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Kinetic Analysis of Nitrite Reduction Reactions by Nitrite Reductase Derived from Spinach in the Presence of One-Electron Reduced Riboflavin. SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sci4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of methods for converting nitrogen oxides in water into valuable resources such as ammonia and hydrazine has been given some attention. By utilizing the nitrite-reducing catalytic activity of nitrite reductase (NiR), nitrite in water can be converted into ammonium. However, there are few reports in the research that synthesized ammonium from nitrite using nitrite reductase. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of temperature on the nitrite-reducing catalytic activity of NiR from spinach in the presence of one-electron reduced riboflavin by kinetic analysis to find the optimum temperature conditions. The results of this study showed that the reaction temperature does not need to be higher than 296.15 K in order to improve the efficiency of ammonium production from nitrite using NiR.
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Silva IT, Abbaraju HKR, Fallis LP, Liu H, Lee M, Dhugga KS. Biochemical and genetic analyses of N metabolism in maize testcross seedlings: 2. Roots. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131. [PMID: 29541827 PMCID: PMC5945762 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular factors differentially affected enzyme activities of N assimilation in the roots of maize testcrosses where alanine aminotransferase and glutamate synthase were the main enzymes regulating the levels of glutamate. N is a key macronutrient for plant growth and development. Breeding maize with improved efficiency in N use could help reduce environmental contamination as well as increase profitability for the farmers. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of traits related to N metabolism in the root tissue was undertaken in a maize testcross mapping population grown in hydroponic cultures. N concentration was negatively correlated with root and total dry mass. Neither the enzyme activities nor metabolites were appreciably correlated between the root and leaf tissues. Repeatability measures for most of the enzymes were lower than for dry mass. Weak negative correlations between most of the enzymes and dry mass resulted likely from dilution and suggested the presence of excess of enzyme activities for maximal biomass production. Glutamate synthase and alanine aminotransferase each explained more variation in glutamate concentration than either aspartate aminotransferase or asparagine synthetase whereas glutamine synthetase was inconsequential. Twenty-six QTL were identified across all traits. QTL models explained 7-43% of the variance with no significant epistasis between the QTL. Thirteen candidate genes were identified underlying QTL within 1-LOD confidence intervals. All the candidate genes were located in trans configuration, unlinked or even on different chromosomes, relative to the known genomic positions of the corresponding structural genes. Our results have implications in improving NUE in maize and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Trucillo Silva
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Global Breeding and Marker Technologies, Dupont Pioneer, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hari Kishan R Abbaraju
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- AVX Corporation, One AVX Blvd., Fountain Inn, SC, 29644, USA
| | - Lynne P Fallis
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Hongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA.
- Genetic Resources Program, International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT), 56237, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico.
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Trucillo Silva I, Abbaraju HKR, Fallis LP, Liu H, Lee M, Dhugga KS. Biochemical and genetic analyses of N metabolism in maize testcross seedlings: 1. Leaves. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1453-1466. [PMID: 28444412 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aside from the identification of 32 QTL for N metabolism in the seedling leaves of a maize testcross population, alanine aminotransferase was found to be a central enzyme in N assimilation. Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to grow commercial crops like maize is a cause of concern because of the runoff of excess N into streams and rivers. Breeding maize with improved N use efficiency (NUE) would reduce environmental pollution as well as input costs for the farmers. An understanding of the genetics underlying N metabolism is key to breeding for NUE. From a set of 176 testcrosses derived from the maize IBMsyn10 population grown in hydroponics, we analyzed the youngest fully expanded leaf at four-leaf stage for enzymes and metabolites related to N metabolism. Three enzymes, along with one metabolite explained 24% of the variation in shoot dry mass. Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) stood out as the key enzyme in maintaining the cellular level of glutamate as it alone explained 58% of the variation in this amino acid. Linkage mapping revealed 32 quantitative trait loci (QTL), all trans to the genomic positions of the structural genes for various enzymes of N assimilation. The QTL models for different traits accounted for 7-31% of the genetic variance, whereas epistasis was generally not significant. Five coding regions underlying 1-LOD QTL confidence intervals were identified for further validation studies. Our results provide evidence for the key role of AlaAT in N assimilation likely through homeostatic control of glutamate levels in the leaf cells. The two QTL identified for this enzyme would help to select desirable recombinants for improved N assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hari Kishan R Abbaraju
- Trait Discovery and Technology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- AVX Corporation, One AVX Blvd., Fountain Inn, SC, 29644, USA
| | - Lynne P Fallis
- Trait Discovery and Technology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Department of Genetics, Developmental and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Hongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Trait Discovery and Technology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA.
- International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT), El Batan, 56237, E.d. Mexico, Mexico.
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Roberts MF. Enzymic synthesis of γ-coniceine in Conium maculatum chloroplasts and mitochondria. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1981; 1:10-13. [PMID: 24258745 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Further studies of the transaminase responsible for the first committed step in alkaloid formation in Conium maculatum have shown the L-alanine: 5-ketooctanal transaminase to occur in both the mitochondria and chloroplast. Experiments suggest that these enzymes are the isoenzymes Transaminase A and B respectively previously isolated by the author. It is suggested that the chloroplast enzyme is normally responsible for alkaloid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Roberts
- Department of Pharmacognosy, The School of Pharmacy, London University, 29-39, Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX, London, UK
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Wallsgrove RM, Mazelis M. The enzymology of lysine biosynthesis in higher plants: complete localization of the regulatory enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase in the chloroplasts of spinach leaves. FEBS Lett 1980; 116:189-92. [PMID: 6773799 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wellburn A, Wilson J, Aldridge P. Biochemical responses of plants to nitric oxide polluted atmospheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(80)90016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The Physiology of Roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-41638-4.50008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Harel E, Lea PJ, Miflin BJ. The localisation of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in maize leaves and their activities during greening. PLANTA 1977; 134:195-200. [PMID: 24419700 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1976] [Accepted: 12/10/1976] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The activities of nitrate reductase (EC1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4), glutamine synthetase (EC6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC1.4.7.1) and NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) were investigated in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of maize leaves (Zea mays L.). Whereas nitrate and nitrite reductase appear to be restricted to the mesophyll and GDH to the bundle sheath, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase are active in both tissues.During the greening process, the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductase increased markedly, but glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase changed little.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harel
- Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Herts, U.K
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Sluiters-Scholten CM. Photosynthesis and the induction of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in bean leaves. PLANTA 1975; 123:175-184. [PMID: 24435084 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1974] [Accepted: 12/23/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In laaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Prelude, the light-induced increase in activity of NADH-nitrate oxidoreductase (E.C.1.6.6.2; NAR) and reduced benzylviologennitrite oxidoreductase (E.C.1.6.6.4; NIR) starts at a certain stage in the development of the chloroplasts. In leaves with completely developed chloroplasts, a higher increase in activity of NAR and NIR is observed, after induction by the addition of nitrate, in the light than in the dark. DCMU inhibits the increase in activity of the two enzymes in the light. Both in the light in the presence of DCMU, and in the dark the increase in activity reaches a higher level by the addition of sucrose.Induction of NAR, but not of NIR, can be observed in excised etiolated leaves. No induction is found in leaves of intact etiolated seedlings.The relation between photosynthetic reactions and the increase in activity of NAR and NIR is discussed. It is suggested that NADH, indirectly formed by photosynthesis, protects NAR and affects in this way the balance between synthesis and breakdown of the enzyme. The increase in activity of NIR is possibly influenced by the presence of reduced ferredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sluiters-Scholten
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, IJdijk 26, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sarkissian GS, Fowler MW. Interrelationship between nitrate assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in plant roots. PLANTA 1974; 119:335-349. [PMID: 24442567 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitrate incubation on the pattern of carbohydrate metabolism in different regions of the pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Kelvedon Wonder) root has been studied. Roots were incubated in a 10 mM potassium nitrate solution for 4, 8 and 12 h. Marked increases were noted in the activities of nitrate assimilation enzymes after 4 h. Increased activities were also recorded for hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and transketolase. No consistent changes were observed in the activities of phosphofructokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Experiments with [1-(14)C] and [6-(14)C]glucose indicated a relative shift in the pattern of carbohydrate oxidation from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway. The data are interpreted as indicating a close interrelationship between nitrate assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in relation to the supply of NADPH by the pentose phosphate pathway for nitrite reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Sarkissian
- Department of Biochemistry, The University, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
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Canvin DT, Atkins CA. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonia assimilation by leaves: Effect of light, carbon dioxide and oxygen. PLANTA 1974; 116:207-224. [PMID: 24458191 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia in barley, wheat, corn and bean leaves was studied using (15)N-labelled molecules and either leaf chamber experiments with the uptake of the nitrogen species in the transpiration stream, or vacuum-infiltration experiments. The assimilation of (15)NO3 (-) into amino nitrogen was strictly dependent on light and ceased abruptly when the light was extinguished. If the leaves were exposed to air, CO2-free air or N2 there was no effect on the rate of NO3 (-) assimilation over 0.5 h. After 1.25 h of CO2-free air, NO3 (-) assimilation into amino acids was sharply reduced. Resupply of air at this time stimulated NO3 (-) assimilation and restored it to the rate observed in leaves exposed to air only. There was no recovery by tissue pretreated for 1.25 h in N2 and subsequently resupplied with air. Incorporation of (15)NO2 (-) was also markedly dependent on light with little reduction occurring in the dark. Incorporation of (15)NH4 (+) into amino acids was stimulated 5 fold by light but considerable incorporation occurred in the dark. The presence of 100 mM NO3 (-) had no effect on the rate of incorporation of (15)NO2 (-) or (15)NH4 (+). Nitrite at 1 mM had no effect on (15)NO3 (-) incorporation but at 10 mM inhibited it completely after 0.5 h. Ammonia at 1 mM had no effect on (15)NO3 (-) or (15)NO2 (-) incorporation and while 10 mM inhibited incorporation for 0.5 h this inhibition did not persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Canvin
- Seibersdorf Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1011, Vienna, Austria
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Ida S, Mori E, Morita Y. Purification, stabilization and characterization of nitrite reductase from barley roots. PLANTA 1974; 121:213-224. [PMID: 24442801 DOI: 10.1007/bf00389322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite reductase (NiR) isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots was stabilized in a buffer solution containing a sulfhydryl-reducing reagent and glycerol. The enzyme was purified 340fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose. Purified NiR had a specific activity of 28 μmol NO2 (-) reduced min(-1) mg(-1) of protein. The purified preparation was reddishbrown having absorption maxima at 282, 388 and 577 nm. The barley-root enzyme was almost identical with spinach-leaf NiR with respect to molecular weight, isoelectric point, pH stability, pH optimum, affinity for substrate, behavior toward inhibitors. It is concluded that NiR is the same enzymatic entity regardless of its localization in photosynthetic or nonchlorophyllous tissues. The electron-transport system for NiR in root tissue is discussed in comparison with that in leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ida
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, 611, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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