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Weger HG, Polasek AK, Wright DM, Damodaran A, Stavrinides J. Grazing preferences of three species of amoebae on cyanobacteria and green algae. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13018. [PMID: 38197812 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Twenty species/isolates of cyanobacteria and green algae were isolated from cyanobacterial bloom samples in lakes associated with the upper Qu'Appelle River drainage system in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Three amoebae species (Cochliopodium sp., Vannella sp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis) were also isolated from one of these samples, and were subjected to grazing assays to determine which species of cyanobacteria or algae could potentially serve as a food source. Amoeba grazing rates were quantified based on the diameter of the plaque after 12 days on agar plate assays, and by estimation of the amoeba population growth rate from the rate of increase of plaque area. The common cyanobacterial bloom-formers Dolichospermum sp. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae supported high growth rates for all three amoebae, while green algae, with the exception of one green alga/amoeba combination, did not support growth of the tested amoebae. Many of the cyanobacterial and algal isolates that did not support amoebae growth were ingested, suggesting that ingestion did not determine grazing success. Overall, while the cyanobacteria Dolichospermum sp. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were suitable food sources for the amoebae, the other cyanobacteria were grazed in an unpredictable manner, with some species/strains grazed by some amoebae and some species not grazed at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold G Weger
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - April K Polasek
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derek M Wright
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Arun Damodaran
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Stavrinides
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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2
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Nuccio EE, Nguyen NH, Nunes da Rocha U, Mayali X, Bougoure J, Weber PK, Brodie E, Firestone M, Pett-Ridge J. Community RNA-Seq: multi-kingdom responses to living versus decaying roots in soil. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:72. [PMID: 36765158 PMCID: PMC9723751 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Roots are a primary source of organic carbon input in most soils. The consumption of living and detrital root inputs involves multi-trophic processes and multiple kingdoms of microbial life, but typical microbial ecology studies focus on only one or two major lineages. We used Illumina shotgun RNA sequencing to conduct PCR-independent SSU rRNA community analysis ("community RNA-Seq") and simultaneously assess the bacteria, archaea, fungi, and microfauna surrounding both living and decomposing roots of the annual grass, Avena fatua. Plants were grown in 13CO2-labeled microcosms amended with 15N-root litter to identify the preferences of rhizosphere organisms for root exudates (13C) versus decaying root biomass (15N) using NanoSIMS microarray imaging (Chip-SIP). When litter was available, rhizosphere and bulk soil had significantly more Amoebozoa, which are potentially important yet often overlooked top-down drivers of detritusphere community dynamics and nutrient cycling. Bulk soil containing litter was depleted in Actinobacteria but had significantly more Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. While Actinobacteria were abundant in the rhizosphere, Chip-SIP showed Actinobacteria preferentially incorporated litter relative to root exudates, indicating this group's more prominent role in detritus elemental cycling in the rhizosphere. Our results emphasize that decomposition is a multi-trophic process involving complex interactions, and our methodology can be used to track the trajectory of carbon through multi-kingdom soil food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Nuccio
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - Nhu H Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ulisses Nunes da Rocha
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xavier Mayali
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Eoin Brodie
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary Firestone
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
- Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
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3
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De Obeso Fernandez Del Valle A, Lorenzo-Morales J, Maciver SK. Leptomyxa valladaresi n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Tubulinea, Leptomyxida), from Mount Teide, Tenerife, Spain. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Glazier DS. Metabolic level and size scaling of rates of respiration and growth in unicellular organisms. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Pickup ZL, Pickup R, Parry JD. A comparison of the growth and starvation responses of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis in the presence of suspended and attached Escherichia coli K12. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 59:556-63. [PMID: 17059479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and starvation responses of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis were investigated in the presence and absence of Escherichia coli on an agar surface or within shaken suspensions. The amoebae perceived all the suspended systems to be unfavourable for growth, despite being challenged with high levels of prey, and as a consequence they exhibited a starvation response. However, the response differed between species, with A. castellanii producing characteristic cysts and H. vermiformis producing round bodies. These amoebic forms were reactivated into feeding trophozoites in the presence of bacterial aggregates, which formed in the suspended systems after 68 h of incubation. In contrast, both species of amoebae grew well in the presence of attached E. coli at a concentration of 1 x 10(6) cells cm(-2) of agar and yielded specific growth rates of c. 0.04 h(-1). Starvation responses were induced at the end of the growth phase, and these were equivalent to those recorded in the suspended systems. We conclude that, when suspended, amoebae in the 'floating form' cannot feed effectively on suspended prey, and hence the starvation response is initiated. Thus the majority of amoebic feeding is via trophozoite grazing of attached bacterial prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Pickup
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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6
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Pickup ZL, Pickup R, Parry JD. Effects of bacterial prey species and their concentration on growth of the amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii and Hartmannella vermiformis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2631-4. [PMID: 17293529 PMCID: PMC1855622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02061-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two amoebae were presented with six bacterial prey at a range of concentrations, and the growth parameters of the amoebae were deduced. All but one bacterium (Synechococcus) resulted in a positive growth response, but the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus proved to be difficult to digest and the heavily pigmented bacterium Klebsiella ozaenae induced unusual amoebic behavior prior to ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Pickup
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Lancaster Environment Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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7
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Garstecki T, Brown S, De Jonckheere JF. Description of Vahlkampfia signyensis n. sp. (Heterolobosea), based on morphological, ultrastructural and molecular characteristics. Eur J Protistol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Kuiper MW, Wullings BA, Akkermans ADL, Beumer RR, van der Kooij D. Intracellular proliferation of Legionella pneumophila in Hartmannella vermiformis in aquatic biofilms grown on plasticized polyvinyl chloride. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:6826-33. [PMID: 15528550 PMCID: PMC525122 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.11.6826-6833.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for protozoa for the proliferation of Legionella pneumophila in aquatic habitats is still not fully understood and is even questioned by some investigators. This study shows the in vivo growth of L. pneumophila in protozoa in aquatic biofilms developing at high concentrations on plasticized polyvinyl chloride in a batch system with autoclaved tap water. The inoculum, a mixed microbial community including indigenous L. pneumophila originating from a tap water system, was added in an unfiltered as well as filtered (cellulose nitrate, 3.0-microm pore size) state. Both the attached and suspended biomasses were examined for their total amounts of ATP, for culturable L. pneumophila, and for their concentrations of protozoa. L. pneumophila grew to high numbers (6.3 log CFU/cm2) only in flasks with an unfiltered inoculum. Filtration obviously removed the growth-supporting factor, but it did not affect biofilm formation, as determined by measuring ATP. Cultivation, direct counting, and 18S ribosomal DNA-targeted PCR with subsequent sequencing revealed the presence of Hartmannella vermiformis in all flasks in which L. pneumophila multiplied and also when cycloheximide had been added. Fluorescent in situ hybridization clearly demonstrated the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila in trophozoites of H. vermiformis, with 25.9% +/- 10.5% of the trophozoites containing L. pneumophila on day 10 and >90% containing L. pneumophila on day 14. Calculations confirmed that intracellular growth was most likely the only way for L. pneumophila to proliferate within the biofilm. Higher biofilm concentrations, measured as amounts of ATP, gave higher L. pneumophila concentrations, and therefore the growth of L. pneumophila within engineered water systems can be limited by controlling biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W Kuiper
- Laboratories of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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9
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Atkinson D, Ciotti BJ, Montagnes DJS. Protists decrease in size linearly with temperature: ca. 2.5% degrees C(-1). Proc Biol Sci 2004; 270:2605-11. [PMID: 14728784 PMCID: PMC1691543 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inverse relationship between organism size and rearing temperature is widely observed in ectotherms ('the temperature-size rule', TSR). This has rarely been quantified for related taxa, and its applicability to protists also required testing. Here, we quantify the relationship between temperature and mean cell volume within the protists by a meta-analysis of published data covering marine, brackish water and freshwater autotrophs and heterotrophs. In each of 44 datasets, a linear relationship between temperature and size could not be rejected, and a negative trend was found in 32 cases (20 gave significant negative regressions, p < 0.05). By combining 65 datasets, we revealed, for each 1 degrees C increase, a cell-size reduction of 2.5% (95% CI of 1.7-3.3%) of the volume observed at 15 degrees C. The value did not differ across taxa (amoebae, ciliates, diatoms, dinoflagellates, flagellates), habitats, modes of nutrition or combinations of these. The data are consistent with two hypotheses that are capable of explaining the TSR in ectotherms generally: (i) resource, especially respiratory gas, limitation; and (ii) fitness gains from dividing earlier as population growth increases. Using the above relationship we show how changes in cell numbers with temperature can be estimated from changes in biomass and vice versa; ignoring this relationship would produce a systematic error.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Atkinson
- Population and Evolutionary Biology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The Biosciences Building, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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10
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Garstecki T, Wickham SA. The response of benthic rhizopods to sediment disturbance does not support the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Rogerson A, Hannah F, Gothe G. The grazing potential of some unusual marine benthic amoebae feeding on bacteria. Eur J Protistol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(96)80026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Tamar H. Four Marine Species of Mesodinium (Ciliophora: Mesodiniidae) II. Mesodinium pulex Clap. & Lachm., 1858. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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13
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Choi JW, Peters F. Effects of Temperature on Two Psychrophilic Ecotypes of a Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate,
Paraphysomonas imperforata. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:593-9. [PMID: 16348647 PMCID: PMC195289 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.2.593-599.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different psychrophilic types of the heterotrophic nanoflagellate
Paraphysomonas imperforata
were isolated from Newfoundland coastal waters and the Arctic Ocean. When fed bacteria without food limitation, both isolates were able to grow at temperatures from -1.8 to 20°C, with maximum growth rates of 3.28 day
-1
at 15°C and 2.28 day
-1
at 12.3°C for the Newfoundland and the Arctic isolates, respectively. Ingestion rates increased with temperature from 14 to 62 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Newfoundland isolate and from 30 to 99 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Arctic isolate. While temperature did not affect cell yields (number of protozoa produced divided by number of bacteria consumed), it affected flagellate sizes. This differential effect of temperature on cell yield and cell size resulted in a changing gross growth efficiency (GGE) in terms of biovolume; colder temperatures favored higher GGEs. The comparison of
Q
10
values for growth rates and ingestion rates between the isolates shows that the Arctic isolate is better adapted to extremely cold temperature than the Newfoundland isolate. At seawater-freezing temperature (-1.8°C), the estimated maximum growth rates and maximum ingestion rates are 0.81 day
-1
and 30 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Arctic isolate and 0.54 day
-1
and 12 bacteria flagellate
-1
h
-1
for the Newfoundland isolate. Our findings about psychrophilic nanoflagellates fit the general characteristics of cold-water-dwelling organisms: reduced physiological rates and higher GGEs at lower temperatures. Because of the large and persistent differences between the isolates, we conclude that they are ecotypes adapted to specific environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Choi
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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14
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Jellett JF, Scheibling RE. Effect of Temperature and Prey Availability on Growth of
Paramoeba invadens
in Monoxenic Culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:1848-54. [PMID: 16347695 PMCID: PMC202756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.7.1848-1854.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramoeba invadens
Jones 1985 is a pathogenic marine amoeba responsible for mass mortalities of sea urchins (
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
) of Nova Scotia between 1980 and 1983. A direct relationship between temperature and sea urchin paramoebiasis has been shown in previous laboratory and field studies. This study examined the effect of prey availability and temperature on the growth of
P. invadens
in monoxenic culture (with the marine bacterium
Pseudomonas nautica
). At 15°C, the specific growth rate of
P. invadens
increased with bacterial prey concentration and was highest at 10
8
bacterial cells ml
−1
. Growth rate of
P. invadens
was maximal at 15 to 20°C (which corresponds to annual sea temperature maxima in the natural environment) and the minimum generation time was 19.41 h at 20°C. At 10 and 12°C, generation times were 91.18 and 73.39 h, respectively; at 2 and 5°C, there was no growth.
P. invadens
did not survive in monoxenic culture at 27°C. Growth rates of
P. invadens
in vitro were positively correlated with time to morbidity of infected
S. droebachiensis
.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Jellett
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 4J1, Canada
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15
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Caron DA, Goldman JC, Dennett MR. Effect of Temperature on Growth, Respiration, and Nutrient Regeneration by an Omnivorous Microflagellate. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:1340-7. [PMID: 16347239 PMCID: PMC239231 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.6.1340-1347.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the rates and extent of carbon and nitrogen cycling by the heterotrophic microflagellate
Paraphysomonas imperforata
(diameter, 7 to 12 μm) fed with the diatom
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
was investigated over an ecologically pertinent temperature range (14 to 26°C). All physiological rates investigated increased with increasing temperature.
Q
10
values were similar for all rate changes and were comparable to those which have been reported for other protozoa. In contrast to all rates, microflagellate gross growth efficiency and cell volume were unaffected by temperature. Decreases in the concentrations of particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen from grazed diatom cultures also were similar when summed over the entire growth phase of the microflagellate population. Therefore, the proportions of ingested carbon and nitrogen which were incorporated or remineralized by the microflagellate were independent of temperature between 14 and 26°C. At temperatures above 18°C, growth rates of
P. imperforata
were greater than the maximum growth rates reported for most phytoplankton. We conclude that the impact of
P. imperforata
on natural phytoplankton communities is not controlled by temperature above 18°C but may be affected by the rate at which zooplankton or microzooplankton prey on the microflagellate, as well as the inability of the microflagellate to graze efficiently when phytoplankton are present at low cell densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Caron
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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16
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Fenchel T, Finlay BJ. Respiration rates in heterotrophic, free-living protozoa. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1983; 9:99-122. [PMID: 24221648 DOI: 10.1007/bf02015125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Published estimates of protozoan respiratory rates are reviewed with the object of clarifying their value in ecological studies. The data show a surprisingly large variance when similarly sized cells or individual species are compared. This is attributed to the range of physiological states in the cells concerned. The concept of basal metabolism has little meaning in protozoa. During balanced growth, energy metabolism is nearly linearly proportional to the growth rate constant; at the initiation of starvation, metabolic rate rapidly declines. Motility requires an insignificant fraction of the energy budget of protozoans. For growing cells, metabolic rate is approximately proportional to weight(0.75) and the data fall nearly exactly on a curve extrapolated from that describing the respiration rates of poikilotherm metazoans as a function of body weight. It is conceivable that protozoan species exist with lower maximum potential growth and metabolic rates than those predicted from cell volume and the equations derived from the available data. However, the lack of information concerning the state of the cells studied prevents verification of this idea. Laboratory measurements of protozoan respiratory rates have no predictive value for protozoa in nature other than delimiting a potential range. For small protozoans, this range may, on an individual basis, represent a factor of 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fenchel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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