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Lamparter T. Photosystems and photoreceptors in cyanobacterial phototaxis and photophobotaxis. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1899-1908. [PMID: 38946046 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria move by gliding motility on surfaces toward the light or away from it. It is as yet unclear how the light direction is sensed on the molecular level. Diverse photoreceptor knockout mutants have a stronger response toward the light than the wild type. Either the light direction is sensed by multiple photoreceptors or by photosystems. In a study on photophobotaxis of the filamentous cyanobacterium Phormidium lacuna, broad spectral sensitivity, inhibition by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), and a highly sensitive response speaks for photosystems as light direction sensors. Here, it is discussed whether the photosystem theory could hold for phototaxis of other cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Lamparter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Risser DD. Hormogonium Development and Motility in Filamentous Cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0039223. [PMID: 37199640 PMCID: PMC10304961 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00392-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous cyanobacteria exhibit some of the greatest developmental complexity observed in the prokaryotic domain. This includes the ability to differentiate nitrogen-fixing cells known as heterocysts, spore-like akinetes, and hormogonia, which are specialized motile filaments capable of gliding on solid surfaces. Hormogonia and motility play critical roles in several aspects of the biology of filamentous cyanobacteria, including dispersal, phototaxis, the formation of supracellular structures, and the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbioses with plants. While heterocyst development has been investigated extensively at the molecular level, much less is known about akinete or hormogonium development and motility. This is due, in part, to the loss of developmental complexity during prolonged laboratory culture in commonly employed model filamentous cyanobacteria. In this review, recent progress in understanding the molecular level regulation of hormogonium development and motility in filamentous cyanobacteria is discussed, with a focus on experiments performed using the genetically tractable model filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme, which retains the developmental complexity of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Risser
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
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3
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Conradi FD, Mullineaux CW, Wilde A. The Role of the Cyanobacterial Type IV Pilus Machinery in Finding and Maintaining a Favourable Environment. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110252. [PMID: 33114175 PMCID: PMC7690835 DOI: 10.3390/life10110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are proteinaceous filaments found on the cell surface of many prokaryotic organisms and convey twitching motility through their extension/retraction cycles, moving cells across surfaces. In cyanobacteria, twitching motility is the sole mode of motility properly characterised to date and is the means by which cells perform phototaxis, the movement towards and away from directional light sources. The wavelength and intensity of the light source determine the direction of movement and, sometimes in concert with nutrient conditions, act as signals for some cyanobacteria to form mucoid multicellular assemblages. Formation of such aggregates or flocs represents an acclimation strategy to unfavourable environmental conditions and stresses, such as harmful light conditions or predation. T4P are also involved in natural transformation by exogenous DNA, secretion processes, and in cellular adaptation and survival strategies, further cementing the role of cell surface appendages. In this way, cyanobacteria are finely tuned by external stimuli to either escape unfavourable environmental conditions via phototaxis, exchange genetic material, and to modify their surroundings to fit their needs by forming multicellular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D. Conradi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (F.D.C.); (C.W.M.)
| | - Conrad W. Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (F.D.C.); (C.W.M.)
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg; Germany
- Correspondence:
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4
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Klotz M, Deuerling S, Kugler S, Zollfrank C, Van Opdenbosch D. Light-diffractive patterning of Porphyridium purpureum. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:515-523. [DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Living structures: By projection of a light pattern from a computer-generated hologram, patterns of the algae Porphyridium purpureum were generated. The obtained pixelated pattern was evaluated and discussed in the context of the organism's phototaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Klotz
- Technical University of Munich
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers
- D-94315 Straubing
- Germany
| | - Steffi Deuerling
- Technical University of Munich
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers
- D-94315 Straubing
- Germany
| | - Sabine Kugler
- Technical University of Munich
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers
- D-94315 Straubing
- Germany
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Technical University of Munich
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers
- D-94315 Straubing
- Germany
| | - Daniel Van Opdenbosch
- Technical University of Munich
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers
- D-94315 Straubing
- Germany
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5
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Yu N, Lou X, Chen K, Yang M. Phototaxis of active colloids by self-thermophoresis. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:408-414. [PMID: 30565640 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01871e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phototaxis usually refers to the ability of a motile micoorganism to move directionally within a light gradient, which is important for microorganisms to gain energy or avoid damage. Here, we show that an active Janus particle driven by self-thermophoresis from light heating is able to exhibit significant phototactic motion by means of mesoscale dynamics simulation. Depending on the particle-fluid interactions, the active particle can move along or against the light gradient, corresponding to positive or negative phototaxis, respectively. We find that the phototaxis of the active colloid is determined by various mechanisms, including alignment (polarization) of the particle to the light gradient, orientation-dependent motility and spatially inhomogeneous motility. Our results shed light on the phototactic behavior of artificial active colloids and open up a new possibility to design photo-responsive micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Lou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wilde A, Mullineaux CW. Light-controlled motility in prokaryotes and the problem of directional light perception. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:900-922. [PMID: 29077840 PMCID: PMC5812497 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural light environment is important to many prokaryotes. Most obviously, phototrophic prokaryotes need to acclimate their photosynthetic apparatus to the prevailing light conditions, and such acclimation is frequently complemented by motility to enable cells to relocate in search of more favorable illumination conditions. Non-phototrophic prokaryotes may also seek to avoid light at damaging intensities and wavelengths, and many prokaryotes with diverse lifestyles could potentially exploit light signals as a rich source of information about their surroundings and a cue for acclimation and behavior. Here we discuss our current understanding of the ways in which bacteria can perceive the intensity, wavelength and direction of illumination, and the signal transduction networks that link light perception to the control of motile behavior. We discuss the problems of light perception at the prokaryotic scale, and the challenge of directional light perception in small bacterial cells. We explain the peculiarities and the common features of light-controlled motility systems in prokaryotes as diverse as cyanobacteria, purple photosynthetic bacteria, chemoheterotrophic bacteria and haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Conrad W. Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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7
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Cho YW, Gonzales A, Harwood TV, Huynh J, Hwang Y, Park JS, Trieu AQ, Italia P, Pallipuram VK, Risser DD. Dynamic localization of HmpF regulates type IV pilus activity and directional motility in the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:252-265. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Won Cho
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Alfonso Gonzales
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Thomas V. Harwood
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Jessica Huynh
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Yeji Hwang
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Jun Sang Park
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Anthony Q. Trieu
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Parth Italia
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Vivek K. Pallipuram
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Douglas D. Risser
- Department of Biology; University of the Pacific; Stockton CA 95211 USA
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8
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Schuergers N, Mullineaux CW, Wilde A. Cyanobacteria in motion. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 37:109-115. [PMID: 28472718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are able to move directly towards or away from a light source, a process called phototaxis. Recent studies have revealed that the spherical unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 exhibits a cell polarity in response to unidirectional illumination and that micro-optic properties of cyanobacterial cells are the basis of their directional light sensing. Further functional and physiological studies highlight a very complex control of cyanobacterial phototaxis by sensory proteins, histidine kinases and response regulators. Notably, PATAN domain response regulators appear to participate in directional control of phototaxis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In this review we explain the problem of directional light sensing at the small scale of bacteria and discuss our current understanding of signal transduction in cyanobacterial phototaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schuergers
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, D79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Dai B, Wang J, Xiong Z, Zhan X, Dai W, Li CC, Feng SP, Tang J. Programmable artificial phototactic microswimmer. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:1087-1092. [PMID: 27749832 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phototaxis is commonly observed in motile photosynthetic microorganisms. For example, green algae are capable of swimming towards a light source (positive phototaxis) to receive more energy for photosynthesis, or away from a light source (negative phototaxis) to avoid radiation damage or to hide from predators. Recently, with the aim of applying nanoscale machinery to biomedical applications, various inorganic nanomotors based on different propulsion mechanisms have been demonstrated. The only method to control the direction of motion of these self-propelled micro/nanomotors is to incorporate a ferromagnetic material into their structure and use an external magnetic field for steering. Here, we show an artificial microswimmer that can sense and orient to the illumination direction of an external light source. Our microswimmer is a Janus nanotree containing a nanostructured photocathode and photoanode at opposite ends that release cations and anions, respectively, propelling the microswimmer by self-electrophoresis. Using chemical modifications, we can control the zeta potential of the photoanode and program the microswimmer to exhibit either positive or negative phototaxis. Finally, we show that a school of microswimmers mimics the collective phototactic behaviour of green algae in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohu Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ze Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaojun Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chien-Cheng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shien-Ping Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong
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10
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Genetic analysis reveals the identity of the photoreceptor for phototaxis in hormogonium filaments of Nostoc punctiforme. J Bacteriol 2014; 197:782-91. [PMID: 25488296 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02374-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In cyanobacterial Nostoc species, substratum-dependent gliding motility is confined to specialized nongrowing filaments called hormogonia, which differentiate from vegetative filaments as part of a conditional life cycle and function as dispersal units. Here we confirm that Nostoc punctiforme hormogonia are positively phototactic to white light over a wide range of intensities. N. punctiforme contains two gene clusters (clusters 2 and 2i), each of which encodes modular cyanobacteriochrome-methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) and other proteins that putatively constitute a basic chemotaxis-like signal transduction complex. Transcriptional analysis established that all genes in clusters 2 and 2i, plus two additional clusters (clusters 1 and 3) with genes encoding MCPs lacking cyanobacteriochrome sensory domains, are upregulated during the differentiation of hormogonia. Mutational analysis determined that only genes in cluster 2i are essential for positive phototaxis in N. punctiforme hormogonia; here these genes are designated ptx (for phototaxis) genes. The cluster is unusual in containing complete or partial duplicates of genes encoding proteins homologous to the well-described chemotaxis elements CheY, CheW, MCP, and CheA. The cyanobacteriochrome-MCP gene (ptxD) lacks transmembrane domains and has 7 potential binding sites for bilins. The transcriptional start site of the ptx genes does not resemble a sigma 70 consensus recognition sequence; moreover, it is upstream of two genes encoding gas vesicle proteins (gvpA and gvpC), which also are expressed only in the hormogonium filaments of N. punctiforme.
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11
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Hess WR, Berghoff BA, Wilde A, Steglich C, Klug G. Riboregulators and the role of Hfq in photosynthetic bacteria. RNA Biol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24651049 PMCID: PMC4152350 DOI: 10.4161/rna.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoxygenic and oxygenic bacteria directly convert solar energy into biomass using photosynthesis. The formation and composition of photosynthetic complexes has to be tightly controlled in response to environmental conditions, as exposure to sunlight can be harmful due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and the damaging effects of UV irradiation. Therefore, photosynthetic bacteria are exposed to a particular set of regulatory challenges in addition to those that also affect other bacteria, requiring sophisticated regulatory systems. Indeed, hundreds of potential regulatory RNAs have been identified in photosynthetic model bacteria as well as antisense RNAs (asRNAs) of up to several kb in length that protect certain mRNAs from degradation. The trans-acting small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs), PcrZ and PsrR1, control pigment and photosystem biogenesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and cyanobacteria, respectively. The asRNAs IsrR and As1_flv4 act as negative regulators and the asRNAs PsbA2R and PsbA3R as positive effectors of photosynthesis gene expression in Synechocystis 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang R Hess
- Faculty of Biology; Institute for Biology III; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bork A Berghoff
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology; University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Faculty of Biology; Institute for Biology III; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Steglich
- Faculty of Biology; Institute for Biology III; University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Klug
- Institute for Microbiology and Molecular Biology; University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
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12
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Narikawa R, Suzuki F, Yoshihara S, Higashi SI, Watanabe M, Ikeuchi M. Novel Photosensory Two-Component System (PixA–NixB–NixC) Involved in the Regulation of Positive and Negative Phototaxis of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 52:2214-24. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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13
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Tamulonis C, Postma M, Kaandorp J. Modeling filamentous cyanobacteria reveals the advantages of long and fast trichomes for optimizing light exposure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22084. [PMID: 21789215 PMCID: PMC3138769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria form a very large and diverse phylum of prokaryotes that perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Many species of cyanobacteria live colonially in long trichomes of hundreds to thousands of cells. Of the filamentous species, many are also motile, gliding along their long axis, and display photomovement, by which a trichome modulates its gliding according to the incident light. The latter has been found to play an important role in guiding the trichomes to optimal lighting conditions, which can either inhibit the cells if the incident light is too weak, or damage the cells if too strong. We have developed a computational model for gliding filamentous photophobic cyanobacteria that allows us to perform simulations on the scale of a Petri dish using over 10(5) individual trichomes. Using the model, we quantify the effectiveness of one commonly observed photomovement strategy--photophobic responses--in distributing large populations of trichomes optimally over a light field. The model predicts that the typical observed length and gliding speeds of filamentous cyanobacteria are optimal for the photophobic strategy. Therefore, our results suggest that not just photomovement but also the trichome shape itself improves the ability of the cyanobacteria to optimize their light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tamulonis
- Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Donkor V, Häder DP. Effects of solar and ultraviolet radiation on motility, photomovement and pigmentation in filamentous, gliding cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1991.tb01748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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The Role of Cyanopterin in UV/Blue Light Signal Transduction of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Phototaxis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:969-80. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Phototaxis in the broadest sense means positive or negative displacement along a light gradient or vector. Prokaryotes most often use a biased random walk strategy, employing type I sensory rhodopsin photoreceptors and two-component signalling to regulate flagellar reversal. This strategy only allows phototaxis along steep light gradients, as found in microbial mats or sediments. Some filamentous cyanobacteria evolved the ability to steer towards a light vector. Even these cyanobacteria, however, can only navigate in two dimensions, gliding on a surface. In contrast, eukaryotes evolved the capacity to follow a light vector in three dimensions in open water. This strategy requires a polarized organism with a stable form, helical swimming with cilia and a shading or focusing body adjacent to a light sensor to allow for discrimination of light direction. Such arrangement and the ability of three-dimensional phototactic navigation evolved at least eight times independently in eukaryotes. The origin of three-dimensional phototaxis often followed a transition from a benthic to a pelagic lifestyle and the acquisition of chloroplasts either via primary or secondary endosymbiosis. Based on our understanding of the mechanism of phototaxis in single-celled eukaryotes and animal larvae, it is possible to define a series of elementary evolutionary steps, each of potential selective advantage, which can lead to pelagic phototactic navigation. We can conclude that it is relatively easy to evolve phototaxis once cell polarity, ciliary swimming and a stable cell shape are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Ikeuchi M, Ishizuka T. Cyanobacteriochromes: a new superfamily of tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors in cyanobacteria. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1159-67. [PMID: 18846279 DOI: 10.1039/b802660m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new group of photoreceptors has been experimentally revealed in cyanobacteria. They are phototaxis regulator SyPixJ1, TePixJ and AnPixJ, chromatic acclimation regulator SyCcaS, circadian input kinase homolog SyCikA and many other candidates, which have been found only in cyanobacteria to date. These new photoreceptors are now proposed to be "cyanobacteriochromes". They are characterized by the presence of a chromophore-binding GAF domain that is homologous to the tetrapyrrole-binding GAF domain of the phytochrome. Here, we summarized unique features of those representatives: (1) only the GAF domain is sufficient for full photoconversion, (2) the GAF domain is homologous to but distinct from the phytochrome GAF, (3) the GAF domain binds a linear tetrapyrrole pigment such as phycoviolobilin or phycocyanobilin, (4) spectral properties are very diverse from near ultra-violet to red region. We also discussed the functionality of the other candidate GAFs, structure and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Biology, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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18
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Narikawa R, Fukushima Y, Ishizuka T, Itoh S, Ikeuchi M. A novel photoactive GAF domain of cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ that shows reversible green/red photoconversion. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:844-55. [PMID: 18571200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel cyanobacteriochrome, the green/red photoreceptor AnPixJ (All1069), isolated from the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120. Cyanobacteriochromes are a recently emerging tetrapyrrole-based photoreceptor superfamily that are distantly related to the conventional red/far-red photoreceptor phytochromes (Phys). The chromophore-binding domains of AnPixJ produced in cyanobacterial and Escherichia coli cells both showed a reversible and full photoconversion between a green-absorbing form (lambda(max)=543 nm) and a red-absorbing form (lambda(max)=648 nm). Denaturation analysis revealed that the green-absorbing form and the red-absorbing form covalently ligated phycocyanobilin with E-configuration and Z-configuration at the C15C16 double bond, respectively. Time-resolved spectral analysis showed the formation of the first intermediate state peaking at 680 nm from the dark-stable red-absorbing form. This step resembles the first photoconversion step from the red-absorbing form to the red-shifted lumi-R intermediate state of the Phys. These results suggest that the Pr of AnPixJ is almost equivalent to that of the Phys and starts a primary photoreaction with Z-to-E isomerization in a mechanism similar to that in the Phys, but is finally photoconverted to the unique green-absorbing form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Narikawa
- Department of Life Sciences Biology, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-0041, Japan
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19
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Kondou Y, Nakazawa M, Higashi SI, Watanabe M, Manabe K. Equal-quantum Action Spectra Indicate Fluence-rate-selective Action of Multiple Photoreceptors for Photomovement of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730090eqasif2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Abstract
We report the first sensory rhodopsin observed in the eubacterial domain, a green light-activated photoreceptor in Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC7120, a freshwater cyanobacterium. The gene encoding the membrane opsin protein of 261 residues (26 kDa) and a smaller gene encoding a soluble protein of 125 residues (14 kDa) are under the same promoter in a single operon. The opsin expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli membranes bound all-trans retinal to form a pink pigment (lambda max 543 nm) with a photochemical reaction cycle of 110 ms half-life (pH 6.8, 18 degrees C). Co-expression with the 14 kDa protein increased the rate of the photocycle, indicating physical interaction with the membrane-embedded rhodopsin, which we confirmed in vitro by affinity enrichment chromatography and Biacore interaction. The pigment lacks the proton donor carboxylate residue in helix C conserved in known retinylidene proton pumps and did not exhibit detectable proton ejection activity. We detected retinal binding to the protein in Anabaena membranes by SDS-PAGE and autofluorography of 3H-labelled all-trans retinal of reduced membranes from the organism. We conclude that Anabaena rhodopsin functions as a photosensory receptor in its natural environment, and suggest that the soluble 14 kDa protein transduces a signal from the receptor. Therefore, unlike the archaeal sensory rhodopsins, which transmit signals by transmembrane helix-helix interactions with membrane-embedded transducers, the Anabaena sensory rhodopsin may signal through a soluble cytoplasmic protein, analogous to higher animal visual pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Wilde A, Fiedler B, Börner T. The cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph2 inhibits phototaxis towards blue light. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44:981-8. [PMID: 12010493 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the effects of inactivation of the phytochrome genes cph1 and cph2 on the phototactic migration of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under different light qualities. Motility towards white, green, red and far red light was not altered in several independently raised cph1, cph2 and cph1/cph2 double mutants. Blue light (lambda = 400-500 nm) did not induce motility in wild-type and cph1 mutant cells, whereas cph2 and cph1/cph2 double mutants moved towards the blue light. Inhibition of the photosynthetic electron transport by DCMU influenced the motility of cph2 mutants under blue light, but not under white, red and far red light. RNA blot hybridizations did not indicate an altered transcript accumulation of the pilin-encoding pilA1 gene under blue light. We propose that the Cph2 protein is part of a light-stimulated signal transduction chain inhibiting the movement of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells towards blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Wilde
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Chausseestr. 117, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Abstract
The polyphyletic artificial assemblage of O(2)-evolving, photosynthetic organisms, collectively referred to as algae, include a highly diverse array of organisms from large seaweeds (macroalgae) to unicellular microalgae. Phycology, the study of algae, focuses on morphological, ecological, physiological and molecular biological aspects of these organisms. Most microalgae show a photo-behaviour, i.e. they sense light and move towards it; in this review we will describe morphological similarities and differences in the photoreceptive system of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gualtieri
- CNR, Istituto di Biofisica, Area della Ricerca San Cataldo via Alfieri 1, Ghezzano, 56010 Pisa, Italy.
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24
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Kondou Y, Nakazawa M, Higashi S, Watanabe M, Manabe K. Equal-quantum action spectra indicate fluence-rate-selective action of multiple photoreceptors for photomovement of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:90-5. [PMID: 11202372 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0090:eqasif>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus displayed phototaxis on agar plate at 55 degrees C. Equal-quantum action spectra for phototactic migration were determined at various fluence rates using the Okazaki Large Spectrograph as the light source. The shapes of the action spectra drastically changed depending on the fluence rate of the unilateral monochromatic irradiation: at a low fluence rate (3 mumol/m2/s), only lights in the red region had significant effect; at a medium fluence rate (10 mumol/m2/s), four major action peaks were observed at 530 nm (green), 570 nm (yellow), 640 nm (red) and 680 nm (red). At high fluence rates (30-90 mumol/m2/s), the former two peaks remained, while red peaks at 640 nm and 680 nm disappeared and, interestingly, an action peak around 700-740 nm (far-red) newly appeared. These results indicate that two or more distinct photoreceptors are involved in the phototaxis and that suitable photoreceptors are selectively active in response to the stimulus of light fluence rates. Far-red or red background lights irradiated vertically from above drastically inhibited phototaxis toward red light or far-red light, respectively. These results indicate involvement of some phytochrome(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kondou
- Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
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25
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Yoshihara S, Suzuki F, Fujita H, Geng XX, Ikeuchi M. Novel putative photoreceptor and regulatory genes Required for the positive phototactic movement of the unicellular motile cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 41:1299-304. [PMID: 11134414 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synechocystis: sp. PCC 6803 is a unicellular motile cyanobacterium, which shows positive or negative phototaxis on agar plates under lateral illumination. By gene disruption in a substrain showing of positive phototaxis, it was demonstrated that mutants defective in sll0038, sll0039, sll0041, sll0042 or sll0043 lost positive phototaxis but showed negative phototaxis away from the light source. Mutants of sll0040, which is located within the cluster of these genes, retained the capacity of positive phototaxis but to a lesser extent than the parent cells. These genes are homologous to che genes, which are involved in flagellar switching for bacterial chemotaxis. Interestingly, sll0041 (designated pisJ1) is predicted to have a chromophore-binding motif of phytochrome-like proteins and a signaling motif of chemoreceptors for bacterial chemotaxis. It is strongly suggested that the positive phototactic response was mediated by a phytochrome-like photoreceptor and CheA/CheY-type signal transduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshihara
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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26
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Albertano P, Barsanti L, Passarelli V, Gualtieri P. A complex photoreceptive structure in the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. Micron 2000; 31:27-34. [PMID: 10568228 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(99)00063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the terrestrial epilithic cyanobacteria isolated from Roman hypogea at extremely low light intensity, a non-heterocystous strain, belonging to the genus Leptolyngbya, showed a marked photobehavior. These red cyanobacteria possess an orange spot at the tip of the apical cell. Micro-spectrophotometric analysis of this tip showed an absorption spectrum with two bands, centered at 456 and 504 nm, respectively. Experiments on photo-orientation impairment of these cells, and micro-spectrophotometric analysis of the tip of impaired trichomes showed that a rhodopsin-like protein might be present in this structure. All these data could support the hypothesis of the presence of a complex photoreceptive system in this prokaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Albertano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
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27
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Choi JS, Chung YH, Moon YJ, Kim C, Watanabe M, Song PS, Joe CO, Bogorad L, Park YM. Photomovement of the Gliding Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb01954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Hoiczyk E, Baumeister W. The junctional pore complex, a prokaryotic secretion organelle, is the molecular motor underlying gliding motility in cyanobacteria. Curr Biol 1998; 8:1161-8. [PMID: 9799733 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(07)00487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas most bacteria move by means of flagella, some prokaryotes move by gliding. In cyanobacteria, gliding motility is a slow uniform motion which is invariably accompanied by a continuous secretion of slime. On the basis of these characteristics, a model has been proposed in which the gliding motility of cyanobacteria depends on the steady secretion of slime using specific pores, as well as the interaction of the slime with the filament surface and the underlying substrate. RESULTS The structures of the pore apparatus of two different filamentous cyanobacteria have been characterized. In both species, pores are formed by a hitherto uncharacterized type of prokaryotic organelle that spans the entire multilayered cell wall and possesses structural properties expected for an organelle that is involved in the rapid secretion of extracellular carbohydrates. Light microscopic observations of the secretion process provided direct evidence that the pore complexes are the actual sites of slime secretion, that the secreted slime fibrils are elongated at about the same rate as the filament glides (up to 3 micrometer s-1), and that gliding movements are caused directly by the secretion of slime. CONCLUSIONS It has been known for a long time that carbohydrate secretion has an important role in the gliding motility of various prokaryotes. Our results strongly suggest that slime secretion is not only a prerequisite for this peculiar type of motility in cyanobacteria, but also directly generates the necessary thrust for locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hoiczyk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie Molekulare Strukturbiologie Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany Laboratory of Cell Biology The Rockefeller University New York, New York, 10021, USA
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29
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Jiang ZY, Gest H, Bauer CE. Chemosensory and photosensory perception in purple photosynthetic bacteria utilize common signal transduction components. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:5720-7. [PMID: 9294427 PMCID: PMC179459 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.18.5720-5727.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemotaxis gene cluster from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum centenum contains five open reading frames (ORFs) that have significant sequence homology to chemotaxis genes from other bacteria. To elucidate the functions of each ORF, we have made various mutations in the gene cluster and analyzed their phenotypic defects. Deletion of the entire che operon (delta che), as well as nonpolar disruptions of cheAY, cheW, and cheR, resulted in a smooth-swimming phenotype, whereas disruption of cheB resulted in a locked tumbly phenotype. Each of these mutants was defective in chemotactic response. Interestingly, disruption of cheY resulted in a slight increase in the frequency of tumbling/reversal with no obvious defects in chemotactic response. In contrast to observations with Escherichia coli and several other bacteria, we found that all of the che mutant cells were capable of differentiating into hyperflagellated swarmer cells when plated on a solid agar surface. When viewed microscopically, the smooth-swimming che mutants exhibited active surface motility but were unable to respond to a step-down in light intensity. Both positive and negative phototactic responses were abolished in all che mutants, including the cheY mutant. These results indicate that eubacterial photosensory perception is mediated by light-generated signals that are transmitted through the chemotaxis signal transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Jiang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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30
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Gerhart D. Forty-five years of developmental biology of photosynthetic bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 48:325-352. [PMID: 24271475 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1996] [Accepted: 03/20/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental biology and cell differentiation of photosynthetic prokaryotes are less noticed fields than the showpieces of eukaryotes, e.g. Drosophila melanogaster. The large metabolic versatility of the facultative purple bacteria and their great capability to adapt to different ecological conditions, however, aroused the inquisitiveness to investigate the process of cell differentiation and to use these bacteria as model system to study structure, function and biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus. The great progress in research in this field paved the way to study principal mechanisms of cellular organization and differentiation in these bacteria. In this article, the history of the research on membrane structure and development of anoxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes during the last 45 years is described. A personal account of how I entered the field through research on the phototaxis of cyanobacteria is given. Intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM) were detected by electron microscopy in cyanobacteria and in purple non-sulfur bacteria. The formation of ICM by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane in purple bacteria was observed for the first time. Investigations on the effect of changes in oxygen tension and light intensity on the formation of pigments and intracytoplasmic membranes followed. The isolation, purification, and analysis of light-harvesting complexes and of pigment-binding proteins was the next step of our research. Lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans were detected and analyzed in the outer membrane of photosynthetic bacteria. Functional membrane differentiation includes variations in the rates of photophosphorylation and electron transport. Molecular genetic approaches have initiated the investigation of transcriptional regulation and the analysis of correlation between pigment and protein synthesis. Molecular analysis of assembly of light-harvesting complexes and membrane differentiation are the present aspects of our research. Cell differentiation has been considered under evolutionary view.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerhart
- Institut für Biologie 2, Mikrobiologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Stal LJ. Physiological ecology of cyanobacteria in microbial mats and other communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1995; 131:1-32. [PMID: 33863161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review some aspects of the physiological ecology of cyanobacteria are discussed by taking a microbial mat as an example. The majority of microbial mats are built and dominated by cyarsobacteria which are primary producers at the basis of the microbial foodweb in microbial mats. These micro-scale ecosystems are characterized by steep and fluctuating physico-chemical gradients of which those of light, oxygen and sulphide are the most conspicuous. Light is strongly attenuated in the sediment, and owing to constant sedimentation, the mat-forming cyanobacteria have to move upwards towards the light. However, at the sediment surface, light intensity, particularly in the u.v. part of the spectrum, is often deleterious. The gliding movement of the cyanobacteria, with photo- and chemotaxis, allows the organism to position itself in a thin layer at optimal conditions. The organic matter produced by cyanobacterial photosynthesis is decomposed by the ruicrobial community. Sulphate-reducing bacteria are important in the end-oxidation of the organic matter. These organisms are obligate anaerobes and produce sulphide. Gradients of sulphide and oxygen move up and down in the sediment as a response to diurnal variations of light intensity. Cyanobacteria, therefore, are sometimes exposed to large concentrations of the extremely toxic sulphide. Some species are capable of sulphide-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis. Other cyanobacteria show increased rates of oxygenic photosynthesis in the presence of sulphide and have mechanisms to oxidize sulphide while avoiding sulphide toxicity. Iron might play an important role in this process. Under anoxic conditions in the dark, mat-forming cyanobacteria switch to fermentative metabolism. Many species are also capable of fermentative reduction of elemental sulphur to sulphide. The gradients of sulphide and oxygen are of particular importance for nitrogen fixation. Very few microbial mats are formed by heterocystous cyanobacteria, which are best adapted to diazntrophic growth. However, these organisms probably cannot tolerate greater concentrations of sulphide or anoxic conditions or both. Under such conditions non-heterocystous cyanobacteria become dominant as diazotrophs. These organisms avoid conditions of oxygen supersaturation. In the ecosystem, nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis might be separated temporally as well as spatially. In addition, non-heterocystous diazotrophic cyanobacteria have mechanisms at the subcellular level to protect the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase from inaction. CONTENTS Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Microbial mats 3 III. Cyanobacteria in light gradients 7 IV. Dark metabolism 10 V. Interactions with sulphide 13 VI. Nitrogen fixation 16 VII. References 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Stal
- Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Abstract
Green light (510-565 nm) constitutes a significant portion of the visible spectrum impinging on biological systems. It plays many different roles in the biochemistry, physiology and structure of plants and animals. In only a relatively small number of responses to green light is the photoreceptor known with certainty or even provisionally and in even fewer systems has the chain of events leading from perception to response been examined experimentally. This review provides a detailed view of those biological systems shown to respond to green light, an evaluation of possible photoreceptors and a review of the known and postulated mechanisms leading to the responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Klein
- Botany Department, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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33
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Donkor V, Häder DP. Effects of solar and ultraviolet radiation on motility, photomovement and pigmentation in filamentous, gliding cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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34
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Häder DP, Vogel K. Interactive image analysis system to determine the motility and velocity of cyanobacterial filaments. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1991; 22:289-300. [PMID: 1908871 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(91)90035-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An interactive image analysis system has been developed to analyse and quantify the percentage of motile filaments and the individual linear velocities of organisms. The technique is based on the "difference" image between two digitized images taken from a time-lapse video recording 80 s apart which is overlaid on the first image. The bright lines in the difference image represent the paths along which the filaments have moved and are measured using a crosshair cursor controlled by the mouse. Even short exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation strongly impairs the motility of the gliding cyanobacterium Phormidium uncinatum, while its velocity is not likewise affected. These effects are not due to either type I (free radical formation) or type II (singlet oxygen production) photodynamic reactions, since specific quenchers and scavengers, indicative of these reactions, failed to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Häder
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Erlangen, F.R.G
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35
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Nultsch W, Mecke A. Photophobic responses of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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37
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39
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Gabai V. A one-instant mechanism of phototaxis in the cyanobacteriumPhormidium uncinatum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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40
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Nultsch W, Schuchart H. A model of the phototactic reaction chain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00447064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Possible role of singlet molecular oxygen in the control of the phototactic reaction sign of Anabaena variabilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0047-2670(84)87034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Microspectrophotometric Investigations of Photobleaching in Anabaena variabilis Cells and Heterocysts and Its Prevention by Sodium Azide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(83)80093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Nultsch W, Wenderoth K. Partial Irradiation Experiments with Anabaena variabilis (Kütz). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(83)80067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Nultsch W, Schuchart H, Koenig F. Effects of sodium azide on phototaxis of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis and consequences to the two-photoreceptor systems-hypothesis. Arch Microbiol 1983; 134:33-7. [PMID: 6409048 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Experiments with sodium azide support the earlier report that two different photoreceptor systems participate in the absorption of the phototactically active light in Anabaena variabilis. The one of them, represented by the phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll a, is responsible for positive and negative phototaxis around 440 nm and between 580 and 700 nm. This system is sensitive to sodium azide which is able to reverse the negative reaction at high fluence rates to a positive one. The second one which absorbs light between 500 and 560 nm and above 700 nm is insensitive to azide. It triggers only negative responses in absence and presence of azide as well. P750 is obviously not a photoreceptor pigment of this system, since there is no indication for its occurrence in Anabaena. Even photobleaching of the photosynthetic pigments at high fluence rates is prevented by azide. The noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport is not severely inhibited by azide because photokinesis is only in part impaired. Therefore, the hypothesis is suggested that the phototactic reaction-sign reversal generator of Anabaena is controlled by the level of an active oxygen species, probably singlet oxygen, which is quenched by azide.
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46
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H�der DP, Colombetti G, Lenci F, Quaglia M. Phototaxis in the flagellates, Euglena gracilis and Ochromonas danica. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00527076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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48
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50
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Nultsch W, Schuchart H. Photomovement of the red alga Porphyridium cruentum (Ag.) Naegeli. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00403217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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