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Zhao Z, Tu H, Wang Y, Yang J, Hao G, Wu J. Chemical Driving the Subtype Selectivity of Phytohormone Receptors Is Beneficial for Crop Productivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:16583-16593. [PMID: 39013833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemicals that modulate phytohormones serve as a research tool in plant science and as products to improve crop productivity. Subtype selectivity refers to a ligand to selectively bind to specific subtypes of a receptor rather than binding to all possible subtypes indiscriminately. It allows for precise and specific control of cellular functions and is widely used in medicine. However, subtype selectivity is rarely mentioned in the realm of plant science, and it requires integrated knowledge from chemistry and biology, including structural features of small molecules as ligands, the redundancy of target proteins, and the response of signaling factors. Here, we present a comprehensive review and evaluation of phytohormone receptor subtype selectivity, leveraging the chemical characteristics of phytohormones and their analogues as clues. This work endeavors to provide a valuable research strategy that integrates knowledge from chemistry and biology to advance research efforts geared toward enhancing crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gefei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Argueso CT, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin: From autoclaved DNA to two-component signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1429-1450. [PMID: 38163638 PMCID: PMC11062471 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Kamínek M, Trcková M, Fox JE, Gaudinová A. Comparison of cytokinin-binding proteins from wheat and oat grains. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:453-458. [PMID: 12675735 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin-binding proteins (CBPs) isolated from mature grains of oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by acid precipitation, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography had similar characteristics, although they differed somewhat in apparent molecular weight of the native protein as determined by gel filtration (109 and 133 kDa, respectively) and subunit size as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (47 and 55 kDa, respectively). Highly purified oat CBP showed very weak but distinct immunochemical cross-reactivity with anti-wheat CBP IgG, indicating different immunogenic properties of the two CBPs. Nevertheless, both CBPs exhibited very similar binding of different cytokinins and were characterized by high affinity for N6-benzyladenine (BA)-type and by low affinity for zeatin-type cytokinins to both wheat and oat CBPs and by somewhat higher binding activities of oat CBP compared to wheat CBP (Kds for BA: 4.6 x 10-7 M and 6.8 x 10-7 M, respectively). The potential role of CBPs in regulating free BA-type cytokinin levels during cereal grain development and germination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kamínek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic Research Institute of Crop Production, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic ARCO Plant Cell Research Institute, 6560 Trinity Court, Dublin, CA, USA 1Present address: 716 25 (1/2) Road, Grand Junction CO 81505, USA
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Laten HM. Cytokinins affect spore formation but not cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1266:45-9. [PMID: 7718620 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)00214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are N6-substituted adenine derivatives that function as essential growth hormones in higher plants. In experimental systems, cytokinins can influence cell growth and differentiation among both plant and non-plant tissues. The single-celled yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has served as an effective and useful model system for the study of a wide range of cellular phenomena generally associated with higher eukaryotes, including mammals. In an attempt to assess the efficacy of its use to dissect the molecular basis for plant hormone action, the effects of cytokinins on S. cerevisiae with respect to cell division rates and sporulation efficiencies were monitored. While none of the cytokinins tested influenced mitotic generation times, micromolar concentrations of kinetin enhanced the formation of yeast haploid ascospores and even lower concentrations of isopentenyladenine inhibited ascus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Laten
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626, USA
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Brzobohatý B, Moore I, Palme K. Cytokinin metabolism: implications for regulation of plant growth and development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1483-1497. [PMID: 7858201 DOI: 10.1007/bf00016486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Brzobohatý
- Institute for Biophysics, AS CR, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
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Hamaguchi N, Iwamura H, Fujita T. Fluorescent anticytokinins as a probe for binding. Isolation of cytokinin-binding proteins from the soluble fraction and identification of a cytokinin-binding site on ribosomes of tobacco callus cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 153:565-72. [PMID: 4076191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
4-Substituted 2-methylthiopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, a series of recently developed anticytokinins, have been found to fluoresce strongly in water and to be useful as probes for binding studies. The binding activity of the soluble proteins and particulate fraction of tobacco callus cells to the biologically most active member of the family, 4-n-butylamino-2-methylthiopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (BAMPP), was studied fluorimetrically. We found that the binding activity is better monitored in terms of saturable binding rather than in terms of the amount of bound ligand, a conventional method used in isolation studies of hormone receptor proteins. Using this technique we isolated two kinds of high-affinity cytokinin-binding proteins from the soluble fraction and identified a high-affinity binding site on ribosomes.
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Venis MA. Hormone-binding studies and the misuse of precipitation assays. PLANTA 1984; 162:502-505. [PMID: 24253266 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1984] [Accepted: 05/29/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many methods are available for determining binding of small-molecular ligands to macromolecules. In studies on plant hormone binding, precipitation of putative hormone-protein complexes with ammonium sulphate is often used as the sole method of assay. Several such reports on auxin binding have been re-examined, using additional assay procedures. The results show that apparent binding activity measured by ammonium sulphate precipitation may be undetectable by independent, less ambiguous methods. It is concluded that hormone-binding studies that rely solely on the precipitation assay can be grossly misleading, and that this assay, if used at all, should always be validated against a procedure less likely to generate artefacts. An example of such validation for a plant protein is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Venis
- Sittingbourne Research Centre, Shell Research Limited, ME9 8AG, Sittingbourne, Kent, UK
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Abstract
The regeneration of whole plants from fragments of mature organs is compelling evidence that plant cells retain genetic totipotency throughout differentiation. Within the intact plant, however, strict regulatory controls operate to maintain a co-ordinated pattern of growth. Not every cell differentiates along the same developmental pathway. Cell performance is determined by mechanisms that permit subtle discriminations in recognition of and response to an array of environmental and hormonal cues. Much effort is currently directed to understanding these control systems in plants. Certain positionally differentiated cells and tissues have been characterized by their specific signal recognition and their precise responses in gene expression. In a few, the competence to respond to particular signals has been distinguished by the presence of cell-specific protein markers. This article discusses some recent studies that help towards an understanding of the target nature of cells in plant development.
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Roberts DD, Goldstein IJ. Adenine binding sites of the lectin from lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus). J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
The conformational energy surfaces of 12 active cytokinins and analogs are studied with the aid of PCILO quantum mechanical calculations. The resulting conformational energy maps indicate that cytokinin activity is associated with the ability of the above molecules to attain a specific conformation, presumably related to their conformation at the active site of cytokinin receptor(s). The calculations locate the conformational energy minima and describe the flexibility of the studied molecules in terms of conformational barriers and transition paths. An approximate relation is found between cytokinin activity and the values of energy barriers to transitions between certain local minima. According to this relation, active compounds should have rotational barriers within 4-12 kcal/mol, besides the known hitherto constitutional requirements for high physiological activity.
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Keim P, Fox JE. Interaction of a radiolabeled cytokinin photoaffinity probe with a receptor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 96:1325-34. [PMID: 7437072 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Brownlee AG, Polya GM. The ligand specificity of the (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate)-binding site of yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Interaction with adenosine derivatives and pharmacologically-active compounds. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 109:51-9. [PMID: 6997047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The high-affinity cAMP-binding site of form-II yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has a marked specificity for adenosine derivatives, such ligands including N6-substituted adenosine derivatives active as cytokinins n plant systems and adenine nucleotides. Of a wide range of nucleotides and nucleosides examined only adenosine derivatives bind to the cAMP binding site. A variety of antimitotic compounds (including colchicine, colcemid and phenylcarbamate derivatives), adrenergic receptor antagonists (alprenolol and propranolol) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (notably indomethacin and flufenamic acid) displace cAMP from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Colchicine, colcemid, N6-furfuryladenosine, indomethacin, flufenamic acid and propranolol inhibit cAMP binding to the enzyme in an apparently competitive fashion. Given the evolutionary conservatism and abundance of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the affinity of the cAMP-binding site of this enzyme for a variety of structurally-disparate pharmacologically-active compounds compromises simple one-site interpretations of physiological responses to these agents.
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Chen C, Melitz DK, Petschow B, Eckert RL. Isolation of cytokinin-binding protein from plant tissues by affinity chromatography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 108:379-87. [PMID: 7408857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gardner G, Sussman MR, Kende H. In vitro cytokinin binding to a particulate cell fraction from protonemata of Funaria hygrometrica. PLANTA 1978; 143:67-73. [PMID: 24408263 DOI: 10.1007/bf00389054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/1978] [Accepted: 06/30/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin-induced bud formation in moss protonemata is specific for cytokinin bases, their ribosides being relatively inactive. Binding of [(3)H]benzyladenine (BA) to a 13,000-80,000 x g subcellular fraction from extracts of Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth. was measured by a centrifugation assay. Increasing concentrations of non-radioactive BA decreased the binding proportionally to the logarithm of the BA concentration between 3×10(-8) and 10(-4)M. [(3)H]Zeatin also bound to these fractions, although the extent of binding was not as great as with [(3)H]BA. Biologically active cytokinins, including BA, zeatin, 6-(3-methyl-2-enylamino)purine (IPA) and kinetin, competed for the binding of [(3)H]BA, whereas the ribosides of BA, zeatin and IPA competed poorly. Other biologically inactive compounds, such as adenine and 9-methyl-BA, were also ineffective as competitors. The ability to bind BA by the 13,000-80,000 x g fraction was greatly reduced by treatment with 1% Triton X-100, and heat treatment eliminated more than one-half of the binding activity. Competitive binding appeared to be pH-dependent, with maximal activity between pH 6.0 and 6.5. After fractionation by differential centrifugation, the ability to bind cytokinins was not correlated with the RNA content of the fraction and thus probably did not represent binding to ribosomes which has been reported in other plant tissues. Cytokinins also exhibited competitive binding to non-biological materials, e.g., talc. The detailed characteristics of the binding of BA to talc were different from those to the biological fractions. However, the problem remains, in all studies of cytokinin binding, to distinguish between binding that is biologically meaningful, and biological (biologically) non-meaningful physical adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gardner
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
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