1
|
Uno Y, Matsubara K. Unleashing diversity through flexibility: The evolutionary journey of sex chromosomes in amphibians and reptiles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:230-241. [PMID: 38155517 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination systems have greatly diversified between amphibians and reptiles, with such as the different sex chromosome compositions within a single species and transition between temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD). In most sex chromosome studies on amphibians and reptiles, the whole-genome sequence of Xenopous tropicalis and chicken have been used as references to compare the chromosome homology of sex chromosomes among each of these taxonomic groups, respectively. In the present study, we reviewed existing reports on sex chromosomes, including karyotypes, in amphibians and reptiles. Furthermore, we compared the identified genetic linkages of sex chromosomes in amphibians and reptiles with the chicken genome as a reference, which is believed to resemble the ancestral tetrapod karyotype. Our findings revealed that sex chromosomes in amphibians are derived from genetic linkages homologous to various chicken chromosomes, even among several frogs within single families, such as Ranidae and Pipidae. In contrast, sex chromosomes in reptiles exhibit conserved genetic linkages with chicken chromosomes, not only across most species within a single family, but also within closely related families. The diversity of sex chromosomes in amphibians and reptiles may be attributed to the flexibility of their sex determination systems, including the ease of sex reversal in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Uno
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Matsubara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sex-linked markers in an Australian frog Platyplectrum ornatum (Limnodynastidae) with a small genome and homomorphic sex chromosomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20934. [PMID: 36463309 PMCID: PMC9719524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians have highly diverse sex-determining modes leading to a notable interest in vertebrate sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. The identification of sex-determining systems in amphibians, however, is often difficult as a vast majority consist of homomorphic sex chromosomes making them hard to distinguish. In this study, we used Diversity Array Technology sequencing (DArTseq) to identify the sex-determining system in the ornate burrowing frog from Australia, Platyplectrum ornatum. We applied DArTseq to 44 individuals, 19 males and 25 females, collected from two locations to develop sex-linked markers. Unexpectedly, these 44 individuals were classified into two distinct population clusters based on our SNP analyses, 36 individuals in cluster 1, and 8 individuals in cluster 2. We then performed sex-linkage analyses separately in each cluster. We identified 35 sex-linked markers from cluster 1, which were all associated with maleness. Therefore, P. ornatum cluster 1 is utilising a male heterogametic (XX/XY) sex-determining system. On the other hand, we identified 210 sex-linked markers from cluster 2, of which 89 were male specific, i.e., identifying XX/XY sex determining system and 111 were female specific, i.e., identifying ZZ/ZW sex determining system, suggesting existence of either male or female heterogametic sex determining system in cluster 2. We also performed cytogenetic analyses in 1 male and 1 female from cluster 1; however, we did not detect any visible differentiation between the X and Y sex chromosomes. We also mapped sex-linked markers from the two clusters against the P. ornatum genome and our comparative analysis indicated that the sex chromosomes in both clusters shared homologies to chromosome 10 (autosome) of Rana temporaria and ZWY sex chromosome of Xenopus tropicalis. Our preliminary data suggest that it is plausible that the cluster 2 has a potential to be either male or female heterogamety in sex determination, requiring further investigation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Katsumi T, Shams F, Yanagi H, Ohnishi T, Toda M, Lin SM, Mawaribuchi S, Shimizu N, Ezaz T, Miura I. Highly rapid and diverse sex chromosome evolution in the Odorrana frog species complex. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:279-289. [PMID: 35881001 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes in poikilothermal vertebrates are characterized by rapid and diverse evolution at the species or population level. Our previous study revealed that the Taiwanese frog Odorrana swinhoana (2n = 26) has a unique system of multiple sex chromosomes created by three sequential translocations among chromosomes 1, 3, and 7. To reveal the evolutionary history of sex chromosomes in the Odorrana species complex, we first identified the original, homomorphic sex chromosomes, prior to the occurrence of translocations, in the ancestral-type population of O. swinhoana. Then, we extended the investigation to a closely related Japanese species, Odorrana utsunomiyaorum, which is distributed on two small islands. We used a high-throughput nuclear genomic approach to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphisms and identify the sex-linked markers. Those isolated from the O. swinhoana ancestral-type population were found to be aligned to chromosome 1 and showed male heterogamety. In contrast, almost all the sex-linked markers isolated from O. utsunomiyaorum were heterozygous in females and homozygous in males and were aligned to chromosome 9. Morphologically, we confirmed chromosome 9 to be heteromorphic in females, showing a ZZ-ZW sex determination system, in which the W chromosomes were heterochromatinized in a stripe pattern along the chromosome axis. These results indicated that after divergence of the two species, the ancestral homomorphic sex chromosome 1 underwent highly rapid and diverse evolution, i.e., sequential translocations with two autosomes in O. swinhoana, and turnover to chromosome 9 in O. utsunomiyaorum, with a transition from XY to ZW heterogamety and change to heteromorphy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taito Katsumi
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Foyez Shams
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Yanagi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Mamoru Toda
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Si-Min Lin
- School of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuuji Mawaribuchi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Hiroshima University Museum, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Ikuo Miura
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Australia.,Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miura I, Shams F, Jeffries DL, Katsura Y, Mawaribuchi S, Perrin N, Ito M, Ogata M, Ezaz T. Identification of ancestral sex chromosomes in the frog Glandirana rugosa bearing XX-XY and ZZ-ZW sex-determining systems. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3859-3870. [PMID: 35691011 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes constantly exist in a dynamic state of evolution: rapid turnover and change of heterogametic sex during homomorphic state, and often stepping out to a heteromorphic state followed by chromosomal decaying. However, the forces driving these different trajectories of sex chromosome evolution are still unclear. The Japanese frog Glandirana rugosa is one taxon well suited to the study on these driving forces. The species has two different heteromorphic sex chromosome systems, XX-XY and ZZ-ZW, which are separated in different geographic populations. Both XX-XY and ZZ-ZW sex chromosomes are represented by chromosome 7 (2n = 26). Phylogenetically, these two systems arose via hybridization between two ancestral lineages of West Japan and East Japan populations, of which sex chromosomes are homomorphic in both sexes and to date have not yet been identified. Identification of the sex chromosomes will give us important insight into the mechanisms of sex chromosome evolution in this species. Here, we used a high-throughput genomic approach to identify the homomorphic XX-XY sex chromosomes in both ancestral populations. Sex-linked DNA markers of West Japan were aligned to chromosome 1, whereas those of East Japan were aligned to chromosome 3. These results reveal that at least two turnovers across three different sex chromosomes 1, 3 and 7 occurred during evolution of this species. This finding raises the possibility that cohabitation of the two different sex chromosomes from ancestral lineages induced turnover to another new one in their hybrids, involving transition of heterogametic sex and evolution from homomorphy to heteromorphy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Miura
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Foyez Shams
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel Lee Jeffries
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yukako Katsura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Shuuji Mawaribuchi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michihiko Ito
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ogata
- Preservation and Research Center, City of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stöck M, Dedukh D, Reifová R, Lamatsch DK, Starostová Z, Janko K. Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the 'extended speciation continuum'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200103. [PMID: 34304588 PMCID: PMC8310718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in 'the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal ('asexual') hybrid vertebrates, where 'asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of 'asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5-22% based on mtDNA). These 'asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid 'asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, 'asexuality' and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ogata M, Suzuki K, Yuasa Y, Miura I. Sex chromosome evolution from a heteromorphic to a homomorphic system by inter-population hybridization in a frog. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200105. [PMID: 34304590 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromosomes generally evolve from a homomorphic to heteromorphic state. Once a heteromorphic system is established, the sex chromosome system may remain stable for an extended period. Here, we show the opposite case of sex chromosome evolution from a heteromorphic to a homomorphic system in the Japanese frog Glandirana rugosa. One geographic group, Neo-ZW, has ZZ-ZW type heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We found that its western edge populations, which are geographically close to another West-Japan group with homomorphic sex chromosomes of XX-XY type, showed homozygous genotypes of sex-linked genes in both sexes. Karyologically, no heteromorphic sex chromosomes were identified. Sex-reversal experiments revealed that the males were heterogametic in sex determination. In addition, we identified another similar population around at the southwestern edge of the Neo-ZW group in the Kii Peninsula: the frogs had homomorphic sex chromosomes under male heterogamety, while shared mitochondrial haplotypes with the XY group, which is located in the east and bears heteromorphic sex chromosomes. In conclusion, our study revealed that the heteromorphic sex chromosome systems independently reversed back to or turned over to a homomorphic system around each of the western and southwestern edges of the Neo-ZW group through hybridization with the West-Japan group bearing homomorphic sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Ogata
- Preservation and Research Center, City of Yokohama, 155-1 Asahi Ward, Yokohama 241-0804, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Hikiiwa Park Center, 1629 Inari-cho, Tanabe 646-0051, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yuasa
- Himeji City Aquarium, 440 Nishinobusue, 670-0971 Himeji, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miura
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.,Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuwana C, Fujita H, Tagami M, Matsuo T, Miura I. Evolution of Sex Chromosome Heteromorphy in Geographic Populations of the Japanese Tago's Brown Frog Complex. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:23-31. [PMID: 33735859 DOI: 10.1159/000512964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex chromosomes of most anuran amphibians are characterized by homomorphy in both sexes, and evolution to heteromorphy rarely occurs at the species or geographic population level. Here, we report sex chromosome heteromorphy in geographic populations of the Japanese Tago's brown frog complex (2n = 26), comprising Rana sakuraii and R. tagoi. The sex chromosomes of R. sakuraii from the populations in western Japan were homomorphic in both sexes, whereas chromosome 7 from the populations in eastern Japan were heteromorphic in males. Chromosome 7 of R. tagoi, which is distributed close to R. sakuraii in eastern Japan, was highly similar in morphology to the Y chromosome of R. sakuraii. Based on this and on mitochondrial gene sequence analysis, we hypothesize that in the R. sakuraii populations from eastern Japan the XY heteromorphic sex chromosome system was established by the introduction of chromosome 7 from R. tagoi via interspecies hybridization. In contrast, chromosome 13 of R. tagoi from the 2 large islands in western Japan, Shikoku and Kyushu, showed a heteromorphic pattern of constitutive heterochromatin distribution in males, while this pattern was homomorphic in females. Our study reveals that sex chromosome heteromorphy evolved independently at the geographic lineage level in this species complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao Kuwana
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Saitama Museum of Rivers, Yorii-Machi, Oosato-Gun, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Ikuo Miura
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miura I, Shams F, Lin SM, de Bello Cioffi M, Liehr T, Al-Rikabi A, Kuwana C, Srikulnath K, Higaki Y, Ezaz T. Evolution of a Multiple Sex-Chromosome System by Three-Sequential Translocations among Potential Sex-Chromosomes in the Taiwanese Frog Odorrana swinhoana. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030661. [PMID: 33809726 PMCID: PMC8002213 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocation between sex-chromosomes and autosomes generates multiple sex-chromosome systems. It happens unexpectedly, and therefore, the evolutionary meaning is not clear. The current study shows a multiple sex chromosome system comprising three different chromosome pairs in a Taiwanese brown frog (Odorrana swinhoana). The male-specific three translocations created a system of six sex-chromosomes, ♂X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3-♀X1X1X2X2X3X3. It is unique in that the translocations occurred among three out of the six members of potential sex-determining chromosomes, which are known to be involved in sex-chromosome turnover in frogs, and the two out of three include orthologs of the sex-determining genes in mammals, birds and fishes. This rare case suggests sex-specific, nonrandom translocations and thus provides a new viewpoint for the evolutionary meaning of the multiple sex chromosome system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Miura
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; (S.-M.L.); (K.S.); (T.E.)
- Center for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(82)-424-7323
| | - Foyez Shams
- Center for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Si-Min Lin
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; (S.-M.L.); (K.S.); (T.E.)
- School of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Road, Tapei 116, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-090, SP, Brazil;
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (T.L.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (T.L.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Chiao Kuwana
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; (S.-M.L.); (K.S.); (T.E.)
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuya Higaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan; (S.-M.L.); (K.S.); (T.E.)
- Center for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Suárez P, Ferro JM, Nagamachi CY, Cardozo DE, Blasco-Zúñiga A, Silva JB, Marciano-JR E, Costa MA, Orrico VGD, Solé M, Roberto IJ, Rivera M, Wiley JE, Faivovich J, Baldo D, Pieczarka JC. Chromosome evolution in Lophyohylini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234331. [PMID: 32525943 PMCID: PMC7289402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyline tribe Lophyohylini includes 87 species of treefrogs, of which cytogenetics aspects have been studied in less than 20% of them. In order to evaluate the evolution of some of its chromosome characters (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 bands), we studied the karyotypes of 21 lophyohylines, 16 of them for the first time, and analyzed them in a phylogenetic context. Most species showed similar karyotypes regarding chromosome number (2n = 24) and morphology (FN = 48), excepting Phyllodytes edelmoi and Osteocephalus buckleyi with 2n = 22 (FN = 44) and 2n = 28 (FN = 50), respectively. The NOR location was variable among species and provided valuable phylogenetic information. This marker was located in pair 11 in all species of Trachycephalus, Itapotihyla langsdorffii, and Nyctimantis arapapa, representing the plesiomorphic condition of Lophyohylini. Besides, other apomorphic states were recovered for the clades comprising N. rugiceps and N. siemersi (NOR in pair 5), and Dryaderces pearsoni, Osteocephalus, and Osteopilus (NOR in pair 9). Phyllodytes presented variation for NORs position; they were in pair 2 in P. edelmoi, pair 7 in P. melanomystax, and pair 8 in P. gyrinaethes and P. praeceptor. Polymorphisms in size, number, and activity of this marker were observed for N. siemersi, Osteocephalus fuscifacies, and some species of Trachycephalus. Remarkably, in N. siemersi NORs were detected on a single chromosome in the two specimens studied by this technique, raising the question of how this complex polymorphism is maintained. Interstitial telomeric sequences were found in P. edelmoi, P. melanomystax, and Osteocephalus buckleyi, and their presence seems to be not related to the chromosome reorganization events. Finally, some species showed spontaneous rearrangements, possibly as a consequence of an uncommon phenomenon in anuran cytogenetics: the presence of fragile sites or secondary constrictions not associated with NORs. We propose that this rare feature would have played an important role in the evolution of this group of frogs. From the evidence obtained in this and previous studies, we conclude that Lophyohylini presents a complex chromosome evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Suárez
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Ferro
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva "Claudio J. Bidau", Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- * E-mail: (JMF); (DB)
| | - Cleusa Y. Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Dario E. Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva "Claudio J. Bidau", Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Ailin Blasco-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina-CISeAL, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jéssica B. Silva
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Euvaldo Marciano-JR
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- Centro de Conservação e Manejo de Fauna da Caatinga, Cemafauna-Caatinga, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor G. D. Orrico
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mirco Solé
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Igor J. Roberto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Miryan Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina-CISeAL, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - John E. Wiley
- Department of Pediatrics/Medical Genetics, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”—CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Baldo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva "Claudio J. Bidau", Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- * E-mail: (JMF); (DB)
| | - Julio C. Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gerchen JF, Reichert SJ, Röhr JT, Dieterich C, Kloas W, Stöck M. A Single Transcriptome of a Green Toad (Bufo viridis) Yields Candidate Genes for Sex Determination and -Differentiation and Non-Anonymous Population Genetic Markers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156419. [PMID: 27232626 PMCID: PMC4883742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large genome size, including immense repetitive and non-coding fractions, still present challenges for capacity, bioinformatics and thus affordability of whole genome sequencing in most amphibians. Here, we test the performance of a single transcriptome to understand whether it can provide a cost-efficient resource for species with large unknown genomes. Using RNA from six different tissues from a single Palearctic green toad (Bufo viridis) specimen and Hiseq2000, we obtained 22,5 Mio reads and publish >100,000 unigene sequences. To evaluate efficacy and quality, we first use this data to identify green toad specific candidate genes, known from other vertebrates for their role in sex determination and differentiation. Of a list of 37 genes, the transcriptome yielded 32 (87%), many of which providing the first such data for this non-model anuran species. However, for many of these genes, only fragments could be retrieved. In order to allow also applications to population genetics, we further used the transcriptome for the targeted development of 21 non-anonymous microsatellites and tested them in genetic families and backcrosses. Eleven markers were specifically developed to be located on the B. viridis sex chromosomes; for eight markers we can indeed demonstrate sex-specific transmission in genetic families. Depending on phylogenetic distance, several markers, which are sex-linked in green toads, show high cross-amplification success across the anuran phylogeny, involving nine systematic anuran families. Our data support the view that single transcriptome sequencing (based on multiple tissues) provides a reliable genomic resource and cost-efficient method for non-model amphibian species with large genome size and, despite limitations, should be considered as long as genome sequencing remains unaffordable for most species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörn F Gerchen
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuel J Reichert
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes T Röhr
- Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tamschick S, Rozenblut-Kościsty B, Bonato L, Dufresnes C, Lymberakis P, Kloas W, Ogielska M, Stöck M. Sex Chromosome Conservation, DMRT1 Phylogeny and Gonad Morphology in Diploid Palearctic Green Toads ( Bufo viridis Subgroup). Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 144:315-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000380841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
12
|
Betto-Colliard C, Sermier R, Litvinchuk S, Perrin N, Stöck M. Origin and genome evolution of polyploid green toads in Central Asia: evidence from microsatellite markers. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 114:300-8. [PMID: 25370211 PMCID: PMC4815583 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization, which is expected to trigger major genomic reorganizations, occurs much less commonly in animals than in plants, possibly because of constraints imposed by sex-determination systems. We investigated the origins and consequences of allopolyploidization in Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) from Central Asia, with three ploidy levels and different modes of genome transmission (sexual versus clonal), to (i) establish a topology for the reticulate phylogeny in a species-rich radiation involving several closely related lineages and (ii) explore processes of genomic reorganization that may follow polyploidization. Sibship analyses based on 30 cross-amplifying microsatellite markers substantiated the maternal origins and revealed the paternal origins and relationships of subgenomes in allopolyploids. Analyses of the synteny of linkage groups identified three markers affected by translocation events, which occurred only within the paternally inherited subgenomes of allopolyploid toads and exclusively affected the linkage group that determines sex in several diploid species of the green toad radiation. Recombination rates did not differ between diploid and polyploid toad species, and were overall much reduced in males, independent of linkage group and ploidy levels. Clonally transmitted subgenomes in allotriploid toads provided support for strong genetic drift, presumably resulting from recombination arrest. The Palearctic green toad radiation seems to offer unique opportunities to investigate the consequences of polyploidization and clonal transmission on the dynamics of genomes in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Betto-Colliard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Litvinchuk
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Discovery of triploidy in Palearctic green toads (Anura: Bufonidae) from Iran with indications for a reproductive system involving diploids and triploids. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Brelsford A, Stöck M, Betto-Colliard C, Dubey S, Dufresnes C, Jourdan-Pineau H, Rodrigues N, Savary R, Sermier R, Perrin N. HOMOLOGOUS SEX CHROMOSOMES IN THREE DEEPLY DIVERGENT ANURAN SPECIES. Evolution 2013; 67:2434-40. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB); Müggelseedamm; 310, D-12587 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Sylvain Dubey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christophe Dufresnes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Hélène Jourdan-Pineau
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Romain Savary
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Roberto Sermier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodrigues N, Betto-Colliard C, Jourdan-Pineau H, Perrin N. Within-population polymorphism of sex-determination systems in the common frog (Rana temporaria). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1569-77. [PMID: 23711162 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In sharp contrast with birds and mammals, the sex chromosomes of ectothermic vertebrates are often undifferentiated, for reasons that remain debated. A linkage map was recently published for Rana temporaria (Linnaeus, 1758) from Fennoscandia (Eastern European lineage), with a proposed sex-determining role for linkage group 2 (LG2). We analysed linkage patterns in lowland and highland populations from Switzerland (Western European lineage), with special focus on LG2. Sibship analyses showed large differences from the Fennoscandian map in terms of recombination rates and loci order, pointing to large-scale inversions or translocations. All linkage groups displayed extreme heterochiasmy (total map length was 12.2 cM in males, versus 869.8 cM in females). Sex determination was polymorphic within populations: a majority of families (with equal sex ratios) showed a strong correlation between offspring phenotypic sex and LG2 paternal haplotypes, whereas other families (some of which with female-biased sex ratios) did not show any correlation. The factors determining sex in the latter could not be identified. This coexistence of several sex-determination systems should induce frequent recombination of X and Y haplotypes, even in the absence of male recombination. Accordingly, we found no sex differences in allelic frequencies on LG2 markers among wild-caught male and female adults, except in one high-altitude population, where nonrecombinant Y haplotypes suggest sex to be entirely determined by LG2. Multifactorial sex determination certainly contributes to the lack of sex-chromosome differentiation in amphibians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miura I, Ohtani H, Ogata M. Independent degeneration of W and Y sex chromosomes in frog Rana rugosa. Chromosome Res 2012; 20:47-55. [PMID: 22143254 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-011-9258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The frog Rana rugosa uniquely possesses two different sex-determining systems of XX/XY and ZZ/ZW, separately in the geographic populations. The sex chromosomes of both types share the same origin at chromosome 7, and the structural differences between X and Y or Z and W were evolved through two inversions. In order to ascertain the mechanisms of degeneration of W and Y chromosomes, we gynogenetically produced homozygous diploids WW and YY and examined their viability. Tadpoles from geographic group N (W(N)W(N)) containing three populations died of edema at an early developmental stage within 10 days after hatching, while tadpoles from the geographic group K (W(K)W(K)) that contained two populations died of underdeveloped growth at a much later stage, 40-50 days after fertilization. On the contrary, W(N)W(K) and W(K)W(N) hybrid embryos were viable, successfully passed the two lethal stages, and survived till the attainment of adulthood. The observed survival implies that the lethal genes of the W chromosomes are not shared by the two groups and thus demonstrates their independent degeneration histories between the local groups. In sharp contrast, a sex-linked gene of androgen receptor gene (AR) from the W chromosome was down-regulated in expression in both the groups, suggesting that inactivation of the W-AR allele preceded divergence of the two groups and appearance of the lethal genes. Besides, the YY embryos died of cardiac edema immediately after hatching. The symptom of lethality and the stage of developmental arrest differed from those for either of WW lethal embryos. We therefore conclude that the W and Y chromosomes involve no evolutionary common scenario for degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Miura
- Institute for Amphibian Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashihiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Noleto RB, Amaro RC, Verdade VK, Campos JRC, Gallego LFK, de Lima AMX, Cestari MM, Kasahara S, Yonenaga-Yassuda Y, Rodrigues MT, Toledo LF. Comparative cytogenetics of eight species of Cycloramphus (Anura, Cycloramphidae). ZOOL ANZ 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Conserved Karyotypes in Cophomantini: Cytogenetic Analysis of 12 Species from 3 Species Groups of Bokermannohyla (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae). J HERPETOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1670/09-249.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Phyletic Diversity in the Frog Rana rugosa (Anura: Ranidae) with Special Reference to a Unique Morphotype Found from Sado Island, Japan. CURRENT HERPETOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.3105/018.029.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Sinsch U, Schneider H. Bioacoustic assessment of the taxonomic status of pool frog populations (Rana lessonae) with reference to a topotypical population. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Odierna G, Aprea G, Capriglione T, Parisi P, Arribas O, Morescalchi MA. Chromosomal and molecular analysis of some repeated families inDiscoglossusOtth, 1837 (Anura, Discoglossidae): Taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250009909356265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Miura I. An Evolutionary Witness: the Frog Rana rugosa Underwent Change of Heterogametic Sex from XY Male to ZW Female. Sex Dev 2008; 1:323-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
23
|
Waters PD, Marshall Graves JA, Thompson K, Sankovic N, Ezaz T. Identification of cryptic sex chromosomes and isolation of X- and Y-borne genes. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 422:239-251. [PMID: 18629671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-581-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Comparative molecular cytogenetics provides a powerful tool for deciphering the evolutionary history of vertebrate sex chromosomes. We have adapted cell culture and molecular cytogenetic techniques to study the sex chromosomes of many exotic mammals, birds, and reptiles. Here we describe differential chromosome banding and staining techniques that distinguish sex chromosomes in species with no morphologically distinct XY or ZW chromosome pairs. We describe a method to isolate, identify, and map genomic BAC clones from the Y chromosome, and we also identify strategies for isolating candidate sex chromosome genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Waters
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Odierna G, Aprea G, Capriglione T, Castellano S, Balletto E. Cytological evidence for population-specific sex chromosome heteromorphism in Palaearctic green toads (Amphibia, Anura). J Biosci 2007; 32:763-8. [PMID: 17762149 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A chromosome study was carried out on a number of European and Central Asiatic diploid green toad populations by means of standard and various other chromosome banding and staining methods (Ag-NOR-, Q-, CMA3-, late replicating [LR] banding pattern, C-and sequential C-banding + CMA3 + DAPI). This study revealed the remarkable karyological uniformity of specimens from all populations, with the only exception being specimens from a Moldavian population, where one chromosome pair was heteromorphic. Though similar in shape, size and with an identical heterochromatin distribution,the difference in the heteromorphic pair was due to a large inverted segment on its long arms. This heteromorphism was restricted to females, suggesting a female heterogametic sex chromosome system of ZZ/ZW type at a very early step of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Odierna
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gruber SL, Haddad CFB, Kasahara S. Chromosome banding in three species of Hypsiboas (Hylidae, Hylinae), with special reference to a new case of B-chromosome in anuran frogs and to the reduction of the diploid number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22 in the genus. Genetica 2006; 130:281-91. [PMID: 17031494 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomes of hylids Hypsiboas albopunctatus, H. raniceps, and H. crepitans from Brazil were analyzed with standard and differential staining techniques. The former species presented 2n = 22 and 2n = 23 karyotypes, the odd diploid number is due to the presence of an extra element interpreted as B chromosome. Although morphologically very similar to the small-sized chromosomes of the A complement, the B was promptly recognized, even under standard staining, on the basis of some characteristics that are usually attributed to this particular class of chromosomes. The two other species have 2n = 24, which is the chromosome number usually found in the species of Hypsiboas karyotyped so far. This means that 2n = 22 is a deviant diploid number, resulted from a structural rearrangement, altering the chromosome number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22. Based on new chromosome data, some possibilities were evaluated for the origin of B chromosome in Hypsiboas albopunctatus, as well as the karyotypic evolution in the genus, leading to the reduction in the diploid number of 2n = 24 to 2n = 22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lilian Gruber
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ezaz T, Valenzuela N, Grützner F, Miura I, Georges A, Burke RL, Graves JAM. An XX/XY sex microchromosome system in a freshwater turtle, Chelodina longicollis (Testudines: Chelidae) with genetic sex determination. Chromosome Res 2006; 14:139-50. [PMID: 16544188 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-006-1029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heteromorphic sex chromosomes are rare in turtles, having been described in only four species. Like many turtle species, the Australian freshwater turtle Chelodina longicollis has genetic sex determination, but no distinguishable (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes were identified in a previous karyotyping study. We used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to show that C. longicollis has an XX/XY system of chromosomal sex determination, involving a pair of microchromosomes. C-banding and reverse fluorescent staining also distinguished microchromosomes with different banding patterns in males and females in approximately 70% cells examined. GTG-banding did not reveal any heteromorphic chromosomes, and no replication asynchrony on the X or Y microchromosomes was observed using replication banding. We conclude that there is a very small sequence difference between X and Y chromosomes in this species, a difference that is consistently detectable only by high-resolution molecular cytogenetic techniques, such as CGH. This is the first time a pair of microchromosomes has been identified as the sex chromosomes in a turtle species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ezaz
- Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, GPO box no. 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ezaz T, Quinn AE, Miura I, Sarre SD, Georges A, Marshall Graves JA. The dragon lizard Pogona vitticeps has ZZ/ZW micro-sex chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2005; 13:763-76. [PMID: 16331408 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-005-1010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps (Agamidae: Reptilia) is an agamid lizard endemic to Australia. Like crocodilians and many turtles, temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) is common in agamid lizards, although many species have genotypic sex determination (GSD). P. vitticeps is reported to have GSD, but no detectable sex chromosomes. Here we used molecular cytogenetic and differential banding techniques to reveal sex chromosomes in this species. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), GTG- and C-banding identified a highly heterochromatic microchromosome specific to females, demonstrating female heterogamety (ZZ/ZW) in this species. We isolated the P. vitticeps W chromosome by microdissection, re-amplified the DNA and used it to paint the W. No unpaired bivalents were detected in male synaptonemal complexes at meiotic pachytene, confirming male homogamety. We conclude that P. vitticeps has differentiated previously unidentifable W and Z micro-sex chromosomes, the first to be demonstrated in an agamid lizard. Our finding implies that heterochromatinization of the heterogametic chromosome occurred during sex chromosome differentiation in this species, as is the case in some lizards and many snakes, as well as in birds and mammals. Many GSD reptiles with cryptic sex chromosomes may also prove to have micro-sex chromosomes. Reptile microchromosomes, long dismissed as non-functional minutiae and often omitted from karyotypes, therefore deserve closer scrutiny with new and more sensitive techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ezaz
- Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
. AAS, . AAS. Karyotype of Amphibians in Saudi Arabia 2: The Karyotype of Hyla savignyi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2005.768.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Ananias F, Garcia PCA, Recco-Pimentel SM. Conserved karyotypes in the Hyla pulchella species group (Anura, Hylidae). Hereditas 2004; 140:42-8. [PMID: 15032946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2004.01775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic analyses were done on specimens of Hyla marginata and on three populations of H. semiguttata differing in morphology and in the physical parameters of their advertisement call, as well as in individuals of Hyla sp. (aff. semiguttata). All specimens had 2n=24 chromosomes with a morphology very similar to that of other 24-chromosome Hyla species. Hyla semiguttata and H. marginata showed the same C-banding pattern but were distinguished by the location of the NOR on pair 1 in H. semiguttata (in the three populations) and Hyla sp. (aff. semiguttata), and on pair 10 in H. marginata. The H. semiguttata populations did not differ cytogenetically, despite variations in their morphology and advertisement calls. Similarly, H. semiguttata and H. p. joaquini studied previously had identical C-banding patterns and NOR locations, suggesting that they are very closely related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ananias
- Programa de Pós-Gradua ção em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Caputo V, Machella N, Nisi-Cerioni P, Olmo E. Cytogenetics of nine species of mediterranean blennies and additional evidence for an unusual multiple sex-chromosome system in Parablennius tentacularis (Perciformes, Blenniidae). Chromosome Res 2001; 9:3-12. [PMID: 11272790 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026779314932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal complements of nine species of Blenniidae (Aidablennius sphylnx, Blennius ocellaris, Lypophris adriaticus, L. pavo, L. trigloides, Parcablennius gattorugine, P. ponticus, P. sanguinolentus, P. tentacularis) from the Adriatic Sea were analysed with several banding methods and in-situ hybridization. In all species, the diploid set consists of 48 mostly acrocentric chromosomes and has a similar location (terminal centromeric) of NORs, except for L. pavo (interstitial pericentric) and P. ponticus (terminal on the long arm). There are major differences in karyotype with regard to the amount and distribution of heterochromatin. Parablennius tentacularis shows a distinctive sex-chromosome system involving 2n = 48 males with a large totally heterochromatic Y chromosome, and males with 2n = 47. This difference is likely to be the consequence of a translocation of an autosome on the original Y. This finding constitutes an additional instance of the great variability in origins of multiple sex chromosome systems in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Caputo
- Istituto di Biologia e Genetica, Università di Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Caputo V, Sorice M, Vitturi R, Magistrelli R, Olmo E. Cytogenetic studies in some species of Scorpaeniformes (Teleostei: Percomorpha). Chromosome Res 1998; 6:255-62. [PMID: 9688514 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009210605487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies were performed in four species of two scorpaeniform teleost families: Scorpaenidae and Triglidae. The karyotypes of Trigla lucerna, Trigloporus lastoviza (Triglidae), Scorpaena porcus and S. notata (Scorpaenidae) were analysed using various banding methods and in situ hybridization with a telomeric probe. In the two Scorpaena species, modest morphological divergence corresponded to considerable karyotype reorganization, while in the two Triglidae substantial phenotypical divergence corresponded to limited chromosomal changes. These data stress the need for a taxonomical re-evaluation of these teleosts based on characters independent of morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Caputo
- Istituto di Biologia e Genetica dell'Università di Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|