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Broussos PI, Romanos GE, Stamatakis K. Salt and heat stress enhances hydrogen production in cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 161:117-125. [PMID: 38546812 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are among the most suitable organisms for the capture of excessive amounts of CO2 and can be grown in extreme environments. In our research we use the single-celled freshwater cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 PAMCOD strain and Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 for the production of carbohydrates and hydrogen. PAMCOD strain and Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 synthesize sucrose when exposed to salinity stress, as their main compatible osmolyte. We examined the cell proliferation rate and the sucrose accumulation in those two different strains of cyanobacteria under salt (0.4 M NaCl) and heat stress (35 0C) conditions. The intracellular sucrose (mol sucrose content per Chl a) was found to increase by 50% and 108% in PAMCOD strain and Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 cells, respectively. As previously reported, PAMCOD strain has the ability to produce hydrogen through the process of dark anaerobic fermentation (Vayenos D, Romanos GE, Papageorgiou GC, Stamatakis K (2020) Photosynth Res 146, 235-245). In the present study, we demonstrate that Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 has also this ability. We further examined the optimal conditions during the dark fermentation of PAMCOD and Synechocystis sp. PCC6714 regarding H2 formation, increasing the PAMCOD H2 productivity from 2 nmol H2 h- 1 mol Chl a- 1 to 23 nmol H2 h- 1 mol Chl a- 1. Moreover, after the dark fermentation, the cells demonstrated proliferation in both double BG-11 and BG-11 medium enriched in NaNO3, thus showing the sustainability of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis-Ilias Broussos
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR Demokritos, Patr. Gregoriou E & Neapoleos 27, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - George E Romanos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Patr. Gregoriou E & Neapoleos 27, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatakis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR Demokritos, Patr. Gregoriou E & Neapoleos 27, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece.
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Vayenos D, Romanos GE, Papageorgiou GC, Stamatakis K. Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942: a cyanobacterium cell factory for producing useful chemicals and fuels under abiotic stress conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 146:235-245. [PMID: 32301003 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, a compatible osmolyte in cyanobacteria, functions both as an energy reserve and as osmoprotectant. Sugars are the most common substrates used by microorganisms to produce hydrogen (H2) by means of anaerobic dark fermentation. Cells of the unicellular, non-nitrogen fixing, freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 accumulate sucrose under salt stress. In the present work, we used this cyanobacterium and a genetically engineered strain of it (known as PAMCOD) to investigate the optimal conditions for (a) photosynthetic activity, (b) cell proliferation and (c) sucrose accumulation, which are necessary for H2 production via anaerobic dark fermentation of the accumulated sucrose. PAMCOD (Deshnium et al. in Plant Mol Biol 29:897-902, 1995) contains the gene codA that codes for choline oxidase, the enzyme which converts choline to the zwitterion glycine betaine. Glycine betaine is a compatible osmolyte which increases the salt tolerance of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. Furthermore, glycine betaine maintains cell proliferation under salt stress and results in increased sucrose accumulation. In the present study, we examine the environmental factors, such as the NaCl concentration, the culture medium pH, and the carbon dioxide content of the air bubbled through it. At optimal conditions, sucrose accumulated in the cyanobacteria cells up to 13.5 mol per mole Chl a. Overall, genetically engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 produces sucrose in sufficient quantities such that it may be a viable alternative (a) to sucrose synthesis, and (b) to H2 formation via anaerobic dark fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vayenos
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece
| | - George Em Romanos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece
| | - George C Papageorgiou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatakis
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310, Attikis, Greece.
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Paumann M, Regelsberger G, Obinger C, Peschek GA. The bioenergetic role of dioxygen and the terminal oxidase(s) in cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1707:231-53. [PMID: 15863101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the release of 13 largely or totally sequenced cyanobacterial genomes (see and ), it is now possible to critically assess and compare the most neglected aspect of cyanobacterial physiology, i.e., cyanobacterial respiration, also on the grounds of pure molecular biology (gene sequences). While there is little doubt that cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) do form the largest, most diversified and in both evolutionary and ecological respects most significant group of (micro)organisms on our earth, and that what renders our blue planet earth to what it is, viz. the O(2)-containing atmosphere, dates back to the oxygenic photosynthetic activity of primordial cyanobacteria about 3.2x10(9) years ago, there is still an amazing lack of knowledge on the second half of bioenergetic oxygen metabolism in cyanobacteria, on (aerobic) respiration. Thus, the purpose of this review is threefold: (1) to point out the unprecedented role of the cyanobacteria for maintaining the delicate steady state of our terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere through a major contribution to the poising of oxygenic photosynthesis against aerobic respiration ("the global biological oxygen cycle"); (2) to briefly highlight the membrane-bound electron-transport assemblies of respiration and photosynthesis in the unique two-membrane system of cyanobacteria (comprising cytoplasmic membrane and intracytoplasmic or thylakoid membranes, without obvious anastomoses between them); and (3) to critically compare the (deduced) amino acid sequences of the multitude of hypothetical terminal oxidases in the nine fully sequenced cyanobacterial species plus four additional species where at least the terminal oxidases were sequenced. These will then be compared with sequences of other proton-pumping haem-copper oxidases, with special emphasis on possible mechanisms of electron and proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Paumann
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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Peschek GA, Obinger C, Paumann M. The respiratory chain of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2004; 120:358-369. [PMID: 15032833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport components on the way from reduced substrates to the terminal respiratory oxidase(s) are discussed in relation to analogous and/or homologous enzymes and electron carriers in the generally much better known bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. The kinetic behaviour of the components, their localization within the cell and their evolutionary position are given special attention. Pertinent results from molecular genetics are also mentioned. The unprecedented role of cyanobacteria for our biosphere and our whole planet earth appears to deserve a more extended introductory chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Peschek
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Practical applications of hydrogenase I from Pyrococcus furiosus for NADPH generation and regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tamagnini P, Axelsson R, Lindberg P, Oxelfelt F, Wünschiers R, Lindblad P. Hydrogenases and hydrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002; 66:1-20, table of contents. [PMID: 11875125 PMCID: PMC120778 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.66.1.1-20.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria may possess several enzymes that are directly involved in dihydrogen metabolism: nitrogenase(s) catalyzing the production of hydrogen concomitantly with the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia, an uptake hydrogenase (encoded by hupSL) catalyzing the consumption of hydrogen produced by the nitrogenase, and a bidirectional hydrogenase (encoded by hoxFUYH) which has the capacity to both take up and produce hydrogen. This review summarizes our knowledge about cyanobacterial hydrogenases, focusing on recent progress since the first molecular information was published in 1995. It presents the molecular knowledge about cyanobacterial hupSL and hoxFUYH, their corresponding gene products, and their accessory genes before finishing with an applied aspect--the use of cyanobacteria in a biological, renewable production of the future energy carrier molecular hydrogen. In addition to scientific publications, information from three cyanobacterial genomes, the unicellular Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 and the filamentous heterocystous Anabaena strain PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme (PCC 73102/ATCC 29133) is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tamagnini
- Department of Botany, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Axelsson
- Department of Botany, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Department of Botany, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Oxelfelt
- Department of Botany, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Röbbe Wünschiers
- Department of Botany, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Department of Botany, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Steuber J, Krebs W, Bott M, Dimroth P. A membrane-bound NAD(P)+-reducing hydrogenase provides reduced pyridine nucleotides during citrate fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:241-5. [PMID: 9864336 PMCID: PMC103555 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.1.241-245.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During anaerobic growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae on citrate, 9.4 mmol of H2/mol of citrate (4-kPa partial pressure) was formed at the end of growth besides acetate, formate, and CO2. Upon addition of NiCl2 (36 microM) to the growth medium, hydrogen formation increased about 36% to 14.8 mmol/mol of citrate (6 kPa), and the cell yield increased about 15%. Cells that had been harvested and washed under anoxic conditions exhibited an H2-dependent formation of NAD(P)H in vivo. The reduction of internal NAD(P)+ was also achieved by the addition of formate. In crude extracts, the H2:NAD+ oxidoreductase activity was 0.13 micromol min-1 mg-1, and 76% of this activity was found in the washed membrane fraction. The highest specific activities of the membrane fraction were observed in 50 mM potassium phosphate, with 1.6 micromol of NADPH formed min-1 mg-1 at pH 7.0 and 1.7 micromol of NADH formed min-1 mg-1 at pH 9.5. In the presence of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and the Na+/H+ antiporter monensin, the H2-dependent reduction of NAD+ by membrane vesicles decreased only slightly (about 16%). The NADP+- or NAD+-reducing hydrogenases were solubilized from the membranes with the detergent lauryldimethylamine-N-oxide or Triton X-100. NAD(P)H formation with H2 as electron donor, therefore, does not depend on an energized state of the membrane. It is proposed that hydrogen which is formed by K. pneumoniae during citrate fermentation is recaptured by a novel membrane-bound, oxygen-sensitive H2:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase that provides reducing equivalents for the synthesis of cell material.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steuber
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Boison G, Schmitz O, Mikheeva L, Shestakov S, Bothe H. Cloning, molecular analysis and insertional mutagenesis of the bidirectional hydrogenase genes from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. FEBS Lett 1996; 394:153-8. [PMID: 8843154 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Among cyanobacteria, the heterocystous, N2-fixing Anabaena variabilis and the unicellular Anacystis nidulans have recently been shown to possess an NAD+-dependent, bidirectional hydrogenase. A 5.0 kb DNA segment of the A. nidulans genome is now identified to harbor the structural genes hoxUYH coding for three subunits of the bidirectional hydrogenase. The gene arrangement in A. nidulans and in A. variabilis is remarkably dissimilar. In A. nidulans, but not in A. variabilis, the four accessory genes hoxW, hypA, hypB and hypF could be identified downstream of hoxH. An insertional homozygous mutant in hoxH from A. nidulans was completely inactive in performing Na2S204-dependent H2 evolution but could utilize the gas with almost 50% of the activity of the wild type. These findings with the first defined hydrogenase mutant in any photosynthetic, 02-evolving microorganism indicate that the unicellular cyanobacterium A. nidulans possesses both an uptake and a bidirectional hydrogenase. The physiological role(s) of the two hydrogenases in unicellular non-N2-fixing cyanobacteria is not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Boison
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany
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Schmitz O, Boison G, Hilscher R, Hundeshagen B, Zimmer W, Lottspeich F, Bothe H. Molecular biological analysis of a bidirectional hydrogenase from cyanobacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 233:266-76. [PMID: 7588754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.266_1.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An 8.9-kb segment with hydrogenase genes from the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis has been cloned and sequenced. The sequences show homology to the methyl-viologen-reducing hydrogenases from archaebacteria and, even more striking, to the NAD(+)-reducing enzymes from Alcaligenes eutrophus and Nocardia opaca as well as to the NADP(+)-dependent protein from Desulfovibrio fructosovorans. The cluster from A. variabilis contains genes coding for both the hydrogenase heterodimer (hoxH and hoxY) and for the diaphorase moiety (hoxU and hoxF) described for the A. eutrophus enzyme. In A. variabilis the gene cluster is split by two open reading frames (between hoxY and hoxH and between hoxU and hoxY, respectively), and a probably non-coding 0.9-kb segment in an unusual way. The hoxH partial sequence from Anabaena 7119 and Anacystis nidulans was amplified by PCR. Using the labeled segment from A. 7119 as probe, Southern analysis revealed homologous gene segments in the cyanobacteria A. 7119, Anabaena cylindrica, Anacystis nidulans and A. variabilis. The bidirectional hydrogenase from A. nidulans was purified and digests were sequenced. The amino acid sequences obtained showed partial identities to the amino acid sequences deduced from the DNA data of the 8.9-kb segment from A. variabilis. Therefore the 8.9-kb segment contains the genes coding for the bidirectional, reversible hydrogenase from cyanobacteria. Crude extracts from A. nidulans perform NAD(P)H-dependent H2 evolution corroborating the molecular biological demonstration of the NAD(P)(+)-dependent hydrogenase in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitz
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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Scherer S, Almon H, Böger P. Interaction of photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 15:95-114. [PMID: 24430856 DOI: 10.1007/bf00035255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1987] [Accepted: 09/21/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Scherer
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologie und Biochemie der Pflanzen, Universität Konstanz, D-7750, Konstanz, Germany
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Use of “Specific” Inhibitors in Biogeochemistry and Microbial Ecology. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5409-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Sybesma C, Schowanek D, Slooten L, Walravens N. Anoxygenic photosynthetic hydrogen production and electron transport in the cyanobacterium oscillatoria limnetica. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 9:149-158. [PMID: 24442293 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The induction of anoxygenic photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica by sulfide was shown to involve the synthesis of a "sulfide oxidizing factor"; this factor, partly adsorbed on the thylakoid membrane, can be recovered in the soluble phase and is active also on membranes from oxygenically grown cells. The factor is required for sulfide dependent light-induced hydrogen evolution. It accelerates electron transport from sulfide to the electron donor of photosystem I, P700, in membranes from cells in which anoxygenic photosynthesis is induced. The plastiquinone analogue DBMIB does not inhibit electron transport to P700 but accelerates it. The analogue might promote cyclic electron transport involving P700, thus preventing electrons to reach hydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sybesma
- Biophysics Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 3, R-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Popov VO, Gazaryan IG, Egorov AM, Berezin IV. NAD-dependent hydrogenase from the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus Z1. Kinetic studies of the NADH-dehydrogenase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Peschek GA. Structure and function of respiratory membranes in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Subcell Biochem 1984; 10:85-191. [PMID: 6433519 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2709-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Spiller H, Bookjans G, Shanmugam KT. Regulation of hydrogenase activity in vegetative cells of Anabaena variabilis. J Bacteriol 1983; 155:129-37. [PMID: 6408057 PMCID: PMC217661 DOI: 10.1128/jb.155.1.129-137.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyst-free (NH4+-grown) cultures of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis produce a hydrogenase which is reversibly inhibited by light and O2. White or red light at an intensity of 5,000 lx inhibited greater than 95% of the activity. Oxygen at concentrations as low as 0.5% inhibited more than 85% of the hydrogenase in the vegetative cells of CO2-NH4+-grown cultures. The vegatative cell hydrogenase is also sensitive to strong oxidants like ferricyanide. In the presence of strong reductants like S2O4(2-), hydrogenase activity was not inhibited by light. However, hydrogenase activity in the heterocysts was insensitive to both light (greater than 5,000 lx) and O2 (10%). Heterocysts and light-insensitive hydrogenase activity appear simultaneously during differentiation of the vegetative cells into heterocysts (an NH4+-grown culture transferred to NH4+-free, N2-containing medium). This light-insensitive hydrogenase activity was detected several hours before the induction of nitrogenase activity. These results suggest a mode of regulation of hydrogenase in the vegetative cells of A. variabilis that is similar to "redox control" of hydrogenase and other "anaerobic" proteins in enteric bacteria like Escherichia coli.
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Peschek GA, Schmetterer G, Lauritsch G, Nitschmann WH, Kienzl PF, Muchl R. Do cyanobacteria contain "mammalian-type" cytochrome oxidase? Arch Microbiol 1982; 131:261-5. [PMID: 6285847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00405890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome content of membranes isolated from seven species of cyanobacteria was investigated in terms of conventional difference spectra, carbon monoxide difference spectra, photoaction spectra and photodissociation spectra, and by extraction of acid-labile heme followed by spectral identification. In addition, the effect of various inhibitors and activators on the oxidation of horse heart cytochrome c by the membrane was studied. Both the spectral features and the properties of the cytochrome oxidase reaction catalysed by the membranes suggested the presence of a terminal oxidase strikingly similar to mitochondrial ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase (EC. 1.9.3.1).
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Peschek G, Muchl R, Kienzl P, Schmetterer G. Characteristic temperature dependences of respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transport activities in membrane preparations from Anacystis nidulans grown at different temperatures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(82)90252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oxidation of exogenous c-type cytochromes by intact spheroplasts of Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00415005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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LAMBERT GRANTR, SMITH GEOFFREYD. THE HYDROGEN METABOLISM OF CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1981.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Temperature dependence of horse heart cytochromec oxidation by membrane preparations ofAnacystis nidulans: Characterization of two distinct arrhenius discontinuities. Curr Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01566979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Peschek G, Schmetterer G, Sleytr U. Possible respiratory sites in the plasma membrane ofAnacystis nidulans: ultracytochemical evidence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb06948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
The cytochrome content of membrane fragments prepared from the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Anacystis nidulans was examined by difference spectrophotometry. Two beta-type cytochromes and hitherto unknown cytochrome alpha could be characterized. In the reduced-minus-oxidised difference spectra the alpha-type cytochrome showed an alpha-band at 605 nm and a gamma-band at 445 nm. These bands shifted to 590 and 430 nm, respectively, in CO difference spectra, NADPH, NADH and ascorbate reduced the cytochrome through added horse heart cytochrome c as electron mediator. In presence of KCN the reduced-minus-oxidised spectrum showed a peak at 600 nm and a trough at 604 nm. Photoaction spectra of O2 uptake and of horse heart cytochrome c oxidation by CO-inhibited membranes showed peaks at 590 and 430 nm. These findings are consistent with cytochrome aa3 being the predominant respiratory cytochrome c oxidase in Anacystis nidulans.
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NADH as electron donor for the photosynthetic membrane of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00427200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Electron transport reactions in respiratory particles of hydrogenase-induced Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
An evolutionary explanation is sought for the fact that ATP is needed for N2 fixation in spite of the exergonicity of the process. After a survey of the state of knowledge about the thermodynamics of N2 fixation in fermenters, photosynthesizers and respirers it is suggested that nitrogenase, which still shows ATP-dependent hydrogenase activity, evolved from an ATP-requiring hydrogenase that lacked nitrogenase activity. The hydrogenase action in the Archaean, reducing, biosphere may have needed ATP to ensure expulsion of H2. Extant non-nitrogenase hydrogenases have lost the dependence on ATP. Because of its complexity, nitrogenase could not rid itself of the ATP dependence or of hydrogenase activity, both wasteful. Presumably all hydrogenases evoled from ferredoxin-like Fe-S proteins.
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