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Prevot V, Dehouck B, Sharif A, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Clasadonte J. The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:333-368. [PMID: 29351662 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fertility and survival of an individual rely on the ability of the periphery to promptly, effectively, and reproducibly communicate with brain neural networks that control reproduction, food intake, and energy homeostasis. Tanycytes, a specialized glial cell type lining the wall of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, appear to act as the linchpin of these processes by dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides into the portal vasculature by hypothalamic neurons and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on the ability of these cells to adapt their morphology to the physiological state of the individual. In addition to their barrier properties, tanycytes possess the ability to sense blood glucose levels, and play a fundamental and active role in shuttling circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. Moreover, accumulating data suggest that, in keeping with their putative descent from radial glial cells, tanycytes are endowed with neural stem cell properties and may respond to dietary or reproductive cues by modulating hypothalamic neurogenesis. Tanycytes could thus constitute the missing link in the loop connecting behavior, hormonal changes, signal transduction, central neuronal activation and, finally, behavior again. In this article, we will examine these recent advances in the understanding of tanycytic plasticity and function in the hypothalamus and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the putative involvement and therapeutic potential of hypothalamic tanycytes in metabolic and fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
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Ubuka T, Bentley GE, Tsutsui K. Neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion in seasonally breeding birds. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:38. [PMID: 23531789 PMCID: PMC3607074 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonally breeding birds detect environmental signals, such as light, temperature, food availability, and presence of mates to time reproduction. Hypothalamic neurons integrate external and internal signals, and regulate reproduction by releasing neurohormones to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases gonadotropins which in turn act on the gonads to stimulate gametogenesis and sex steroid secretion. Accordingly, how gonadotropin secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus is key to our understanding of the mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. A hypothalamic neuropeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), activates reproduction by stimulating gonadotropin synthesis and release. Another hypothalamic neuropeptide, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), inhibits gonadotropin synthesis and release directly by acting on the pituitary gland or indirectly by decreasing the activity of GnRH neurons. Therefore, the next step to understand seasonal reproduction is to investigate how the activities of GnRH and GnIH neurons in the hypothalamus and their receptors in the pituitary gland are regulated by external and internal signals. It is possible that locally-produced triiodothyronine resulting from the action of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase on thyroxine stimulates the release of gonadotropins, perhaps by action on GnRH neurons. The function of GnRH neurons is also regulated by transcription of the GnRH gene. Melatonin, a nocturnal hormone, stimulates the synthesis and release of GnIH and GnIH may therefore regulate a daily rhythm of gonadotropin secretion. GnIH may also temporally suppress gonadotropin secretion when environmental conditions are unfavorable. Environmental and social milieus fluctuate seasonally in the wild. Accordingly, complex interactions of various neuronal and hormonal systems need to be considered if we are to understand the mechanisms underlying seasonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Ubuka
- Department of Biology, Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Ichikawa, Japan
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Perfito N, Jeong SY, Silverin B, Calisi RM, Bentley GE, Hau M. Anticipating spring: wild populations of great tits (Parus major) differ in expression of key genes for photoperiodic time measurement. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34997. [PMID: 22539953 PMCID: PMC3334499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring day length is critical for timing annual changes in physiology and behavior in many species. Recently, rapid changes in several photoperiodically-controlled genes following exposure to a single long day have been described. Components of this 'first day release' model have so far only been tested in highly domesticated species: quail, sheep, goats and rodents. Because artificial selection accompanying domestication acts on genes related to photoperiodicity, we must also study this phenomenon in wild organisms for it to be accepted as universal. In a songbird, the great tit (Parus major), we tested whether a) these genes are involved in photoperiodic time measurement (PTM) in a wild species, and b) whether predictable species and population differences in expression patterns exist. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we compared gene expression after a single long day in male great tits from Sweden (57°42'N) with that from a German (47°43'N) population. Hypothalamic gene expression key for PTM changed only in the northern population, and occurred earlier after dawn during the single long day than demonstrated in quail; however, gonadotropins (secretion and synthesis) were stimulated in both populations, albeit with different timing. Our data are the first to show acute changes in gene expression in response to photostimulation in any wild species not selected for study of photoperiodism. The pronounced differences in gene expression in response to a single long day between two populations raise exciting new questions about potential environmental selection on photoperiodic cue sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Perfito
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
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Leonhardt VH. Ependym und Circumventriculäre Organe. HANDBUCH DER MIKROSKOPISCHEN ANATOMIE DES MENSCHEN 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81358-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Whittle AC, Golding DW. The infracerebral gland and cerebral neurosecretory system--a probable neuroendocrine complex in phyllodocid polychaetes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1974; 24:87-98. [PMID: 4416326 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(74)90145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ishii S, Thomas P, Nakamura T. Morphometric classification of the neurosecretory granules in the rat pars nervosa. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 146:463-71. [PMID: 4785389 DOI: 10.1007/bf02347176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Soest SW, Farner DS. Fluorescence microscopy of neurons containing primary catecholamines in the ventral hypothalamus of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 141:1-17. [PMID: 4743253 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Henderson NE. Ultrastructure of the Neurohypophysial Lobe of the Hagfish,Eptatretus stouti(Cyclostomata). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1972.tb00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stoeckart R, Jansen HG, Kreike AJ. Ultrastructural evidence for exocytosis in the median eminence of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 131:99-107. [PMID: 5073644 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Elekes K, Péczely P. Light- and electron microscopic investigations on the median eminence of the pigeon after TSH and PTU treatment. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1972; 134:337-49. [PMID: 4638292 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Daikoku S, Kotsu T, Hashimoto M. Electron microscopic observations on the development of the median eminence in perinatal rats. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANATOMIE UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE 1971; 134:311-27. [PMID: 4330890 DOI: 10.1007/bf00519918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dodd JM, Follett BK, Sharp PJ. Hypothalamic control of pituitary function in submammalian vertebraes. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 4:113-223. [PMID: 4333472 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-011504-4.50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jasiński A, Kilarski W. Fine structure of pars neuro-intermedia of the loach, Misgurnus fossilis L. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 105:259-75. [PMID: 4195327 DOI: 10.1007/bf00335476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Calas A, Assenmacher I. Ultrastructure de l'�minence m�diane du canard (Anas platyrhynchos). Cell Tissue Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00364932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peczely P, Calas A. [Ultrastructure of the median eminence of the pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in various experimental conditions]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 111:316-45. [PMID: 5495352 DOI: 10.1007/bf00342486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nakai Y. Electron microscopic observations on synapse-like contacts between pituicytes and different types of nerve fibers in the anuran pars nervosa. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1970; 110:27-39. [PMID: 5471200 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kobayashi H, Matsui T, Ishii S. Functional electron microscopy of the hypothalamic median eminence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1970; 29:281-381. [PMID: 4326152 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bunt AH. Formation of coated and "synaptic" vesicles within neurosecretory axon terminals of the crustacean sinus gland. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1969; 28:411-21. [PMID: 5822664 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(69)80030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Picard D. The neurosecretory cell of vertebrates. JOURNAL OF NEURO-VISCERAL RELATIONS 1969; 31:Suppl 9:23-63. [PMID: 4919440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-25519-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Scharrer B. Neurohumors and neurohormones: definitions and terminology. JOURNAL OF NEURO-VISCERAL RELATIONS 1969; 31:Suppl 9:1-20. [PMID: 4394314 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-25519-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rodriguez EM, La Pointe J. Histology and ultrastructure of the neural lobe of the lizard, Klauberina riversiana. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1969; 95:37-57. [PMID: 4894094 DOI: 10.1007/bf00319267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Topographische Verteilung der Monoaminfluoreszenz im Zwischenhirn-Hypophysensystem von Carduelis chloris und Anas platyrhynchos. Cell Tissue Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00335733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Oehmke HJ, Priedkalns J, Vaupel-von Harnack M, Oksche A. Fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Zwischenhirn-Hypophysensystem von Passer domesticus. Cell Tissue Res 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00319272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Russell DH. Acetylcholinesterase in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1968; 11:51-63. [PMID: 5674702 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(68)90106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rodríguez Echandía EL, Piezzi RS, Rodríguez EM. Dense-core microtubules in neurons and gliocytes of the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1968; 122:157-66. [PMID: 5690165 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wilson FE, Hands GR. Hypothalamic neurosecretion and photoinduced testicular growth in the tree sparrow, Spizella arborea. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 89:303-19. [PMID: 4177450 DOI: 10.1007/bf00319243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rodríguez EM. Ultrastructure of the neurohaemal region of the toad median eminence. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 93:182-212. [PMID: 4905349 DOI: 10.1007/bf00336689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sharp PJ, Follett BK. The distribution of monoamines in the hypothalamus of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 90:245-62. [PMID: 5724341 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Bassurmanova OK, Panov AA. Structure of the neurosecretory system in lepidoptera. Light and electron microscopy of type A'-neurosecretory cells in the brain of normal and starved larvae of the slikworm Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1967; 9:245-62. [PMID: 6055286 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(67)90059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Nishioka RS. Fine structure of the supraoptic neurosecretory neurons in the white-crowned sparrow. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1967; 17:176-83. [PMID: 6066797 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(67)80028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wilson FE. The tubero-infundibular neuron system: a component of the photoperiodic control mechanism of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 82:1-24. [PMID: 4881289 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Monroe BG. A comparative study of the ultrastructure of the median eminence, infundiblar stem and neural lobe of the hypophysis of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 76:405-32. [PMID: 5590648 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nishioka RS, Bern HA. Fine structure of the neurohemal areas associated with the hypophysis in the hagfish, Polistotrema stoutii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1966; 7:457-62. [PMID: 5962648 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(66)90067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Follett BK, Kobayashi H, Farner DS. The distribution of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase in the hypothalamus and its relation to the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1966; 75:57-65. [PMID: 5968189 DOI: 10.1007/bf00407144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vitums A, Ono K, Oksche A, Farner DS, King JR. The development of the hypophysial portal system in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1966; 73:335-66. [PMID: 5987098 DOI: 10.1007/bf00329016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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