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Arifulin EA, Musinova YR, Vassetzky YS, Sheval EV. Mobility of Nuclear Components and Genome Functioning. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:690-700. [PMID: 30195325 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell nucleus is characterized by strong compartmentalization of structural components in its three-dimensional space. Certain genomic functions are accompanied by changes in the localization of chromatin loci and nuclear bodies. Here we review recent data on the mobility of nuclear components and the role of this mobility in genome functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Y R Musinova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, 94805, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Y S Vassetzky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, 94805, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.,UMR8126, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - E V Sheval
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Villejuif, 94805, France
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2
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Chen L, Jiao Y, Guan X, Li X, Feng Y, Jiao M. Investigation of cell cycle-associated structural reorganization in nucleolar FC/DFCs from mouse MFC cells by electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:4994513. [PMID: 29750255 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolus structure alters as the cell cycle is progressing. It is established in telophase, maintained throughout the entire interphase and disassembled in metaphase. Fibrillar centers (FCs), dense fibrillar components (DFCs) and granular components (GCs) are essential nucleolar organizations where rRNA transcription and processing and ribosome assembly take place. Hitherto, little is known about the cell cycle-dependent reorganization of these structures. In this study, we followed the nucleolus structure during the cell cycle by electron microscopy (EM). We found the nucleolus experienced multiple rounds of structural reorganization within a single cell cycle: (1) when nucleoli are formed during the transition from late M to G1 phase, FCs, DFCs and GCs are constructed, leading to the establishment of tripartite nucleolus; (2) as FC/DFCs are disrupted at mid-G1, tripartite nucleolus is gradually changed into a bipartite organization; (3) at late G1, the reassembly of FC/DFCs results in a structural transition from bipartite nucleolus towards tripartite nucleolus; (4) as cells enter S phase, FC/DFCs are disassembled again and tripartite nucleolus is thus changed into a bipartite organization. Of note, FC/DFCs were not observed until late S phase; (5) FC/DFCs experience structural disruption and restoration during G2 and (6) when cells are at mitotic stage, FC/DFCs disappear before nucleolus structure is disassembled. These results also suggest that bipartite nucleolus can exist in higher eukaryotes at certain period of the cell cycle. As structures are the fundamental basis of diverse cell activities, unveiling the structural reorganization of nucleolar FCs and DFCs may bring insights into the spatial-temporal compartmentalization of relevant cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Xin Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Xiliang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Yunpeng Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Mingda Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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Kuznetsova MA, Chaban IA, Sheval EV. Visualization of chromosome condensation in plants with large chromosomes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:153. [PMID: 28899358 PMCID: PMC5596468 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most data concerning chromosome organization have been acquired from studies of a small number of model organisms, the majority of which are mammals. In plants with large genomes, the chromosomes are significantly larger than the animal chromosomes that have been studied to date, and it is possible that chromosome condensation in such plants was modified during evolution. Here, we analyzed chromosome condensation and decondensation processes in order to find structural mechanisms that allowed for an increase in chromosome size. RESULTS We found that anaphase and telophase chromosomes of plants with large chromosomes (average 2C DNA content exceeded 0.8 pg per chromosome) contained chromatin-free cavities in their axial regions in contrast to well-characterized animal chromosomes, which have high chromatin density in the axial regions. Similar to animal chromosomes, two intermediates of chromatin folding were visible inside condensing (during prophase) and decondensing (during telophase) chromosomes of Nigella damascena: approximately 150 nm chromonemata and approximately 300 nm fibers. The spatial folding of the latter fibers occurs in a fundamentally different way than in animal chromosomes, which leads to the formation of chromosomes with axial chromatin-free cavities. CONCLUSION Different compaction topology, but not the number of compaction levels, allowed for the evolution of increased chromosome size in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Kuznetsova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna A Chaban
- All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaja 42, 127550, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia.
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 94805, Villejuif, France.
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Kuznetsova MA, Sheval EV. Chromatin fibers: from classical descriptions to modern interpretation. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1140-1151. [PMID: 27569720 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first description of intrachromosomal fibers was made by Baranetzky in 1880. Since that time, a plethora of fibrillar substructures have been described inside the mitotic chromosomes, and published data indicate that chromosomes may be formed as a result of the hierarchical folding of chromatin fibers. In this review, we examine the evolution and the current state of research on the morphological organization of mitotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Kuznetsova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene V Sheval
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia. .,LIA1066 French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
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Qian J, Zhu X, Tao Y, Zhou Y, He X, Li D. Promotion of Ni2+ removal by masking toxicity to sulfate-reducing bacteria: addition of citrate. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7932-43. [PMID: 25860948 PMCID: PMC4425059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sulfate-reducing bioprocess is a promising technology for the treatment of heavy metal-containing wastewater. This work was conducted to investigate the possibility of promoting heavy metal removal by the addition of citrate to mask Ni2+ toxicity to sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in batch reactors. SRB growth was completely inhibited in Ni2+-containing medium (1 mM) when lactate served as the sole carbon resource, leading to no sulfate reduction and Ni2+ removal. However, after the addition of citrate, SRB grew well, and sulfate was quickly reduced to sulfide. Simultaneously, the Ni-citrate complex was biodegraded to Ni2+ and acetate. The NiS precipitate was then formed, and Ni2+ was completely removed from the solution. It was suggested that the addition of citrate greatly alleviates Ni2+ toxicity to SRB and improves the removal of Ni2+, which was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrAB) genes. Analysis of the carbon metabolism indicated that lactate instead of acetate served as the electron donor for sulfate reduction. This study offers a potential approach to increase the removal of heavy metals from wastewater in the single stage SRB-based bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaohong He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Daping Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Dynamic changes of nucleolar DNA configuration and distribution during the cell cycle in Allium sativum cells. Micron 2009; 40:449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sheval EV, Polyakov VY. Chromosome scaffold and structural integrity of mitotic chromosomes. Russ J Dev Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360406060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Polyakov VY, Zatsepina OV, Kireev II, Prusov AN, Fais DI, Sheval EV, Koblyakova YV, Golyshev SA, Chentsov YS. Structural-functional model of the mitotic chromosome. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:1-9. [PMID: 16457612 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present review the structural role of noncoding DNA, mechanisms of differential staining of mitotic chromosomes, and structural organization of different levels of DNA compactization are discussed. A structural-functional model of the mitotic chromosome is proposed based on the principle of discreteness of structural levels of DNA compactization.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Polyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Burakov VV, Tvorogova AV, Chentsov YS. Experimental Visualization of Chromoneme as a Higher Level of Chromatin Compactization in the Mitotic Chromosome. Russ J Dev Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11174-005-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Kleckner N, Zickler D, Jones GH, Dekker J, Padmore R, Henle J, Hutchinson J. A mechanical basis for chromosome function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:12592-7. [PMID: 15299144 PMCID: PMC515102 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402724101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose that chromosome function is governed by internal mechanical forces generated by programmed tendencies for expansion of the DNA/chromatin fiber against constraining features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kleckner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Zeng XL, Jiao MD, Xing M, Wang XG, Hao S. Tropomyosin is localized in the nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold of Physarum polycephalum. Cell Res 1999; 9:61-9. [PMID: 10321689 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclei and chromosomes were isolated from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. The nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold were obtained after the DNA and most of the proteins were extracted with DNase I and 2 M NaCl. SDS-PAGE analyses revealed that the nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold contained a 37 kD polypeptide which is equivalent to tropomyosin in molecular weight. Immunofluorescence observations upon slide preparations labeled with anti-tropomyosin antibody showed that the nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold emanated bright fluorescence, suggesting the presence of the antigen in them. Immunodotting results confirmed the presence of tropomyosin in the nuclear matrix and chromosome scaffold. Immunoelectron microscopic observations further demonstrated that tropomyosin was dispersively distributed in the interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Zeng
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Morphology and behaviour of silver-stained chromatid cores in mitotic chromosomes analysed by whole mount electron microscopy. Genet Res (Camb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300033826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryUsing silver staining and the whole mount electron microscopy technique of squashed chromosomes, we studied the substructural organization and behaviour of chromatid cores in mitotic chromosomes of spermatogonia of the grasshopper Oedaleus infernalis during mitosis. It was found that the formation of mitotic chromatid cores takes place during the transition from prophase to prometaphase. Each chromosome contains two compact chromatid cores which are surrounded by a halo of dispersed argyrophilic material emanating radially from the cores. In early metaphase the chromatid core usually appears as an extended, slender network running longitudinally through the entire length of the chromatid, while in late metaphase the core frequently has a spiral appearance. In addition, our results revealed the existence of interconnections between sister chromatid cores along their entire length, as a result of which sister chromatid cores appear as a single interconnected core network in mitotic metaphase chromosomes. At this stage the core occupies a lateral position in each chromatid. However, during the transition from metaphase to anaphase, the interconnections are gradually released to allow the individualization of sister chromatid cores and the segregation of chromosomes. The core comes to occupy a central position in each segregated chromatid. These findings demonstrate the presence of an intrinsic interconnected core network within metaphase chromosomes which could be involved in the maintenance and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Martin R, Busch W, Herrmann RG, Wanner G. Changes in chromosomal ultrastructure during the cell cycle. Chromosome Res 1996; 4:288-94. [PMID: 8817069 DOI: 10.1007/bf02263679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The surface structure of mitotic barley and rye chromosomes was studied by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Chromosomes with various degrees of chromatin condensation were prepared from untreated meristematic tissue of root tips. At lower magnifications the highly condensed chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase showed a compact structure with a smooth surface. The condensation starts from the centromeric region and the chromatids are often discernible in the still uncondensed telomeric region. Decondensation begins at the telomeric region during telophase. Parallel arrangement of fibres is a characteristic feature predominately seen in prophase and telophase chromosomes. Chromatin structures that resemble tiles on a roof or braided strands were often observed. Prophase and telophase chromosomes are particularly suitable for further studies of chromatin arrangement and organization in plant chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martin
- Botanisches Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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