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Pathma J, Sakthivel N. Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:26. [PMID: 23961356 PMCID: PMC3725894 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is a non-thermophilic, boioxidative process that involves earthworms and associated microbes. This biological organic waste decomposition process yields the biofertilizer namely the vermicompost. Vermicompost is a finely divided, peat like material with high porosity, good aeration, drainage, water holding capacity, microbial activity, excellent nutrient status and buffering capacity thereby resulting the required physiochemical characters congenial for soil fertility and plant growth. Vermicompost enhances soil biodiversity by promoting the beneficial microbes which inturn enhances plant growth directly by production of plant growth-regulating hormones and enzymes and indirectly by controlling plant pathogens, nematodes and other pests, thereby enhancing plant health and minimizing the yield loss. Due to its innate biological, biochemical and physiochemical properties, vermicompost may be used to promote sustainable agriculture and also for the safe management of agricultural, industrial, domestic and hospital wastes which may otherwise pose serious threat to life and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Pathma
- Department of Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014 India
| | - Natarajan Sakthivel
- Department of Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014 India
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Abstract
The GAs (gibberellins) comprise a large group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are ubiquitous in higher plants, in which certain members function as endogenous growth regulators, promoting organ expansion and developmental changes. These compounds are also produced by some species of lower plants, fungi and bacteria, although, in contrast to higher plants, the function of GAs in these organisms has only recently been investigated and is still unclear. In higher plants, GAs are synthesized by the action of terpene cyclases, cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases localized, respectively, in plastids, the endomembrane system and the cytosol. The concentration of biologically active GAs at their sites of action is tightly regulated and is moderated by numerous developmental and environmental cues. Recent research has focused on regulatory mechanisms, acting primarily on expression of the genes that encode the dioxygenases involved in biosynthesis and deactivation. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge on GA metabolism with particular emphasis on regulation, including the complex mechanisms for the maintenance of GA homoeostasis.
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Piotrowska A, Bajguz A. Conjugates of abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2097-112. [PMID: 21880337 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones, including auxins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, and jasmonates, are involved in all aspects of plant growth, and developmental processes as well as environmental responses. However, our understanding of hormonal homeostasis is far from complete. Phytohormone conjugation is considered as a part of the mechanism to control cellular levels of these compounds. Active phytohormones are changed into multiple forms by acylation, esterification or glycosylation, for example. It seems that conjugated compounds could serve as pool of inactive phytohormones that can be converted to active forms by de-conjugation reactions. Some conjugates are thought to be temporary storage forms, from which free active hormones can be released after hydrolysis. It is also believed that conjugation serves functions, such as irreversible inactivation, transport, compartmentalization, and protection against degradation. The nature of abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, gibberellin, and jasmonate conjugates is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Piotrowska
- University of Bialystok, Institute of Biology, Swierkowa 20 B, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
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Smoak EM, Fath KR, Barnaby SN, Grant VC, Banerjee IA. pH tunable self-assembly of chicoric acid and their biocompatibility studies. Supramol Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2011.601309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Smoak
- a Department of Chemistry , Fordham University , 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Karl R. Fath
- b Department of Biology , Queens College, City University of New York and the Graduate Center , Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Stacey N. Barnaby
- a Department of Chemistry , Fordham University , 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Valerie C. Grant
- a Department of Chemistry , Fordham University , 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Ipsita A. Banerjee
- a Department of Chemistry , Fordham University , 441 E. Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
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Miersch O, Herrmann G, Kramell HM, Sembdner G. Biological Activity of Jasmonic Acid Glucosyl Ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(87)80013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dathe W, Sembdner G. Endogenous plant hormones of the broad bean, Vicia faba L. VI. contents of abscisic acid and gibberellins in funicle, pericarp, and seed during fruit development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(84)80044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Noma M, Huber J, Ernst D, Pharis RP. Quantitation of gibberellins and the metabolism of [(3)H]gibberellin A 1 during somatic embryogenesis in carrot and anise cell cultures. PLANTA 1982; 155:369-376. [PMID: 24271967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/1981] [Accepted: 05/14/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In a carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell line lacking the ability to undergo somatic embryogenasis, and in carrot and anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) cell lines in which embryogenesis could be regulated by presence or absence of 2,4-dichlorophen-oxyacetic acid (2,4-D), in the medium (+2,4-D=no embryogenesis,-2,4-D=embryo differentiation and development), the levels of endogenous gibberellin(s) (GA) were determined by the dwarfrice bioassay, and the metabolism of [(3)H]GA1 was followed. Embryos harvested after 14 d of subculture in-2,4-D had low levels (0.2-0.3 μg g(-1) dry weight) of polar GA (e.g. GA1-like), but much (3-22 times) higher levels of less-polar GA (GA4/7-like); GA1, GA4 and GA7 are native to these cultures. Conversely, the undifferentiated cells in a non-embryogenic strain, and proembryos of an embryogenic strain (+2,4-D) showed very high levels of polar GA (2.9-4.4 μg g(-1)), and somewhat reduced levels of less-polar GA. Cultures of anise undergoing somatic embryo development (-2,4-D) metabolized [(3)H]GA1 very quickly, whereas proembryo cultures of anise (+2,4-D) metabolized [(3)H]GA1 slowly. The major metabolites of [(3)H]GA1 in anise were tentatively identified as GA8-glucoside (24%), GA8 (15%), GA1-glucoside (8%) and the Δ(1(10))GA1-counterpart (2%). Thus, high levels of a GA1-like substance and a reduced ability to metabolize GA1 are correlated with the absence of embryo development, while lowered levels of GA1-like substance and a rapid metabolism of GA1 into GA8 and GA-conjugates are correlated with continued embryo development. Exogenous application of GA3 is known to reduce somatic embryogenesis in carrot cultures; GA4 was found to have the same effect in anise cultures. Thus, a role (albeit negative) in somatic embryogenesis for a polar, biologically active GA is implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noma
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Bergner C, Lischewski M, Adam G, Sembdner G. Biological activity of gibberellin analogues. PLANTA 1982; 155:231-237. [PMID: 24271772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/1982] [Accepted: 03/24/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the significance of the C-6 carboxyl group for the biological activity gibberellin A3, 6-epigibberellin A3, 7-norgibberellin A3, 6β-methyl-7-norgibberellin A3, and 7-homogibberellin A3 were studied using dwarf pea, dwarf maize, dwarf rice, dwarf barley and α-amylase bioassays. All gibberellin A3(GA3)derivatives tested were considerably less active than GA3. In all biossays, 6-epi-GA3 showed a low activity of the same order, whereas 6β-methyl-7-nor-GA3 was inactive. Surprisingly, 7-nor-GA3 had some activity in the dwarf rice (root application), dwarf barley, and α-amylase bioassay, in contrary to its low potency in the dwarf pea, dwarf maize, and dwarf rice (micro drop) bioassay. 7-Homo-GA3 was primarily active in the dwarf maize, dwarf barley and dwarf rice bioassay. It also caused antigibberellin effects in dwarf rice. The results demonstrate that the C-6 carboxyl group is not absolutely essential for biological activity of gibberellins. The different activities of 7-nor-GA3 observed in the various test systems may indicate that the C-6 carboxyl group is a structural requirement more for uptake and/or transport processes than for receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bergner
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Forschungszentrum für Molekularbiologie und Medizin, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Weinberg 3, DDR-4020, Halle (Saale), German Democratic Republic
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Dathe W, Sembdner G. Endogenous Plant Hormones of the Broad Bean, Vicia faba L. III. Distribution of Abscisic Acid and Gibberellins in the Pistil at Anthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(81)80033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liebisch H. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Stoffwechsel von GA1, GA3 und GA9 in Zellsuspensionskulturen von Lycopersicon esculentum und in verschiedenen intakten Pflanzen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gräbner R, Dathe W, Sembdner G. Endogenous plant hormones of the broad bean, Vicia faba L. I. Abscisic acid and other plant growth inhibitors in developing seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schliemann W. Investigations on the occurrence of P-Glycosidases in Phaseolus coccineus L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dathe W, Sembdner G. Endogenous plant hormones of the broad bean, Vicia faba L. II. Gibberellins and plant growth inhibitors in floral organs during their development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(80)80013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schliemann W, Schneider G. Untersuchungen zur enzymatischen Hydrolyse von Gibberellin-0-glucosiden I. Hydrolysegeschwindigkeiten von Gibberellin-13-0-glucosiden1)1)Gibberelline — LXX. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Isaia A, Bulard C. Relative Levels of some Bound and Free Gibberellins in Dormant and After-ripened Embryos of Pyrus malus cv. Golden delicious. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(78)80208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Extraktion und Identifizierung von Gibberellinen (GA1 und GA3) aus Triticum aestivum L. und Secale cereale L. sowie die Veränderung der Gehalte im Laufe der Ontogenese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Müller P, Knöfel HD, Liebisch HW, Miersch O, Sembdner G. Untersuchungen zur Spaltung von Gibberellinglucosiden*)*)Gibberelline – XLIX.; XLVIII. Mitteil.: Sembdner et al. (1976). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dathe W, Sembdner G. Distribution of Gibberellins and Abscisic Acid in Different Fruit Parts of Rye (Secale cereale L.). Gibberellins LXVII**Part LXVI see Voigt et al. (1978). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dathe W, Sembdner G, Kefeli V, Vlasov P. Gibberellins, Abscisic Acid, and Related Inhibitors in Branches and Bleeding Sap of Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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