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Ren Z, Wang RY, Huang XY, Wang Y. Sulfur Compounds in Regulation of Stomatal Movement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846518. [PMID: 35360293 PMCID: PMC8963490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur, widely present in the soil and atmosphere, is one of the essential elements for plants. Sulfate is a dominant form of sulfur in soils taken up by plant roots. In addition to the assimilation into sulfur compounds essential for plant growth and development, it has been reported recently that sulfate as well as other sulfur containing compounds can also induce stomatal movement. Here, we first summarized the uptake and transport of sulfate and atmospheric sulfur, including H2O and SO2, and then, focused on the effects of inorganic and organic sulfur on stomatal movement. We concluded all the transporters for different sulfur compounds, and compared the expression level of those transporters in guard cells and mesophyll cells. The relationship between abscisic acid and sulfur compounds in regulation of stomatal movement were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Ren
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Yuan Huang,
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Yin Wang,
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O'Connor CJ, Singh RM, Walde P, Spedding DJ. The Effect of pH on the Uptake of 35S(-II) by Wine Yeasts. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391158600100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rates of uptake of 35S from S(-II) solutions by wine yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains R92 and R104 and Saccharomyces chevalieri strain R93, were measured at a variety of solution pH values between pH 3.1 and pH 7.8. A pH effect was observed, the rates of uptake being higher at the lower pH values, but this effect was not related entirely to changes in the H2S or HS- concentration. The transport process of S(-II) appeared to be due to simple diffusion of H2S(aq) and carrier mediated transport of HS-(aq). The kinetic constants Km and V max were calculated for the carrier component of the mechanism at pH 7.2 and the permeability coefficient P was calculated for the diffusion of H2S(aq) at pH 3.1 and 7.2. By using these parameters, it was possible to calculate a theoretical ini tial rate of uptake over a range of extracellular S(-II) concentrations (0 to 50 mmoll-1) at pH 3.1 and pH 7.2. The experimentally determined initial rates were found to agree, within the experimental error, with the theoretical values. The initial rate of uptake of S(-II) and the values of Km for yeast strain R104 (a low sulfide producer) were found to be less than those for both strain R92 (a normal sulfide producer) and for strain R93 (a high sulfide producer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmian J. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ragina M.D. Singh
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D. John Spedding
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
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O'Connor CJ, Singh RM, Walde P, Spedding DJ. Effect of Temperature on the Uptake of 35S(-II) by Wine Yeasts. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391158600100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rates of uptake of 35S from S(-II) solutions by wine yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains R92 and R104 and Saccharomyces chevalieri strain R93, were measured at pH 3.1 and 7.2 over the temperature range 5 ° C to 80 ° C and at 0.3 (or 0.5) mM and 5.0 mM S(-II) concentrations. Three critical temperatures were observed; the first, at ca 20 ° C is attributed to a phase change of the yeast cell membrane from a crystalline to a liquid crystalline state; the second, at the temperature of maximum activity at 30 ° C to 40 ° C is thought to arise from a switch from a metastable to a thermodynamically more stable state which is less effective in supporting the transport functions; and the third, at tempera tures greater than 50 ° C correlates well with the thermal viability of the yeasts. Variation of the activation energy, Ea, with extracellular S(-II) concen tration was observed and Ea for the uptake of S(-II) from a solution of 5 mM S(-II) at pH 7.2 was higher than at pH 3.1. The values of Ea support the postulate of a simple diffusion of H2S(aq) and carrier mediated transport of HS-(aq) for the transport of S(-II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmian J. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ragina M.D. Singh
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D. John Spedding
- Department of Chemistry University of Auckland Private Bag Auckland, New Zealand
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Takahashi H, Yoshimoto N, Saito K. Anionic nutrient transport in plants: the molecular basis of the sulfate transporter gene family. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2006; 27:67-80. [PMID: 16382872 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25856-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Hawkesford MJ. Transporter gene families in plants: the sulphate transporter gene family - redundancy or specialization? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:155-163. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Noctor G, Foyer CH. Homeostasis of adenylate status during photosynthesis in a fluctuating environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51 Spec No:347-56. [PMID: 10938842 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.suppl_1.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes and assesses pathways likely to influence and stabilize the ATP/reductant balance during whole cell photosynthesis. The sole reductive step of the Calvin cycle occurs during the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to triose phosphate. Photophosphorylation linked to this reaction can undoubtedly supply most of the ATP required by the Calvin cycle and other chloroplastic reactions. Small but crucial contributions must come from several other pathways, some of which involve co-operation between the chloroplast and the rest of the cell. Extrachloroplastic compartments can contribute to chloroplastic ATP requirements by supplying ATP directly or, probably more significantly, by accepting reducing equivalents and so supporting ATP synthesis within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Noctor
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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Hawkesford MJ. Plant responses to sulphur deficiency and the genetic manipulation of sulphate transporters to improve S-utilization efficiency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000. [PMID: 10938804 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.342.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Decreased inputs of S have increased the incidence of S-deficiency in crops, resulting in decreased yields and quality. Remediation by fertilizer application is not always successful because this often results in an uneven supply of S. The ability to respond to S-deficiency stress varies between crops and this is a target for the genetic improvement of S-utilization efficiency. Improved capture of resources, the accumulation of greater reserves of S and improved mechanisms for the remobilization of these reserves are required. It is an inability to over-accumulate S and subsequently, effectively remobilize S-reserves, which restricts optimum S-use efficiency. Genetic manipulation of the transporters and their expression will contribute to overcoming these limitations. Control of gene expression limits excess uptake and activity of the assimilatory pathway: the endogenous expression of sulphate transporters is regulated by S-supply, with negative regulation from reduced S-containing compounds and positive regulation by O-acetylserine, the C/N skeleton precursor of cysteine. Constitutive expression of the transporter will remove this control and may enable the accumulation of sulphate reserves. Sulphate in the vacuole and other pools of reduced sulphur, such as glutathione or protein may be remobilized under S-limiting conditions. Low efficiencies of these remobilization processes, particularly the remobilization of vacuolar sulphate, suggest that the transporters involved in the remobilization are a target for modification. Transporters are involved in facilitating the multiple trans-membrane transport steps between uptake of sulphate from the soil solution, and delivery to the site of reduction in the chloroplast or plastid. A gene family has been identified and phylogenetic relationships based on primary sequence information indicate multiple sub-groups. Groups which are expressed in roots, in shoots and in both tissue types are postulated, however, the functional roles for these groups and the identification of transporters involved in recycling remain to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hawkesford
- IACR-Rothamsted, Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Action of SO2 on Plants and Metabolic Detoxification of SO2. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Veeranjaneyulu K, Charlebois D, N'soukpoé-Kossi CN, Leblanc RM. Effect of sulfur dioxide and sulfite on photochemical energy storage of isolated chloroplasts--a photoacoustic study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1990; 65:127-139. [PMID: 15092271 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(90)90180-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/1989] [Accepted: 01/03/1990] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to study the effect of sulfite and SO(2) on isolated corn mesophyll chloroplasts by monitoring the photochemical energy storage. Sulfite incubation of isolated chloroplasts, either in light or in darkness, caused a decrease in photochemical energy storage. The more pronounced decrease in light indicates a light-dependent sulfite inhibitory site(s) in chloroplasts. Also diphenylcarbazide caused a partial recovery of energy storage in sulfite treated chloroplasts indicating a possible site of damage at the water oxidizing system. Although the chloroplast membranes were found to be insensitive to high concentrations of SO(2) for relatively short exposure periods (10 min) in light, exposure of chloroplasts to 28.5 ng cm(-3) SO(2) for 10 min caused a decrease in energy storage. An attempt was made to explain the mechanism of action of sulfite and SO(2) in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Veeranjaneyulu
- Centre de recherche en photobiophysique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7
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Laisk A, Pfanz H, Schramm MJ, Heber U. Sulfur-dioxide fluxes into different cellular compartments of leaves photosynthesizing in a polluted atmosphere : I. Computer analysis. PLANTA 1988; 173:230-240. [PMID: 24226403 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/1987] [Accepted: 07/06/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using experimental information obtained in earlier studies on cellular buffering and SO2 uptake into leaves (Pfanz and Heber, 1986, Plant Physiol. 81, 597-602; Pfanz et al., 1987 a, b, Plant Physiol.), a mathematical model is presented which permits computer analysis of the transport of SO2 from the atmosphere into the mesophyll of leaves and describes the intracellular distribution of hydration products of SO2. Oxidation of sulfite and metabolization of sulfate can also be included. Although the model does not attempt to incorporate all available information on the intracellular transport of sulfur species, it permits general conclusions in regard to cellular responses to SO2. The model can be extended and modified for gases other than SO2. Examples are presented to illustrate the information the model is able to give. Times required for SO2 equilibration are long. Equilibrium relationships between SO2 in the atmosphere and cellular SO2 show that in order to survive in even slightly contaminated air, leaves must prevent equilibration between external and internal SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laisk
- Institute of Botany and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany
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Laisk A, Pfanz H, Heber U. Sulfur-dioxide fluxes into different cellular compartments of leaves photosynthesizing in a polluted atmosphere : II. Consequences of SO2 uptake as revealed by computer analysis. PLANTA 1988; 173:241-252. [PMID: 24226404 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/1987] [Accepted: 07/06/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A computer model is used to analyze fluxes of SO2 from polluted air into leaves and the intracellular distribution of sulfur species derived from SO2. The analysis considers only effects of acidification and of anion accumulation. (i) The SO2 flux into leaves is practically exclusively controlled by the boundary-layer resistance of leaves to gas diffusion and by stomatal opening. At constant stomatal opening, flux is proportional to the concentration of SO2 in air. (ii) The sink capacity of cellular compartments for SO2 depends on intracellular pH and the intracellular localization of reactions capable of oxidizing or reducing SO2. In the mesophyll of illuminated leaves, the chloroplasts possess the highest trapping potential for SO2. (iii) If intracellular ion transport were insignificant, and if bisulfite and sulfite could not be oxidized or reduced, leaves with opened stomata would rapidly be killed both by the accumulation of sulfites and by acidification of chloroplasts and cytosol even if SO2 levels in air did not exceed concentrations thought to be permissible. Acidification and sulfite accumulation would remain confined largely to the chloroplasts and to the cytosol under these conditions. (iv) Transport of bisulfite and protons produced by hydration of SO2 into the vacuole cannot solve the problem of cytoplasmic accumulation of bisulfite and sulfite and of cytoplasmic acidification, because SO2 generated in the acidic vacuole from the bisulfite anion would diffuse back into the cytoplasm. (v) Oxidation to sulfate which is known to occur mainly in the chloroplasts can solve the problem of cytoplasmic sulfite and bisulfite accumulation, but aggravates the problem of chloroplastic and cytosolic acidification. (vi) A temporary solution to the problem of acidification requires the transfer of H(+) and sulfate into the vacuole. This transport needs to be energized. The storage capacity of the vacuole for protons and sulfate defines the extent to which SO2 can be detoxified by oxidation and removal of the resulting protons and sulfate anions from the cytoplasm. Calculations show that even at atmospheric levels of SO2 thought to be tolerable, known vacuolar buffer capacities are insufficient to cope with proton production during oxidation of SO2 to sulfate within a vegetation period. (vii) A permanent solution to the problem of acidification is the removal of protons. Protons are consumed during the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Proteins and peptides contain sulfur at the level of sulfide. During photosynthesis in the presence of the permissible concentration of 0.05μl·l(-1) SO2, sulfur may be deposited in plants at a ratio not far from 1/500 in relation to carbon. The content of reduced sulfur to carbon is similar to that ratio only in fast-growing, protein-rich plants. Such plants may experience little difficulty in detoxifying SO2. In contrast, many trees may contain reduced sulfur at a ratio as low as 1/10 000 in relation to carbon. Excess sulfur deposited in such trees during photosynthesis in polluted air gives rise to sulfate and protons. If detoxification of SO2 by reduction is inadequate, and if the storage capacity of the vacuoles for protons and sulfate is exhausted, damage is unavoidable. Calculations indicate that trees with a low ratio of reduced S to C cannot tolerate long-term exposure to concentrations of SO2 as low as 0.02 or 0.03 μl·l(-1) which so far have been considered to be non-toxic to sensitive plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laisk
- Institute of Botany and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany
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Heldt H, Flügge U. [56] Transport of metabolites across the chloroplast envelope. Methods Enzymol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(86)25058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Smith GS, Cornforth IS, Henderson HV. CRITICAL LEAF CONCENTRATIONS FOR DEFICIENCIES OF NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR, AND MAGNESIUM IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1985; 101:393-409. [PMID: 33874244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Critical leaf concentrations for deficiency of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, and magnesium were estimated for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in sand culture. The values associated with a 10% reduction in dry matter yield were as follows (all results expressed as g kg-1 DM except for the nitrate-nitrogen value which appears as μg-1 DM): Kjeldahl-nitrogen 32; nitrate-nitrogen 500; potassium 28; phosphorus 2.1; sulphur 1.8; and magnesium 0.7. A major difference between the critical leaf concentrations estimated in this study and the tentative values published elsewhere was for potassium. Concentrations required in the shoot for near maximum growth were higher than previously reported. Differences in the nitrogen status of the plants probably account for this result. The depressing effect of potassium on the absorption of magnesium and calcium is discussed in relation to plant and animal nutrition. Sulphur was found to be inefficiently absorbed by phosphorus deficient plants despite non-limiting amounts of sulphur applied in the nutrient solution. A possible explanation for this effect may be linked to the observation that the transport of sulphate into the chloroplast was coupled with that of phosphate. The concentration of macroelements required in the nutrient solution to produce maximum shoot growth of perennial ryegrass was very much greater than that generally applied to plants grown in sand culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Smith
- Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - I S Cornforth
- Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - H V Henderson
- Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Cerović ZG, Kalezić R, Plesničar M. The role of photophosphorylation in SO2 and SO 3 (2-) inhibition of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. PLANTA 1982; 156:249-54. [PMID: 24272473 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/1982] [Accepted: 08/10/1982] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulphur dioxide inhibits noncyclic photophosphorylation in isolated envelope-free chloroplasts. This inhibition was shown to be reversible and competitive with phosphate, with an inhibitor constant of Ki=0.8mM. The same inhibition characteristics were observed when phosphoglycerate (PGA)- or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)-dependent oxygen evolution was examined in a reconstituted chloroplast system in the presence of SO 3 (2-) . Using an ATP-regenerating system (phosphocreatine-creatine kinase), it was demonstrated that the inhibition of PGA-dependent oxygen evolution is solely the result of inhibited photophosphorylation. It is concluded that at low SO2 and SO 3 (2-) concentrations the inhibition of photophosphorylation is responsible for the inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Cerović
- INEP-Department of Pesticides, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, YU-11080, Zemun, Yugoslavia
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Hampp R, Spedding D, Ziegler I, Ziegler H. The efflux of inorganic sulphur from spinach chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Spedding DJ, Ziegler I, Hampp R, Ziegler H. Effect of pH on the Uptake of 35S-sulfur from Sulfate, Sulfite, and Sulfide by Chlorella vulgaris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Transport du sulfate à travers la double membrane limitante, ou enveloppe, des chloroplastes d'épinard. Biochimie 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(80)80287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Effect of pH on the Uptake of IIS-Sulfur from Sulfate, Sulfite, and Sulfide by Isolated Spinach Chloroplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Soldatini GF, Ziegler I, Ziegler H. Sulfite: Preferential sulfur source and modifier of CO2 fixation in Chlorella vulgaris. PLANTA 1978; 143:225-231. [PMID: 24408372 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1978] [Accepted: 08/07/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfite was added at the time of inoculation to a standard and to a sulfate deficient medium of Chlorella vulgaris. It was not only used as a sulfur source, but besides this, at concentrations <1.0 mmol l(-1), the growth yield was enhanced up to 30% compared to sulfate saturated conditions. Higher sulfite concentrations increasingly inhibited cell growth. Growth rate determinations indicated that the enhancement, and the inhibition respectively, were confined to the very beginning of culture growth; the time period during which the sulfite was not yet oxidized (5-10 h). In contrast, an increased CO2 fixation rate/unit of protein, occurring up to 5.0 mmol l(-1) sulfite and a shift towards the β-carboxylation pathway, are persisting at least during the growth period of 4 days. The preferential uptake of sulfite, also indicated by a marked increase in methionine content of algal protein, presumably causes an increase in thylakoidal sulfolipids, and is such modifying the CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Soldatini
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, München 2, Federal Republic of Germany
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Ziegler I, Hampp R. Control of (35)SO 4 (2-) and (35)SO 3 (2-) incorporation into spinach chloroplasts during photosynthetic CO2 fixation. PLANTA 1977; 137:303-307. [PMID: 24420670 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1977] [Accepted: 09/27/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to membrane translocation, measured in the dark, it was found that pre-illumination of the chloroplasts resulted in an enhancement of sulfate uptake by 25% and of sulfite uptake by 55% as soon as the concentration of the ion in the incubation medium exceeded 2 mmol l(-1). This amount which is additionally taken up after pre-illumination is less readily exchanged for other ions. Kinetics of the uptake in relation to pre-illumination time and to light intensity closely parallel those of titration of SH-groups by 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). As a consequence, 10(-6) mol l(-1) DCMU completely inhibits the light triggered increase of uptake of both ions. Uncoupling with 10(-6) mol l(-1) CCCP increases the light induced (35)SO 3 (2-) binding, but decreases that of (35)SO 4 (2-) , demonstrating the need of ATP formation to initiate sulfate reduction. Rates of uptake, measured at different intensities of pre-illumination under nitrogen or in the presence of bicarbonate, suggest that the presence of a carbon skeleton increases the binding rate for both ions. With respect to (35)SO 4 (2-) , the data further indicate a rate limiting step (ATP sulfurylase or adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase) which is activated by light, thus representing a control step to harmonize the rate of CO2 fixation and of sulfate incorporation. On the contrary, (35)SO 3 (2-) is directly bound in relation to the amount of SH-groups, which in turn are created by the photosynthetic electron transport, resulting in Car-S-SO 3 (-) . Since the formation of SH-groups is maximal already at low light intensities, no effective control step for SO 3 (2-) incorporation is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ziegler
- Institut für Biochemie der Gesellschaft für Strahlen und Umweltforschung mbH, München, Federal Republic of Germany
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