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Scorilas A, Bharaj B, Giai M, Diamandis EP. Codon 89 polymorphism in the human 5 alpha-reductase gene in primary breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:760-7. [PMID: 11259089 PMCID: PMC2363825 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme human steroid 5-alpha reductase type II (SRD5A2) and androgen receptor (AR) are critical mediators of androgen action, suggesting a potential role in hormonally related cancers. The SRD5A2 gene harbours two frequent polymorphic sites, one in the coding region, at codon 89 of exon 1, where valine is substituted by leucine (V89L) and the other in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) where a variable number of dinucleotide TA repeat lengths exists. The V89L polymorphism is known to alter the activity of this enzyme. In the present study we examined 144 sporadic breast tumours from Italian patients for the V89L and TA polymorphisms by sequence and fragment analysis, respectively. Tumour extract prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration as well as a number of well-established clinical and pathological parameters were evaluated. The results show that 53% of the tumours were homozygous for VV alleles, 37% were heterozygous for VL alleles and 10% were homozygous for LL alleles. TA(0) repeats were found in tumours with VV, LL and VL genotypes. TA(9) repeats were only found in VV homozygotes and were totally absent from either LL homozygotes or VL heterozygotes. PSA expression was significantly elevated in tumours with VV genotype. The presence of LL alleles in breast tumours is associated with earlier onset and shorter disease-free (RR = 2.65;P = 0.013) and overall survival (RR = 3.06;P = 0.014) rates. The VV genotype is associated with a more favourable prognosis. Our study suggests that the polymorphism in codon 89 of exon 1 of the human 5 alpha-reductase gene is related with TA repeat genotypes, PSA expression and breast cancer prognosis. More specifically, we found that the LL genotype is also associated with earlier onset and more aggressive forms of breast cancer. Long-term-outcome studies are needed to investigate the relevance of this polymorphism to breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scorilas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
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Bharaj B, Scorilas A, Diamandis EP, Giai M, Levesque MA, Sutherland DJ, Hoffman BR. Breast cancer prognostic significance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the proximal androgen response element of the prostate specific antigen gene promoter. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 61:111-9. [PMID: 10942096 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006459613498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) expression by breast epithelial cells is associated with favorable breast cancer prognosis. In preliminary studies, we found that a nucleotide variation (G-->A) at position -158 in the androgen response element (ARE-1) of the PSA promoter was present in four out of 9 breast tumors examined and in a breast carcinoma cell line. We have now determined the nucleotide composition at position -158 of DNA extracted from 148 well-characterized breast tumors and compared tumor genotype with that of controls without cancer, with tumor PSA concentration and with clinicopathological variables, overall survival and disease free survival. The G-->A base change at position -158 is a polymorphism. Allelotypes were similarly distributed in breast cancer patients and controls. The Mann-Whitney U Test showed a significantly higher tumor PSA concentration in tumors that presented a homozygous G as opposed to homozygous A genotype. Genotype at position -158 was not associated with clinicopathological variables in contingency table analysis. Univariate Cox regression models showed a 28% reduction in risk for death in patients with homozygous G genotype compared to those with homozygous A genotype (P = 0.03). However, ARE-1 genotype did not significantly add to the prognostic power in the multivariate model of overall survival. In summary, the base change at position -158 is a polymorphism that may affect breast cancer prognosis, but further studies are required to confirm this possibility and to investigate the relevance of this polymorphism in terms of breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bharaj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nizze H, Al-Thobhani AK, Terpe H. Steroid Hormone Receptor Profile of Normal, Benign, and Malignant Female Breast Epithelium: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of 325 Biopsies. Breast J 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4741.1998.430156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Anatomic and biologic indicators of prognosis provide the bases for management of patients with cancer of the breast. Combinations of these indicators are potentially more accurate than any alone. This review was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic relationship between stage and steroid hormone receptors. METHODS The literature was reviewed relative to the influences of tumor size, axillary metastases, and tumor estrogen receptors on the survival of patients with cancer of the breast. RESULTS Axillary node status is of primary importance as a predictor of recurrence and survival. Tumor size has only a secondary influence, but is prognostically useful in the absence of metastases. Estrogen and progesterone receptors provide prognostic information that is independent of axillary stage, but the influence is weak, often transient, and attributable at least partly to a close association with other biologic indicators of favorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Hormone receptors add to the prognostic information provided by anatomic stage, but the contribution is insufficient to support a decision for or against systemic adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Donegan
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53201
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Cowen PN, Teasdale J, Jackson P, Reid BJ. Oestrogen receptor in breast cancer: prognostic studies using a new immunohistochemical assay. Histopathology 1990; 17:319-25. [PMID: 2258170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed and validated histochemical method--immunogold-streptavidin enhancement--was used to determine oestrogen receptor content in paraffin sections of breast cancers. The selection of the best cut-off point to define oestrogen receptor status as rich or poor was made on the basis of survival data, using the following indices: survival to term; disease-free interval; survival at 5 years; and disease-free interval at 5 years. Oestrogen receptor status was examined in relation to histological grade, lymph node status, menopausal status and tumour size and these four indices were considered as independent prognostic factors. Semi-quantitative assay of receptor content showed that increasing content was related to better prognosis. Adjuvant therapy alone had no effect on patient outcome. Independently, histological grade and lymph node status, but not menopausal status or tumour size, were prognostic indicators. Oestrogen receptor rich status, as measured by immunogold-streptavidin, in conjunction with certain of these factors indicated a better prognosis. This was comparable with results in reports using other methods of receptor assay. We found the oestrogen receptor status and menopausal status more significant at 5 years than at term. The advantage of immunogold-streptavidin enhancement, which we found as reliable as other methods for oestrogen receptor assay, is that it can be used on archival, routinely paraffin-processed material.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Cowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Leeds, UK
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Rüschoff J, Neumann K, Contractor H, Plate K, Thomas C. Assessment of nucleolar organizer regions by automatic image analysis in breast cancer: correlation with DNA content, proliferation rate, receptor status and histopathological grading. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990; 116:480-5. [PMID: 2229138 DOI: 10.1007/bf01612998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The value of automatic image analysis in the investigation of nucleolus regions (AgNOR) has been examined in tissue sections of 52 malignant and 30 benign breast lesions. Determination of the AgNOR number per cell alone revealed a considerable overlap between benign (range 1.2-3.8) and malignant specimens (range 1.5-16.2). They differed however, highly significantly (P less than 0.001) in their AgNOR sizes. In benign breast disorders the mean AgNOR area per tumour ranged from 0.22 microns2 to 1.07 microns2 (mean 0.39 microns2), whereas in carcinomas AgNOR sites ranged from 0.05 microns2 to 0.22 microns2 (mean 0.09 microns2). AgNOR counts showed a good correlation with histopathological grade (P less than 0.05), aneuploidy (P less than 0.01), proliferation rate as determined by Ki67 immunostaining (P less than 0.01), as well as oestrogen and progesterone receptor content (P less than 0.01). Image analysis proved to be advantageous over AgNOR counting alone as it facilitated the standardization of the AgNOR technique itself and thus, significantly improved its diagnostic specifity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rüschoff
- Department of Pathology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Raymond WA, Leong AS. Oestrogen receptor staining of paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas following short fixation in formalin: a comparison with cytosolic and frozen section receptor analyses. J Pathol 1990; 160:295-303. [PMID: 2162939 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711600405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes an improved immunohistochemical method for demonstrating oestrogen receptor (OR) protein in paraffin-embedded sections of tissue fixed for 1.5 h in formalin. Thirty-two cases of infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma were stained with a monoclonal anti-OR antibody (H222), using a standard streptavidin-biotin method, following pretreatment with pronase. OR counts in paraffin sections were compared with those of frozen sections and with cytosolic values determined by a dextran-coated charcoal method. Twenty-seven of the carcinomas were OR-positive in paraffin sections. There was concordance between the paraffin section and the frozen section-determined receptor status in 30 cases (94 per cent) and a strong correlation was observed (r = 0.76; P less than 0.0001). Similarly, OR counts in paraffin sections correlated with cytosolic OR values (r = 0.60; P less than 0.001) and there was concordance in 97 per cent of cases. The percentage of positively-stained tumour cells in paraffin sections ranged from 0 to 94 per cent with staining intensities comparable to those seen in frozen sections. Staining of paraffin sections identified more OR-positive tumours than either frozen section staining or cytosolic assay. This study validates immunohistochemical OR analysis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas using a commercial anti-OR antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Raymond
- Division of Tissue Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Raymond WA, Leong AS. The relationship between growth fractions and oestrogen receptors in human breast carcinoma, as determined by immunohistochemical staining. J Pathol 1989; 158:203-11. [PMID: 2769481 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711580306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the growth fraction (GF) and oestrogen receptor (OR) status were performed by immunohistochemical staining, using the monoclonal antibodies Ki-67 and anti-OR, in consecutive cryostat sections of biopsies from 74 women with primary breast cancer, and 12 women with benign breast disease. A significant inverse correlation was identified between the GF and OR status (r = -0.452, P less than 0.0001), but a group of OR-positive tumours with high GFs was also observed. There was a strong positive correlation between immunocytochemically determined OR percentages and values obtained with a cytosolic OR biochemical assay for the 70 cases in which both techniques were performed (r = 0.801, P less than 0.0001). A significant relationship was also revealed between the histological grade of infiltrating ductal carcinomas and their associated GFs (r = 0.622, P less than 0.0001). No correlation was found between the GF and the number of positive axillary nodes. Our findings suggest that GF and OR status are useful independent prognostic parameters in breast cancer, but the former probably has an overriding influence. Both parameters may be useful guides for selection of appropriate endocrine and/or adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Raymond
- Division of Tissue Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Helin HJ, Helle MJ, Kallioniemi OP, Isola JJ. Immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human breast carcinoma. Correlation with histopathology and DNA flow cytometry. Cancer 1989; 63:1761-7. [PMID: 2649227 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900501)63:9<1761::aid-cncr2820630918>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human breast carcinomas (n = 232) were evaluated for estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) by immunohistochemical study and by cytosol steroid-binding assay (n = 185). The staining was scored (histoscore) by estimates of relative nuclear staining intensity and the percentage of positively stained carcinoma cells. Of the invasive ductal carcinomas 72% were ER-positive and 55% were PR-positive. The invasive lobular, intraductal, tubular, and mucinous carcinomas were the most frequent ER-positive tumor types, whereas comedo and medullary carcinomas only rarely contained ER. Progesterone receptor was most frequently present in intraductal, tubular, and mucinous carcinomas. Better differentiated tumors with lower histologic grade were significantly associated with high prevalence of immunohistochemically determined ER and PR (P less than 0.0001). Proliferative cell fraction, determined by DNA flow cytometric study (n = 63), was inversely related to ER (P = 0.03) and PR (P = 0.05) status. Aneuploidy was independent of ER or PR content.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Helin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
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Lee TK, Horner RD, Silverman JF, Chen YH, Jenny C, Scarantino CW. Morphometric and morphologic evaluations in stage III non-small cell lung cancers. Prognostic significance of quantitative assessment of infiltrating lymphoid cells. Cancer 1989; 63:309-16. [PMID: 2535956 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19890115)63:2<309::aid-cncr2820630218>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated data from 30 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to determine whether demographic, clinical, and morphologic and morphometric data that were obtained prior to treatment, could be used to predict survival. All patients had Stage III disease, and all subsequently were treated identically with concurrent radiotherapy, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil. The series consisted of 18 squamous carcinomas, eight adenocarcinomas, and four large cell carcinomas. Morphometric measurements of randomized selected cancer cells per case included diameter of cytoplasm, nuclei, and nucleoli. Morphologic parameters evaluated were mitotic index, histologic differentiation, and pattern of nuclear chromatin of cancer cells, and the degree of necrosis and fibrosis of tumor tissue. The lymphoid and neutrophil index defined as the ratio of lymphoid cells and neutrophils to cancer cells from randomized microscopic fields (median = 25) at 400 x magnification were also determined. Our study indicated that the peritumor lymphoid index was the only factor significantly associated with the length of survival. The correlation coefficient (Pearson r) of these two factors was 0.5 (P less than 0.005). The median survival time of patients with peritumor lymphoid index less than 3 and greater than or equal to 3 was 95 days and 376 days, respectively (Kaplan-Meier estimation). The peritumor lymphoid index was an independent prognosticator of clinical outcome of Stage III NSCLC patients, and did not correlate with any of the other parameters analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Lee
- Radiation Oncology Center, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina 27858
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Helpap B. Nucleolar grading of breast cancer. Comparative studies on frequency and localization of nucleoli and histology, stage, hormonal receptor status and lectin histochemistry. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1989; 415:501-8. [PMID: 2552652 DOI: 10.1007/bf00718643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The localization and number of nucleoli of tumour nuclei were examined after conventional histological typing of breast carcinomas (WHO classification), staging, biochemical receptor status, and lectin binding site histochemistry. With increasing histological atypia and grade of malignancy, the frequency of nucleoli increased significantly and their location shifted from the center to the nuclear periphery. These changes correlated with an increase in indices of mitosis and cell loss. The nucleolar size correlated with the increase in the grade of malignancy. Hormone receptor and lectin binding site positive carcinomas were characterized by a low nucleolar frequency and by small nucleoli in central position, whereas carcinomas with high grades of malignancy and negative hormone receptor and lectin binding site status showed large, often multiple nucleoli in eccentrical position at a high frequency. The studies have demonstrated that nucleolar status is an easily practicable histological/cytological method for use in the assessment of prognosis of carcinomas of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Helpap
- Department of Pathology, Singen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Jakesz R, Reiner G, Schemper M, Reiner A, Blijham G, Rainer H, Dittrich D, Spona J, Schutte B, Reynders M. Significant survival benefit of node-negative breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: seven-year results. Recent Results Cancer Res 1989; 115:180-5. [PMID: 2696031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-83337-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Jakesz
- Abteilung für Chirurgie, Gynäkologie, Chemotherapie und Pathologie, Universität Wien, Austria
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Raymond WA, Leong AS. An evaluation of potentially suitable fixatives for immunoperoxidase staining of estrogen receptors in imprints and frozen sections of breast carcinoma. Pathology 1988; 20:320-5. [PMID: 2853860 DOI: 10.3109/00313028809085211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) content of breast carcinoma is generally accepted as valuable in predicting clinical outcome and tumour response to hormonal manipulation. We applied a new immunocytochemical assay for estrogen receptors (Abbott ERICA Monoclonal) to 20 breast tumours, and examined the efficacy of 16 fixation procedures before immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections and imprint preparations. Our findings indicate that the fixatives of choice are periodatelysine-paraformaldehyde at 22 degrees C, or 10% formalin followed by acetone at -10 degrees C. These fixation procedures are simpler, less time-consuming, and provide superior staining, tumour cytomorphology and higher ER values than the 3-reagent sequence recommended by Abbott Laboratories. There was a significant correlation between the ER scores in the frozen sections and the imprints. Positive ER cytosol results correlated with the staining index in the frozen sections, and the ER scores in the imprints. We conclude that imprints are suitable preparations for ER analysis by the immunoperoxidase technique, particularly for small tumour specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Raymond
- Tissue Pathology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Wrba F, Reiner A, Markis-Ritzinger E, Holzner JH, Reiner G, Spona J. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical parameters in breast carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 1988; 183:277-83. [PMID: 2843841 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(88)80122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
136 breast carcinomas were investigated immunohistochemically for alpha-lactalbumin (ALA), lactoferrin (Lfr), human milk fat globule membrane antigen (HMFG-2), transferrin receptor (TrfR), Ki-67 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The relationships of pathologic features and steroid receptor status previously shown to be of prognostic significance and the immunohistochemical parameters were examined. It was found that estrogen receptor (ER) was inverse related to TrfR, Ki-67 and EGFR whereas progesterone receptor (PgR) was inverse correlated to Ki-67 solely. Tumor grading revealed significant correlations between TrfR, Ki-67 and HMFG-2 (inverse correlation). Tumor diameter showed correlation between Ki-67 solely. Moreover there were significant relationships between lymphoid infiltration and TrfR, Ki-67 and HMFG-2 (inverse correlation). The comparison of the immunohistochemical parameters showed correlations between Ki-67 and TrfR, Ki-67 and HMFG-2 (inverse correlation) as well as HMFG-2 and ALA. Therefore it is suggested that functional and tumor kinetic properties determined by HMFG-2, Ki-67 and TrfR may be an additional indicator with prognostic significance. On the other hand immunoreactivities of ALA in conjunction with HMFG-2 possibly indicates a subpopulation of breast carcinomas that may have to be investigated further. Moreover these results showed that lymphoid infiltration was correlated with Ki-67 reactivity as well as TrfR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wrba
- Department of Pathology, University of Vienna, Austria
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Reiner A, Reiner G, Spona J, Schemper M, Holzner JH. Histopathologic characterization of human breast cancer in correlation with estrogen receptor status. A comparison of immunocytochemical and biochemical analysis. Cancer 1988; 61:1149-54. [PMID: 2830006 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19880315)61:6<1149::aid-cncr2820610615>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A detailed histopathologic analysis of 399 primary breast carcinomas was performed, and several morphologic features were correlated with the estrogen receptor (ER) status. In all cases ER status was determined immunocytochemically by estrogen receptor immunocytochemical assay (ER-ICA). In 359 carcinomas ER status was also biochemically determined. Invasive lobular, mucoid, and tubular carcinomas rather than ductal carcinomas were ER-positive more frequently in ER-ICA. Medullary and papillary carcinomas had corresponding lower or higher ER positivity, respectively, by both methods. The correlation of histologic grade and its single factors with ER status was statistically significant by both methods. Lymphocytic reaction to tumor showed a significant inverse relationship to ER status by both methods. A statistically significant higher number of ER-positive carcinomas in ER-ICA and dextran-coated charcoal assay (DCC) occurred when elastic tissue was present. Different associations were found between stromal content, tumor diameter, and ER status in DCC and ER-ICA, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/analysis
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/analysis
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma/analysis
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/analysis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/analysis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Methods
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/analysis
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reiner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Vienna, Austria
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