1
|
Krause M, Niazi AM, Labun K, Torres Cleuren YN, Müller FS, Valen E. tailfindr: alignment-free poly(A) length measurement for Oxford Nanopore RNA and DNA sequencing. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:1229-1241. [PMID: 31266821 PMCID: PMC6800471 DOI: 10.1261/rna.071332.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyadenylation at the 3'-end is a major regulator of messenger RNA and its length is known to affect nuclear export, stability, and translation, among others. Only recently have strategies emerged that allow for genome-wide poly(A) length assessment. These methods identify genes connected to poly(A) tail measurements indirectly by short-read alignment to genetic 3'-ends. Concurrently, Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) established full-length isoform-specific RNA sequencing containing the entire poly(A) tail. However, assessing poly(A) length through base-calling has so far not been possible due to the inability to resolve long homopolymeric stretches in ONT sequencing. Here we present tailfindr, an R package to estimate poly(A) tail length on ONT long-read sequencing data. tailfindr operates on unaligned, base-called data. It measures poly(A) tail length from both native RNA and DNA sequencing, which makes poly(A) tail studies by full-length cDNA approaches possible for the first time. We assess tailfindr's performance across different poly(A) lengths, demonstrating that tailfindr is a versatile tool providing poly(A) tail estimates across a wide range of sequencing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Krause
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Adnan M Niazi
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kornel Labun
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Yamila N Torres Cleuren
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Florian S Müller
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eivind Valen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Drosophila preblastoderm (0 - 2.5 hr post-oviposition) embryos incorporate [32P] phosphate into newly synthesized RNA. A fraction of this RNA can be ascribed to nuclear transcription by virtue of its hybridization to nuclear DNA. This confirms the electron microscopic observation of McKnight and Miller (1) that nuclear transcription takes place at a low level in preblastoderm embryos. These nuclear transcripts are relatively small (7 - 12S), poly A(+) and appear on polysomes. Translation of newly synthesized nuclear transcripts during preblastoderm indicates that a zygotic genome contribution to embryonic phenotype may occur earlier in development than previously thought.
Collapse
|
3
|
Littauer UZ, Soreq H. The regulatory function of poly(A) and adjacent 3' sequences in translated RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1982; 27:53-83. [PMID: 7048421 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
4
|
Reiners JJ, Busch H. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional modulation of cytoplasmic ribonucleic acids in regenerating liver and Novikoff hepatoma. Biochemistry 1980; 19:833-41. [PMID: 7356963 DOI: 10.1021/bi00546a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
5
|
Morrison MR, Hall CL, Pardue S, Brodeur R, Baskin F, Rosenberg RN. The synthesis and degradation of poly(a)-containing mRNAs in mouse neuroblastoma cells treated with dibutyryl cAMP or with Ro20-1724. J Neurochem 1980; 34:50-8. [PMID: 6108985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb04620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
6
|
Morrison M, Brodeur R, Pardue S, Baskin F, Hall C, Rosenberg R. Differences in the distribution of poly(A) size classes in individual messenger RNAs from neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35999-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
Karpetsky TP, Boguski MS, Levy CC. Structures, properties, and possible biologic functions of polyadenylic acid. Subcell Biochem 1979; 6:1-116. [PMID: 377581 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7945-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Ullu E, Gambari R, Farace MG, Lunadei M, Fantoni A. Isolation and characterization of the messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globin chains. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 88:315-22. [PMID: 668708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs for mouse embryonic globins were purified from yolk sac erythroid cells by oligodeoxythymidilate-cellulose chromatography and sucrose density centrifugation. Full-sized complementary DNA copies of embryonic globin mRNAs were synthesized. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of these RNAs indicate an average molecular weight of 220 000, including a polyadenylated sequence of about 35 residues, as determined by hybridization to [3H]polyuridylate. The wheat-germ translation products of mRNAs have the size and the ionic characteristics of the four embryonic globin chains alpha, x, y and z. Hybridization kinetics in vast RNA excess were performed and compared to standard r0t curves of adult globin messengers, demonstrating a total base sequence complexity of about 880 000 daltons, that is four different RNA sequences of 220 000 molecular weight. The titration of embryonic globin cDNAs with increasing amounts of their complementary RNA templates indicates that the embryonic globin messengers were isolated at a high degree of purity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Miller L. Relative amounts of newly synthesized poly(A)+ and poly(A)- messenger RNA during development of Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 1978; 64:118-29. [PMID: 658590 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
Cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA with the characteristics of sequestered mRNA exists in the unfertilized sea urchin egg. Following egg activation, the amount of poly(A) doubles, but total RNA content stays constant. Chromatography of the RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose shows that the amount of RNA that bears a poly(A) tract increases slightly (approximately 20-30%) during the 2 hr after fertilization. When a cDNA transcript of the poly(A)+ mRNA from 2 hr zygotes is reacted against poly(A)+ RNA from either eggs or zygotes, the kinetics of reassociation of the two preparations seem identical; hence the RNA sequences bearing poly(A) are the same in eggs and zygotes. Measurement of the length of the poly(A) tract in eggs and zygotes shows an increase in number average length from about 45 bases to 60 bases. Measurement of tract length of poly(A) in two cell zygotes by adenosine/AMP ratios of radioactive RNA shows that the poly(A) tract of the zygote is solely accounted for radioactive RNA, indicating extensive turnover of the poly(A). It is concluded that the poly(A) tract in these cells is subject to both lengthening and shortening, with the former predominating in this instance. the increase in poly(A) does not involve polyadenylation of different sequences, but is due to an increase in the number of polyadenylated sequences and the length of the poly(A) tracts that they bear.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rougeon F, Mach B. Cloning and amplification of rabbit alpha- and beta-globin gene sequences into Escherichia coli plasmids. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
13
|
Crawford RJ, Scott AC, Wells JR. Organization of sequences of avian globin mRNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 72:291-9. [PMID: 65281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Formamide polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that chicken globin mRNA contains about 6.50 nucleotides, and since only 435 of these code for globin, a further 215 are not translated, and their function and position are not known. This work has produced the following conclusions. 1. 45-50 of these untranslated nucleotides are present as poly (A) at the 3' terminus. 2. The 3' untranslated region of chicken globin mRNA is at least 90 nucleotides in length. This minimal estimate is based on data derived from hybridization of defined lenghts of chicken globin cDNA to rabbit globin mRNA. The percentage of avian globin cDNA sequences which hybridize to rabbit globin mRNA is directly proportional to the length of the cDNA in each case. This relationship holds for lengths of cDNA from 115 up to 620 nucleotides. The low percentage homology for short cDNA molecules is not due to their being short per se. In homologous mRNA excess hybridizations (chicken cDNA/chicken mRNA), all cDNA preparations were completely protected from S1 nuclease digestion. 3. It is probable that there is greater evolutionary divergence in the 3' untranslated region of chicken and rabbit globin mRNA when compared with the coding regions of these molecules; The combined data is sued to formulate a regional map of chicken globin mRNA,
Collapse
|
14
|
Rosen JM. Isolation and characterization of purified rat casein messenger ribonucleic acids. Biochemistry 1976; 15:5263-71. [PMID: 999806 DOI: 10.1021/bi00669a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purification of casein messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) from lactating rat mammary gland RNA has been accomplished by a combination of sizing techniques, including Sepharose 4B chromatography and preparative agarose-urea gel electrophoresis, and affinity chromatography of poly(adenylic acid)-containing mRNA on oligo(dT)-cellulose. The separation of the individual casein mRNAs into discrete molecular species free of apparent ribosomal RNA contaminants was facilitated by the use of denaturing conditions either prior to or during each of the fractionation procedures. Two casein mRNA fractions were isolated: (1) a 15S mRNA doublet which directed the synthesis of the two largest rat caseins in the wheat-germ, cell-free, translation assay, and (2) a 12S mRNA which migrated as a single species during agarose-urea gel electrophoresis and directed the in vitro synthesis of the smallest of three rat caseins. These mRNAs had apparent molecular weights of 450 000 +/- 30 000 and 320 000 +/- 25 000 and contained poly(adenylic acid) sequences at their 3' termini ranging from 15 to 150 residues with number average lengths of 42 and 38 adenosines, respectively. The purity of the isolated casein mRNA'S was determined both by agarose-urea gel electrophoresis and by a careful comparison of the total products synthesized in the wheat-germ translation assay with those recognized by a specific casein antibody using an indirect immunoprecipitation technique. The specificity of the indirect immunoassay procedure was demonstrated by the selective displacement by purified rat casein of greater than 95% of the radioactive product synthesized in the cell-free system. Under optimal translation conditions for casein mRNA, at least 90% of the released protein synthesized in response to the 15S casein mRNA was specifically immunoprecipitable, representing a 178-fold purification compared with the initial RNA extract. Using these techniques a comparable purification was also obtained for a 15S mouse casein mRNA fraction. Finally, an analysis by fluorography on 5-20% (w/v) polyacrylamide gradient slab gels of the total proteins synthesized in response to both the 15S and 12S casein mRNAs revealed a close correspondence with those proteins which were specifically immunoprecipitated.
Collapse
|
15
|
Morrison MR, Lingrel JB. Molecular weight determinations on the alpha-globin and beta-globin mRNAs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 447:104-9. [PMID: 963076 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The globin mRNAs containing between 30 and 40 polyadenylate residues can be separated from thos mRNAs containing longer poly(A) regions by Millipore filter binding. The molecular weights of the alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs containing this size class of poly(A) have beed determined by lectrophoresis on 3.7% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 99% formamide. Because the number of adenylic acid residues in these mRNAs is known, the number of non-poly(A) nucleotides can be accurately calculated. The molecular weight of the beta-globin mRNA is 235 000 +/- 28 000 (736 +/- 88 nucleotides) and that of the alpha-globin mRNA is 208 900 +/- 43 870 (653 +/- 78 nucleotides). By subtracting the number of nucleotides in the coding and poly(A) regions, the number of non-coding nucleotides in the beta-globin mRNA were calculated to be 261, 69 more than the 193 present in the alpha-globin mRNA. Comparison of size estimates of newly synthesized globin mRNAs containing longer average lengths of poly(A) shhowed that there is no comparable processin of the 5' termini of the alpha-and beta-globin mRNAs concomitant with the stepwise degradation of the poly(A) regions which occur as the mRNAs mature.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nokin P, Burny A, Huez G, Marbaix G. Globin messenger RNA from anaemic rabbit spleen. Size of its polyadenylate segment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 68:431-6. [PMID: 976266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The size of the polyadenylate segment of globin messenger RNA isolated from spleens of anaemic rabbits was estimated by comparison of its electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide gels to that of synthetic poly(A) segments of known lengths. Conditions of enzymic degradation of mRNA with pancreatic ribonuclease and T1 ribonuclease were carefully established in order to ensure complete degradation of the heteropolymeric part of mRNA without affecting the polyadenylate sequence. The poly (A) segments of spleen globin mRNA were found to be 25-90 nucleotides long whilst those of peripheral blood reticulocytes from the same animals were only 10-30 residues long. Since spleen contains young erythroid cells and since anucleated blood reticulocytes constitute a statistically older population of the same cell line, these results support the idea that the poly(A) segment of mRNA shortens when the message ages.
Collapse
|
17
|
Deborde DC, Leibowitz RD. Polyadenylic acid size and position found in Sindbis virus genome and mRNA species. Virology 1976; 72:80-8. [PMID: 936483 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
18
|
Nokin P, Huez G, Marbaix G, Burny A, Chantrenne H. Molecular modifications associated with Aging of globin messenger RNA in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 62:509-17. [PMID: 1261539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Using polyacrylamide gel elution-electrophoresis in aqueous medium, highly purified rabbit globin mRNA can be fractionated into several populations of molecules differing by their mean poly(A) content. Both alpha and beta globin mRNA are heterogenous with respect to their electrophoretic mobilities. With the conditions used no separation of alpha and beta globin mRNA occurs during electrophoresis. From the specific radioactivity distribution in the different mRNA fractions one can conclude that the polyadenylate sequence at the 3' end of globin mRNA molecules becomes shorter with aging. This shortening occurs on alpha as well as beta, globin mRNAs and the extent of heterogeneity in poly(A) content is similar for both globin mRNAs. Furthermore, using two different methods of mRNA fractionation (polyacrylamide gel elution-electrophoresis and elution of poly (U)-Sepharose-bound mRNA at increasing temperatures) it is shown that old mRNA molecules differ from relatively young messages in their ability to direct cell-free globin synthesis. Modifications reducing template activity in vitro thus seem to take place during globin mRNA aging.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Burness AT, Pardoe IU, Goldstein NO. Overestimates of the size of poly(A) segments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 67:1408-14. [PMID: 1201094 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
21
|
Woo SL, Rosen JM, Liarakos CD, Choi YC, Busch H, Means AR, O'Malley. Physical and chemical characterization of purified ovalbumin messenger RNA. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
22
|
MacLeod MC. Uncertainty in the determination of the molecular weight of poly(A)-containing RNA. Anal Biochem 1975; 68:299-310. [PMID: 1190443 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
NOKIN P, BURNY A, CLEUTER Y, HUEZ G, MARBAIX G, CHANTRENNE H. Isolation and Characterization of Highly Purified Globin Messenger RNA from Anaemic-Rabbit Spleen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Gallis BM, McDonnell JP, Hopper JE, Young ET. Translation of poly(riboadenylic acid)-enriched messenger RNAs from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in heterologous cell-free systems. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1038-46. [PMID: 1092324 DOI: 10.1021/bi00676a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(riboadenylic acid) [poly(A)] enriched messenger RNAs from yeast have been used to direct the synthesis of yeast polypeptides in mouse Krebs II ascites and wheat embryo extracts. Both cell-free systems, synthesize polypeptides over a molecular weight range of 10,000-100,000. Autoradiograms of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gels used to fractionate [35S]methionine-labeled in vitro products reveal that about 25 major bands (each of them possibly representing multiple polypeptides) are produced by each cell-free system. Each of these coelectrophoreses with a major polypeptide labeled in vivo or in a yeast lysate. These results suggest that cell-free translational machinery from eukaryotes is not able to discriminate in an all or none fashion against messenger RNAs which are available to it. While yeast poly(A)-enriched messenger RNA directs the synthesis polypeptides over approximately the same molecular weight range in both cell-free systems, the wheat germ system directs the incorporation of 45 times the amount of [3H]serine into Cl3CCOOH-precipitable polypeptides. This is in contrast to the 2.5-fold more efficient translation of hemoglobin mRNA in the wheat embryo extract. Thus, the extract from mammalian cells is able to translate mRNA from a lower plant with a much lower efficiency than it translates hemoglobin mRNA, and at a lower efficiency than is observed using a cell-free system from wheat embryos. This indicates that the wheat embryo system is the one of choice for translation of yeast messenger RNA.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gorski J, Morrison MR, Merkel CG, Lingrel JB. Poly(A) size class distribution in globin mRNAs as a function of time. Nature 1975; 253:749-51. [PMID: 1113872 DOI: 10.1038/253749a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
27
|
Characterization of globin messenger ribonucleic acids in membrane polysomes of mouse reticulocytes. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
28
|
Forget BG, Marotta CA, Weissman SM, Verma IM, McCaffrey RP, Baltimore D. Nucleotide sequences of human globin messenger RNA. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 241:290-309. [PMID: 4611306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb21888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
29
|
Lingrel JB, Morrison M, Gorski J, Merkel CG. Various size classes of polyadenylic acid in mouse alpha and beta globin mRNAs and their significance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 241:156-69. [PMID: 4530649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb21875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
30
|
Vournakis JN, Gelinas RE, Kafatos FC. Short polyadenylic acid sequences in insect chorion messenger RNA. Cell 1974; 3:265-73. [PMID: 4434474 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
31
|
Brykina EV, Podobed OV, Chernovskaya TV, Lerman MI. Lack of correlation between the lifetimes of mRNA and the initial lengths of their poly A segments. Mol Biol Rep 1974; 1:417-22. [PMID: 4417194 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
32
|
Kaufman SJ, Gross KW. Quantitation and size determination of poly(A) by hybridization to (3H)poly(dT). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 353:133-45. [PMID: 4842657 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
33
|
Gorski J, Morrison MR, Merkel CG, Lingrel JB. Size heterogeneity of polyadenylate sequences in mouse globin messenger RNA. J Mol Biol 1974; 86:363-71. [PMID: 4415788 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
34
|
Haines ME, Carey NH, Palmiter RS. Purification and properties of ovalbumin messenger RNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 43:549-60. [PMID: 4831975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
35
|
Dirkx J. [Diphtheria toxin: the molecular biology of an infection]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1974; 82:157-70. [PMID: 4136339 DOI: 10.3109/13813457409070465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|