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Breygina M, Kochkin D, Voronkov A, Ivanova T, Babushkina K, Klimenko E. Plant Hormone and Fatty Acid Screening of Nicotiana tabacum and Lilium longiflorum Stigma Exudates. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1313. [PMID: 37759713 PMCID: PMC10526190 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen germination in vivo on wet stigmas is assisted by the receptive fluid-stigma exudate. Its exact composition is still unknown because only some components have been studied. For the first time, hormonal screening was carried out, and the fatty acid (FA) composition of lipid-rich (Nicotiana tabacum) and sugar-rich (Lilium longiflorum) exudates was studied. Screening of exudate for the presence of plant hormones using HPLC-MS revealed abscisic acid (ABA) in tobacco stigma exudate at the two stages of development, at pre-maturity and in mature stigmas awaiting pollination, increasing at the fertile stage. To assess physiological significance of ABA on stigma, we tested the effect of this hormone in vitro. ABA concentration found in the exudate strongly stimulated the germination of tobacco pollen, a lower concentration had a weaker effect, increasing the concentration did not increase the effect. GC-MS analysis showed that both types of exudate are characterized by a predominance of saturated FAs. The lipids of tobacco stigma exudate contain significantly more myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resulting in a higher unsaturation index relative to lily stigma exudate lipids. The latter, in turn, contain more 14-hexadecenoic and arachidic acids. Both exudates were found to contain significant amounts of squalene. The possible involvement of saturated FAs, ABA, and squalene in various exudate functions, as well as their potential relationship on the stigma, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breygina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kochkin
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Voronkov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Babushkina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Klimenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Fan W, Liu S, Feng Y, Xu Y, Liu C, Zhu P, Zhang S, Xia Z, Zhao A. Stigma type and transcriptome analyses of mulberry revealed the key factors associated with Ciboria shiraiana resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107743. [PMID: 37186979 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria shiraiana is a fungal pathogen and the causal agent of hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis (HSS) in mulberry, leading to substantial economic losses in the mulberry fruit-related industry. To obtain HSS resistant resources and investigate the resistance mechanism, the resistances of 14 mulberry varieties were assessed. Morus laevigata Wall. (MLW) varieties showed strong resistance to C. shiraiana, and the pathogen's infection was associated with mulberry fluorescence. Stigmas were identified as the infection site through cutting experiments. Susceptible varieties (S-varieties) displayed secretory droplets on their stigma papillar cell surfaces, while MLWs lacked these secretions. Correlation analysis between the secretion rate and the diseased fruit rate indicated that the differences between resistant varieties (R-varieties) and S-varieties were related to the stigma type. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on stigma and ovary samples from R- and S-varieties. Compared with the stigma of R-varieties, the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with significantly higher expression in S-variety stigmas mainly participated in the fatty acid biosynthetic process. In R-variety stigmas and ovaries, the transcript levels of DEGs involved in defense response, including resistance (R) genes, were significantly higher than that of S-varieties. Overexpression of MlwRPM1-2 and MlwRGA3 enhances resistance to C. shiraiana and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but not Botrytis cinerea in tobacco. These findings help us explain the different resistance mechanisms of mulberry to C. shiraiana, and the critical defense genes in R-varieties can be applied to breeding antifungal plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuman Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yazhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhongqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Shakya R, Bhatla SC. A comparative analysis of the distribution and composition of lipidic constituents and associated enzymes in pollen and stigma of sunflower. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:163-72. [PMID: 20490969 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-009-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spatial distribution and compositional analyses of the lipidic constituents in pollen and stigma of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Morden) were conducted using ultrastructural, histochemical, and biochemical analysis. Detection of secretions at the base of stigmatic papillae and neutral lipid accumulations on the surface of stigmatic papillae and between adjacent pseudopapillae demonstrates the semidry nature of stigma surface in sunflower. Pollen coat is richer in lipids (8%) than stigma (2.2%) on fresh weight basis. Nile Red-fluorescing neutral lipids are preferentially localized in the pollen coat. Neutral esters and triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major lipidic constituents in pollen grains and stigma, respectively. Lignoceric acid (24:0) and cis-11-eicosenoic acid (20:1) are specifically expressed only in the pollen coat. Similar long-chain fatty acids have earlier been demonstrated to play a significant role during the initial signaling mechanism leading to hydration of pollen grains on the stigma surface. Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) activity is expressed both in pollen grains and stigma. Stigma exhibits a better expression of acyl-ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.1) activity than that of observed in both the pollen fractions. Expression of two acyl-ester hydrolases (41 and 38 kDa) has been found to be specific to pollen coat. Specific expression of lignoceric acid (24:0) in pollen coat and localization of lipase in pollen and stigma have been discussed to assign possible roles that they might play during pollen-stigma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Shakya
- Department of Botany, Miranda House, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Tiezzi A, Cresti M, Ciampolini F. La composizione chimica dell'essudato stigmatico di Citrus limon (L.) Burm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11263508209428064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hiscock SJ, Allen AM. Diverse cell signalling pathways regulate pollen-stigma interactions: the search for consensus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:286-317. [PMID: 19086285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Siphonogamy, the delivery of nonmotile sperm to the egg via a pollen tube, was a key innovation that allowed flowering plants (angiosperms) to carry out sexual reproduction on land without the need for water. This process begins with a pollen grain (male gametophyte) alighting on and adhering to the stigma of a flower. If conditions are right, the pollen grain germinates to produce a pollen tube. The pollen tube invades the stigma and grows through the style towards the ovary, where it enters an ovule, penetrates the embryo sac (female gametophyte) and releases two sperm cells, one of which fertilizes the egg, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to form the triploid endosperm. The events before fertilization (pollen-pistil interactions) comprise a series of complex cellular interactions involving a continuous exchange of signals between the haploid pollen and the diploid maternal tissue of the pistil (sporophyte). In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular identity of these signals and the cellular interactions that they regulate. Here we review our current understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions that mediate the earliest of these interactions between the pollen and the pistil that occur on or within the stigma - the 'pollen-stigma interaction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Hiscock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Alexandra M Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
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Wolters-Arts M, Lush WM, Mariani C. Lipids are required for directional pollen-tube growth. Nature 1998; 392:818-21. [PMID: 9572141 DOI: 10.1038/33929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful pollination and fertilization are absolute requirements for sexual reproduction in higher plants. Pollen hydration, germination and penetration of the stigma by pollen tubes are influenced by the exudate on wet stigmas and by the pollen coat in species with dry stigmas. The exudate allows pollen tubes to grow directly into the stigma, whereas the pollen coat establishes the contact with the stigma. Pollen tubes then grow into the papillae, which are covered by a cuticle. The components of the exudate or pollen coat that are responsible for pollen tube penetration are not known. To discover the role of the exudate, we tested selected compounds for their ability to act as functional substitutes for exudate in the initial stages of pollen-tube growth on transgenic stigmaless tobacco plants that did not produce exudate. Here we show that lipids are the essential factor needed for pollen tubes to penetrate the stigma, and that, in the presence of these lipids, pollen tubes will also penetrate leaves. We propose that lipids direct pollen-tube growth by controlling the flow of water to pollen in species with dry and wet stigmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolters-Arts
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Department of Experimental Botany, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Stigma development in Nicotiana tabacum. Cell death in transgenic plants as a marker to follow cell fate at high resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02152698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dumas C, Knox R, Gaude T. Pollen—Pistil Recognition: New Concepts from Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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