other ATP binding cassette proteins in the 160-kDa overexpressed band that have been identified by amino-terminal microsequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decottignies
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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16
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PDR5, a novel yeast multidrug resistance conferring transporter controlled by the transcription regulator PDR1. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Meyers S, Schauer W, Balzi E, Wagner M, Goffeau A, Golin J. Interaction of the yeast pleiotropic drug resistance genes PDR1 and PDR5. Curr Genet 1992; 21:431-6. [PMID: 1319843 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The network of genes which mediates multiple drug resistance in yeast includes, among others, the PDR1 gene, which encodes a putative regulator of gene expression, and PDR5, a locus whose amplification leads to resistance. We demonstrate that disruption of PDR5 causes marked hypersensitivity not only to cycloheximide but also to sulphometuron methyl and the mitochondrial inhibitors chloramphenicol, lincomycin, erythromycin and antimycin. Genetic analysis of double mutants containing an insertion in PDR5 (pdr5:Tn5), which renders cells hypersensitive to cycloheximide, and a pdr1 mutation, which confers resistance to this inhibitor, indicates that the expression of resistance requires a functional PDR5 gene. The same interdependency is observed for chloramphenicol, but not for oligomycin, lincomycin, erythromycin or sulphometuron methyl. Northern analysis of PDR1 and PDR5 transcripts reveals that the 5.2 kbp PDR5 transcript is overexpressed in pdr1 (resistant) mutants, but underexpressed in a disruption of PDR1. These observations provide strong experimental support for our former proposal that the PDR5 gene is a target for regulation by the PDR1 gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meyers
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
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Ramos C, Calderon IL. Overproduction of threonine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants resistant to hydroxynorvaline. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1677-82. [PMID: 1622238 PMCID: PMC195657 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.5.1677-1682.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we isolated and characterized mutants that overproduce threonine from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutants were selected for resistance to the threonine analog alpha-amino-beta-hydroxynorvalerate (hydroxynorvaline), and, of these, the ones able to excrete threonine to the medium were chosen. The mutant strains produce between 15 and 30 times more threonine than the wild type does, and, to a lesser degree, they also accumulate isoleucine. Genetic and biochemical studies have revealed that the threonine overproduction is, in all cases studied, associated with the presence in the strain of a HOM3 allele coding for a mutant aspartate kinase that is totally or partially insensitive to feedback inhibition by threonine. This enzyme seems, therefore, to be crucial in the regulation of threonine biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae. The results obtained suggest that this strategy could be efficiently applied to the isolation of threonine-overproducing strains of yeasts other than S. cerevisiae, even those used industrially.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Mountain HA, Byström AS, Larsen JT, Korch C. Four major transcriptional responses in the methionine/threonine biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1991; 7:781-803. [PMID: 1789001 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding enzymes in the threonine/methionine biosynthetic pathway were cloned and used to investigate their transcriptional response to signals known to affect gene expression on the basis of enzyme specific-activities. Four major responses were evident: strong repression by methionine of MET3, MET5 and MET14, as previously described for MET3, MET2 and MET25; weak repression by methionine of MET6; weak stimulation by methionine but no response to threonine was seen for THR1, HOM2 and HOM3; no response to any of the signals tested, for HOM6 and MES1. In a BOR3 mutant, THR1, HOM2 and HOM3 mRNA levels were increased slightly. The stimulation of transcription by methionine for HOM2, HOM3 and THR1 is mediated by the GCN4 gene product and hence these genes are under the general amino acid control. In addition to the strong repression by methionine, MET5 is also regulated by the general control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Mountain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Umeå, Sweden
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Balzi E, Goffeau A. Multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:241-52. [PMID: 2009277 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Balzi
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Balzi E, Chen W, Ulaszewski S, Capieaux E, Goffeau A. The multidrug resistance gene PDR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Subik J, Ulaszewski S, Goffeau A. Genetic mapping of nuclear mucidin resistance mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A new pdr locus on chromosome II. Curr Genet 1986; 10:665-70. [PMID: 3329042 DOI: 10.1007/bf00410914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two nuclear pleiotropic drug resistance mutations pdr3-1 (former designation mucPR) and pdr3-2 (former designation DRI9/T7) have been selected as resistant to mucidin and as resistant to chloramphenicol plus cycloheximide, respectively. The pdr3 mutations were found not to affect the plasma membrane ATPase activity measured in a crude membrane fraction. Meiotic mapping using strains with standard genetic markers revealed that mutation pdr3-1 is centromere linked on the left arm of chromosome II at a distance of 5.9 +/- 3.3 cM from its centromere and 11.6 +/- 3.1 cM from the marker pet9. The centromere linked pdr3-2 mutation exhibited also genetic linkage to pet9 with a map distance of 9.8 +/- 3.2 cM. These results indicate that pdr3-1 and pdr3-2 are alleles of the same pleiotropic drug resistance locus PDR3 which is involved in the control of the plasma membrane permeability in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Subik
- Food Research Institute, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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Pape LK, Tzagoloff A. Cloning and characterization of the gene for the yeast cytoplasmic threonyl-tRNA synthetase. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:6171-83. [PMID: 2995918 PMCID: PMC321945 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.17.6171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A fragment of DNA from the yeast nuclear gene MST1 that codes for the mitochondrial tRNAThr1 synthetase was used as a probe to screen for other yeast threonyl-tRNA synthetase genes. At low stringency, the MST1 probe hybridizes strongly to a 6.6 kb EcoRI fragment of yeast genomic DNA with the homologous gene and in addition hybridizes more weakly to a smaller 3.6 kb EcoRI fragment with a second threonyl-tRNA synthetase gene (THS1). To clone THS1, a library was constructed by ligation to pUC18 of size selected (3-4.5 kb) EcoRI fragments of genomic DNA. Several clones containing the 3.6 kb EcoRI fragment were isolated. A 2,202 nucleotide long open reading frame corresponding to THS1 has been identified in the cloned fragment of DNA. The predicted protein encoded by THS1 is 38% identical to the E. coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase over the latter's length (642 amino acids) and is 42% identical to the predicted MST1 product over its 462 residues. In situ disruption of the chromosomal copy of THS1 is lethal to the cell, indicating that this gene codes for the cytoplasmic threonyl-tRNA synthetase.
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Mitchell AP, Ludmerer SW. Identification of a glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase mutation Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 1984; 158:530-4. [PMID: 6144664 PMCID: PMC215461 DOI: 10.1128/jb.158.2.530-534.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase mutants were isolated through systematic screening of tight Gln- derivatives of a leaky glutamine auxotroph. These mutations define a single nuclear gene, GLN4. The gln4-1 mutation is specific for Gln-tRNA synthetase and shows a dosage effect in heterozygous diploids. The wild-type Gln-tRNA synthetase exhibits a Km for glutamine of 25 microM; the gln4-1 mutation increases this value 20-fold. These observations strongly suggest that GLN4 encodes the Gln-tRNA synthetase.
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Saunders GW, Rank GH. Allelism of pleiotropic drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GENETIQUE ET DE CYTOLOGIE 1982; 24:493-503. [PMID: 6762918 DOI: 10.1139/g82-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Allelism of pleiotropic drug resistant (pdr) mutants was evaluated by complementation tests, linkage to chromosome-VII centromere markers and response to a partial suppressor (sur). Complementation tests were confounded by incomplete dominance and somatic segregation. Phenotypic suppression by sur was observed for all mutant and wild type alleles and thus could not be used to distinguish alleles. Five different alleles were tentatively identified by their close linkage to leul; 88 tetrads from three factor crosses produced the following linkages--leul (4.7) pdrl (17.0) trp5. Resistance of DRI 9/T7, a [cir o] strain of French origin, was not inherited as an allele of pdr but was controlled by a different pleiotropic centromere linked gene. An evaluation of published data suggest that antl, AMYl, till, cyh3, BOR2, and axe1 may be alleles of pdr. Thus pdr appears to be an allele that influences permeability to many inhibitors.
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Seibold M, Nill K, Poralla K. Homoserine and threonine pools of borrelidin resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with an altered aspartokinase. Arch Microbiol 1981; 129:368-70. [PMID: 6269513 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Stiles JI, Friedman LR, Helms C, Consaul S, Sherman F. Transposition of the gene cluster CYC1-OSM1-RAD7 in yeast. J Mol Biol 1981; 148:331-46. [PMID: 6273579 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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