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Kanao T. Tetrathionate hydrolase from the acidophilic microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1338669. [PMID: 38348185 PMCID: PMC10859504 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1338669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrathionate hydrolase (TTH) is a unique enzyme found in acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of tetrathionate to thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfate. It is also involved in dissimilatory sulfur oxidation metabolism, the S4-intermediate pathway. TTHs have been purified and characterized from acidophilic autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. All purified TTHs show an optimum pH in the acidic range, suggesting that they are localized in the periplasmic space or outer membrane. In particular, the gene encoding TTH from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Af-tth) was identified and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli cells. TTH activity could be recovered from the recombinant inclusion bodies by acid refolding treatment for crystallization. The mechanism of tetrathionate hydrolysis was then elucidated by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Af-tth is highly expressed in tetrathionate-grown cells but not in iron-grown cells. These unique structural properties, reaction mechanisms, gene expression, and regulatory mechanisms are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Kanao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Environment, Life, Natural Science, and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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2
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Chaudhari B, Panda B, Šavija B, Chandra Paul S. Microbiologically Induced Concrete Corrosion: A Concise Review of Assessment Methods, Effects, and Corrosion-Resistant Coating Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124279. [PMID: 35744337 PMCID: PMC9228145 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbiologically induced concrete corrosion (in wastewater pipes) occurs mainly because of the diffusion of aggressive solutions and in situ production of sulfuric acid by microorganisms. The prevention of concrete biocorrosion usually requires modification of the mix design or the application of corrosion-resistant coatings, which requires a fundamental understanding of the corrosion process. In this regard, a state-of-the-art review on the subject is presented in this paper, which firstly details the mechanism of microbial deterioration, followed by assessment methods to characterize biocorrosion and its effects on concrete properties. Different types of corrosion-resistant coatings are also reviewed to prevent biocorrosion in concrete sewer and waste-water pipes. At the end, concluding remarks, research gaps, and future needs are discussed, which will help to overcome the challenges and possible environmental risks associated with biocorrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Chaudhari
- Centre for Intelligent Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Biranchi Panda
- Centre for Intelligent Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-3612582684
| | - Branko Šavija
- Microlab, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands;
| | - Suvash Chandra Paul
- Department of Civil Engineering, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
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3
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Yang Y, Lu H, Shao Z, Liu S, Zhang Y, Jiang D, Gu L, He Q, Chai H. Electron buffer formation through coupling thiosulfate-dependent denitratation with anammox in a single-stage sequencing batch reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 312:123560. [PMID: 32473471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combination of thiosulfate-dependent denitratation and anammox in a single-stage reactor provides a feasible way to improve total nitrogen removal. The molar ratios of NH4+/NO3- and S2O32-/NO3- were confirmed to be two key factors affecting the reactor performance. The optimal total nitrogen removal efficiency of 99.4% was achieved at NH4+/NO3- of 0.75 and S2O32-/NO3- of 0.85. The multiple thiosulfate oxidation pathways contribute to electron buffers generated in the system. A novel isotope labeling method using 15N was applied to reveal N transformation pathways and a 3-step model was proposed. The nitrate was first converted to nitrite or nitric oxide (NO) by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. In the second step, both nitrite and NO were utilized by anammox bacteria. Finally, the nitrate generated from anammox could be removed using sulfur deposits as electron donors. The findings provide a potential solution for mainstream nitrogen removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Shiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Debin Jiang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Li Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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4
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Mercury oxidation coupled to autotrophic denitrifying branched sulfur oxidation and sulfur disproportionation for simultaneous removal of Hg0 and NO. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8489-8504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Wang R, Lin JQ, Liu XM, Pang X, Zhang CJ, Yang CL, Gao XY, Lin CM, Li YQ, Li Y, Lin JQ, Chen LX. Sulfur Oxidation in the Acidophilic Autotrophic Acidithiobacillus spp. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3290. [PMID: 30687275 PMCID: PMC6335251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur oxidation is an essential component of the earth's sulfur cycle. Acidithiobacillus spp. can oxidize various reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) with high efficiency to obtain electrons for their autotrophic growth. Strains in this genus have been widely applied in bioleaching and biological desulfurization. Diverse sulfur-metabolic pathways and corresponding regulatory systems have been discovered in these acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The sulfur-metabolic enzymes in Acidithiobacillus spp. can be categorized as elemental sulfur oxidation enzymes (sulfur dioxygenase, sulfur oxygenase reductase, and Hdr-like complex), enzymes in thiosulfate oxidation pathways (tetrathionate intermediate thiosulfate oxidation (S4I) pathway, the sulfur oxidizing enzyme (Sox) system and thiosulfate dehydrogenase), sulfide oxidation enzymes (sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase) and sulfite oxidation pathways/enzymes. The two-component systems (TCSs) are the typical regulation elements for periplasmic thiosulfate metabolism in these autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Examples are RsrS/RsrR responsible for S4I pathway regulation and TspS/TspR for Sox system regulation. The proposal of sulfur metabolic and regulatory models provide new insights and overall understanding of the sulfur-metabolic processes in Acidithiobacillus spp. The future research directions and existing barriers in the bacterial sulfur metabolism are also emphasized here and the breakthroughs in these areas will accelerate the research on the sulfur oxidation in Acidithiobacillus spp. and other sulfur oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian-Qun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin-Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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6
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Balci N, Brunner B, Turchyn AV. Tetrathionate and Elemental Sulfur Shape the Isotope Composition of Sulfate in Acid Mine Drainage. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1564. [PMID: 28861071 PMCID: PMC5562728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur compounds in intermediate valence states, for example elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and tetrathionate, are important players in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. However, key understanding about the pathways of oxidation involving mixed-valance state sulfur species is still missing. Here we report the sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation effects during the oxidation of tetrathionate (S4O62-) and elemental sulfur (S°) to sulfate in bacterial cultures in acidic conditions. Oxidation of tetrathionate by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans produced thiosulfate, elemental sulfur and sulfate. Up to 34% of the tetrathionate consumed by the bacteria could not be accounted for in sulfate or other intermediate-valence state sulfur species over the experiments. The oxidation of tetrathionate yielded sulfate that was initially enriched in 34S (ε34SSO4-S4O6) by +7.9‰, followed by a decrease to +1.4‰ over the experiment duration, with an average ε34SSO4-S4O6 of +3.5 ± 0.2‰ after a month of incubation. We attribute this significant sulfur isotope fractionation to enzymatic disproportionation reactions occurring during tetrathionate decomposition, and to the incomplete transformation of tetrathionate into sulfate. The oxygen isotope composition of sulfate (δ18OSO4) from the tetrathionate oxidation experiments indicate that 62% of the oxygen in the formed sulfate was derived from water. The remaining 38% of the oxygen was either inherited from the supplied tetrathionate, or supplied from dissolved atmospheric oxygen (O2). During the oxidation of elemental sulfur, the product sulfate became depleted in 34S between -1.8 and 0‰ relative to the elemental sulfur with an average for ε34SSO4-S0 of -0.9 ± 0.2‰ and all the oxygen atoms in the sulfate derived from water with an average normal oxygen isotope fractionation (ε18OSO4-H2O) of -4.4‰. The differences observed in δ18OSO4 and the sulfur isotope composition of sulfate (δ34SSO4), acid production, and mixed valence state sulfur species generated by the oxidation of the two different substrates suggests a metabolic flexibility in response to sulfur substrate availability. Our results demonstrate that microbial processing of mixed-valence-state sulfur species generates a significant sulfur isotope fractionation in acidic environments and oxidation of mixed-valence state sulfur species may produce sulfate with characteristic sulfur and oxygen isotope signatures. Elemental sulfur and tetrathionate are not only intermediate-valence state sulfur compounds that play a central role in sulfur oxidation pathways, but also key factors in shaping these isotope patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul Balci
- Geomicrobiolog-Biogeochemistry Lab, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul, Turkey
| | - Benjamin Brunner
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, United States
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7
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Chen DZ, Sun YM, Han LM, Chen J, Ye JX, Chen JM. A newly isolated Pseudomonas putida S-1 strain for batch-mode-propanethiol degradation and continuous treatment of propanethiol-containing waste gas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:232-240. [PMID: 26476310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida S-1 was isolated from activated sludge. This novel strain was capable of degrading malodorous 1-propanethiol (PT). PT degradation commenced with no lag phase by cells pre-grown in nutrition-rich media, such as Luria-Bertani (LB), and PT-contained mineral medium at specific growth rates of 0.10-0.19 h(-1); this phenomenon indicated the operability of a large-scale cell culture. A possible PT degradation pathway was proposed on the basis of the detected metabolites, including dipropyl disulfide, 3-hexanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanol, 2-hexanol, S(0), SO4(2-), and CO2. P. putida S-1 could degrade mixed pollutants containing PT, diethyl disulfide, isopropyl alcohol, and acetaldehyde, and LB-pre-cultured cells underwent diauxic growth. Waste gas contaminated with 200-400 mg/m(3) PT was continuously treated by P. putida S-1 pre-cultured in LB medium in a completely stirred tank reactor. The removal efficiencies exceeded 88% when PT stream was mixed with 200 mg/m(3) isopropanol; by contrast, the removal efficiencies decreased to 60% as the empty bed residence time was shortened from 40 s to 20 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhi Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Sun
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Li-Mei Han
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316004, China
| | - Jie-Xu Ye
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jian-Meng Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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8
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Electroactive bacteria—molecular mechanisms and genetic tools. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8481-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Eichinger I, Schmitz-Esser S, Schmid M, Fisher CR, Bright M. Symbiont-driven sulfur crystal formation in a thiotrophic symbiosis from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:364-372. [PMID: 24992535 PMCID: PMC4232855 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The siboglinid tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum symbiosis inhabits sulfidic sediments at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. A single symbiont phylotype in the symbiont-housing organ is inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The phylotype we studied here, and a previous study from an arctic hydrocarbon seep population, reveal identical 16S rRNA symbiont gene sequences. While sulfide is apparently the energy source for the symbionts (and ultimately the gutless host), both partners also have to cope with its toxicity. This study demonstrates abundant large sulfur crystals restricted to the trophosome area. Based on Raman microspectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, these crystals have the same S8 sulfur configuration as the recently described small sulfur vesicles formed in the symbionts. The crystals reside adjacent to the symbionts in the trophosome. This suggests that their formation is either extra- or intracellular in symbionts. We propose that formation of these crystals provides both energy-storage compounds for the symbionts and serves the symbiosis by removing excess toxic sulfide from host tissues. This symbiont-mediated sulfide detoxification may have been crucial for the establishment of thiotrophic symbiosis and continues to remain an important function of the symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Eichinger
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schmid
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVeterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles R Fisher
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Schuylkill, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Monika Bright
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Kim DJ, Gahan CS, Akilan C, Choi SY, Kim BG. Microbial desulfurization of three different coals from Indonesia, China and Korea in varying growth medium. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-012-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Valix M, Zamri D, Mineyama H, Cheung WH, Shi J, Bustamante H. Microbiologically Induced Corrosion of Concrete and Protective Coatings in Gravity Sewers. Chin J Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(11)60150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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13
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Norlund KLI, Southam G, Tyliszczak T, Hu Y, Karunakaran C, Obst M, Hitchcock AP, Warren LA. Microbial architecture of environmental sulfur processes: a novel syntrophic sulfur-metabolizing consortia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:8781-8786. [PMID: 19943646 DOI: 10.1021/es803616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial oxidation of sulfur-rich mining waste materials drives acid mine drainage (AMD) and affects the global sulfur biogeochemical cycle. The generation of AMD is a complex, dynamic process that proceeds via multiple reaction pathways. The role of natural consortia of microbes in AMD generation, however, has received very little attention despite their widespread occurrence in mining environments. Through a combination of geochemical experimentation and modeling, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, and fluorescent in situ hybridization, we show a novel interdependent metabolic arrangement of two ubiquitous and abundant AMD bacteria: chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus sp. and heterotrophic Acidiphilium sp. Highly reminiscent of anaerobic methane oxidation (AOM) consortia, these bacteria are spatially segregated within a planktonic macrostructure of extracellular polymeric substance in which they syntrophically couple sulfur oxidation and reduction reactions in a mutually beneficial arrangement that regenerates their respective sulfur substrates. As discussed here, the geochemical impacts of microbial metabolism are linked to the consortial organization and development of the pod structure, which affects cell-cell interactions and interactions with the surrounding geochemical microenvironment. If these pods are widespread in mine waters, echoing the now widespread discovery of AOM consortia, then AMD-driven CO(2) atmospheric fluxes from H(2)SO(4) carbonate weathering could be reduced by as much as 26 TgC/yr. This novel sulfur consortial discovery indicates that organized metabolically linked microbial partnerships are likely widespread and more significant in global elemental cycling than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L I Norlund
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1 Canada
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14
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Varga D, Horváth AK. Simultaneous Evaluation of Different Types of Kinetic Traces of a Complex System: Kinetics and Mechanism of the Tetrathionate−Bromine Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9988-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9026089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Varga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila K. Horváth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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15
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Ghosh W, Dam B. Biochemistry and molecular biology of lithotrophic sulfur oxidation by taxonomically and ecologically diverse bacteria and archaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:999-1043. [PMID: 19645821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithotrophic sulfur oxidation is an ancient metabolic process. Ecologically and taxonomically diverged prokaryotes have differential abilities to utilize different reduced sulfur compounds as lithotrophic substrates. Different phototrophic or chemotrophic species use different enzymes, pathways and mechanisms of electron transport and energy conservation for the oxidation of any given substrate. While the mechanisms of sulfur oxidation in obligately chemolithotrophic bacteria, predominantly belonging to Beta- (e.g. Thiobacillus) and Gammaproteobacteria (e.g. Thiomicrospira), are not well established, the Sox system is the central pathway in the facultative bacteria from Alphaproteobacteria (e.g. Paracoccus). Interestingly, photolithotrophs such as Rhodovulum belonging to Alphaproteobacteria also use the Sox system, whereas those from Chromatiaceae and Chlorobi use a truncated Sox complex alongside reverse-acting sulfate-reducing systems. Certain chemotrophic magnetotactic Alphaproteobacteria allegedly utilize such a combined mechanism. Sulfur-chemolithotrophic metabolism in Archaea, largely restricted to Sulfolobales, is distinct from those in Bacteria. Phylogenetic and biomolecular fossil data suggest that the ubiquity of sox genes could be due to horizontal transfer, and coupled sulfate reduction/sulfide oxidation pathways, originating in planktonic ancestors of Chromatiaceae or Chlorobi, could be ancestral to all sulfur-lithotrophic processes. However, the possibility that chemolithotrophy, originating in deep sea, is the actual ancestral form of sulfur oxidation cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wriddhiman Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
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16
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He H, Zhang CG, Xia JL, Peng AA, Yang Y, Jiang HC, Zheng L, Ma CY, Zhao YD, Nie ZY, Qiu GZ. Investigation of elemental sulfur speciation transformation mediated by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Curr Microbiol 2008; 58:300-7. [PMID: 19085035 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The speciation transformation of elemental sulfur mediated by the leaching bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated using an integrated approach including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Our results showed that when grown on elemental sulfur powder, At. ferrooxidans ATCC23270 cells were first attached to sulfur particles and modified the surface sulfur with some amphiphilic compounds. In addition, part of the elemental sulfur powder might be converted to polysulfides. Furthermore, sulfur globules were accumulated inside the cells. XANES spectra of these cells suggested that these globules consisted of elemental sulfur bound to thiol groups of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education of China, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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17
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Warren LA, Norlund KLI, Bernier L. Microbial thiosulphate reaction arrays: the interactive roles of Fe(III), O2 and microbial strain on disproportionation and oxidation pathways. GEOBIOLOGY 2008; 6:461-470. [PMID: 19076637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally evaluate pH and SO4(2-) dynamics associated with abiotic and microbial S2O3(2-) oxidation under varying [O2], [Fe(III)] and microbial strain/consortia (two pure strains, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, their consortia, and two enrichments from an acidic environmental system, Moose Lake 2002 and Moose Lake 2003). Results of the batch experiments demonstrate highly active microbial processing of S2O3(2-) while abiotic controls under identical experimental conditions remain static with no pH decrease. When abiotic controls were manually titrated with acid to achieve similar pH decreases to those occurring in the microbial treatments, different S pathways were involved. In particular, disproportionation is a substantial component of initial microbial S2O3(2-) processing, and is accelerated by the presence of Fe(III), indicating that recycling of S through intermediate oxidation states is likely to be widespread in acidic mine environments where high [Fe(III)] is common. Furthermore, the microbially mediated S reaction pathways were dependent on both environmental conditions and microbial strain/consortia, indicating that microbial community structure also plays a key role. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of microbial activity, their poor representation by abiotic S models, the likelihood that Fe(III), rather than O2, is a key control on microbial S processing in acid environments and the need to identify the microbial community/strain involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Warren
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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18
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Rzhepishevska OI, Valdés J, Marcinkeviciene L, Gallardo CA, Meskys R, Bonnefoy V, Holmes DS, Dopson M. Regulation of a novel Acidithiobacillus caldus gene cluster involved in metabolism of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7367-72. [PMID: 17873067 PMCID: PMC2168230 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01497-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus caldus has been proposed to play a role in the oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) produced in industrial biomining of sulfidic minerals. Here, we describe the regulation of a new cluster containing the gene encoding tetrathionate hydrolase (tetH), a key enzyme in the RISC metabolism of this bacterium. The cluster contains five cotranscribed genes, ISac1, rsrR, rsrS, tetH, and doxD, coding for a transposase, a two-component response regulator (RsrR and RsrS), tetrathionate hydrolase, and DoxD, respectively. As shown by quantitative PCR, rsrR, tetH, and doxD are upregulated to different degrees in the presence of tetrathionate. Western blot analysis also indicates upregulation of TetH in the presence of tetrathionate, thiosulfate, and pyrite. The tetH cluster is predicted to have two promoters, both of which are functional in Escherichia coli and one of which was mapped by primer extension. A pyrrolo-quinoline quinone binding domain in TetH was predicted by bioinformatic analysis, and the presence of an o-quinone moiety was experimentally verified, suggesting a mechanism for tetrathionate oxidation.
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19
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Boogerd FC, van den Beemd C, Stoelwinder T, Bos P, Kuenen JG. Relative contributions of biological and chemical reactions to the overall rate of pyrite oxidation at temperatures between 30°C and 70°C. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 38:109-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Bugaytsova Z, Lindström EB. Localization, purification and properties of a tetrathionate hydrolase from Acidithiobacillus caldus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:272-80. [PMID: 14717695 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The moderately thermophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus is found in bacterial populations in many bioleaching operations throughout the world. This bacterium oxidizes elemental sulfur and other reduced inorganic sulfur compounds as the sole source of energy. The purpose of this study was to purify and characterize the tetrathionate hydrolase of A. caldus. The enzyme was purified 16.7-fold by one step chromatography using a SP Sepharose column. The purified enzyme resolved into a single band in 10% polyacrylamide gel, both under denaturing and native conditions. Its homogeneity was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Tetrathionate hydrolase was shown to be a homodimer with a molecular mass of 103 kDa (composed from two 52 kDa monomers). The purified enzyme had optimum activity at pH 3.0 and 40 degrees C and an isoelectric point of 9.8. The periplasmic localization of the enzyme was determined by differential fractionation of A. caldus cells. Detected products of the tetrathionate hydrolase reaction were thiosulfate and pentathionate as confirmed by RP-HPLC analysis. The activity of the purified enzyme was drastically enhanced by divalent metal ions.
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21
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Briand L, Bonetto R, Ladaga J, Donati E. Bulk and surface characterization of crystalline and plastic sulphur oxidized by two Thiobacillus species. Process Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(98)00091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Suzuki I. Oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds: Chemical and enzymatic reactions. Can J Microbiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/w98-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds is governed by both chemical and enzymatic reactions. It is therefore essential to understand reactions possible in chemistry when we consider enzymatic reactions. Various oxidation states of sulfur atoms in inorganic sulfur compounds and chemical oxidation reactions as well as nucleophilic cleavage of sulfur-sulfur bonds are discussed. The scheme of enzymatic oxidation of sulfur compounds with S2-→> S0→> SO32-→> SO42-as the main oxidation pathway is discussed with thiosulfate and polythionates leading into the main pathway for complete oxidation to sulfate. Enzymatic reactions are related to chemical reactions and the use of inhibitors for S0→> SO32-and SO32-→> SO42-is discussed for analyzing and establishing reaction stoichiometries. The proposed pathway is supported by a variety of evidence in many different microorganisms including some genetic evidence if the oxidation steps include all the systems irrespective of oxidizing agents (O2, Fe3+, cytochromes etc.).Key words: sulfur, oxidation, chemical, enzymatic, reactions.
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23
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Sources of high cyanide consumption for a biooxidized refractory gold concentrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-4409(99)80034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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24
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Dopson, Lindstrom. Potential role of thiobacillus caldus in arsenopyrite bioleaching. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:36-40. [PMID: 9872756 PMCID: PMC90979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.1.36-40.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1998] [Accepted: 10/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential role of the three strains of Thiobacillus caldus (KU, BC13, and C-SH12) in arsenopyrite leaching in combination with a moderately thermophilic iron oxidizer, Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans. Pure cultures of T. caldus and S. thermosulfidooxidans were used as well as defined mixed cultures. By measuring released iron, tetrathionate, and sulfur concentrations, we found that the presence of T. caldus KU and BC13 in the defined mixed culture lowered the concentration of sulfur, and levels of tetrathionate were comparable to or lower than those in the presence of S. thermosulfidooxidans. This suggests that T. caldus grows on the sulfur compounds that build up during leaching, increasing the arsenopyrite-leaching efficiency. This result was similar to leaching arsenopyrite with a pure culture of S. thermosulfidooxidans in the presence of yeast extract. Therefore, three possible roles of T. caldus in the leaching environment can be hypothesized: to remove the buildup of solid sulfur that can cause an inhibitory layer on the surface of the mineral, to aid heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth by the release of organic chemicals, and to solubilize solid sulfur by the production of surface-active agents. The results showed that T. caldus KU was the most efficient at leaching arsenopyrite under the conditions tested, followed by BC13, and finally C-SH12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dopson
- Department of Microbiology, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden
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25
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Bacterial leaching of metal sulfides proceeds by two indirect mechanisms via thiosulfate or via polysulfides and sulfur. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:319-21. [PMID: 9872800 PMCID: PMC91023 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.1.319-321.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid-insoluble metal sulfides FeS2, MoS2, and WS2 are chemically attacked by iron(III) hexahydrate ions, generating thiosulfate, which is oxidized to sulfuric acid. Other metal sulfides are attacked by iron(III) ions and by protons, resulting in the formation of elemental sulfur via intermediary polysulfides. Sulfur is biooxidized to sulfuric acid. This explains leaching of metal sulfides by Thiobacillus thiooxidans.
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26
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Metabolic activity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on reduced sulfur compounds detected by capillary isotachophoresis. J Biotechnol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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de Jong GAH, Hazeu W, Bos P, Kuenen JG. Polythionate degradation by tetrathionate hydrolase of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Microbiology (Reading) 1997; 143:499-504. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-2-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free extracts of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans grown with thiosulfate as energy source and prepared at high ammonium sulfate concentrations and at low pH are capable of polythionate hydrolysis. The enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of tetrathionate (S4O2-
6) and pentathionate (S4O2-
6) was purified to homogeneity. Enzyme activity during the purification procedure was based on a continuous spectrophotometric method that detects soluble intermediates that absorb in the UV region. The end products of hydrolysis of both polythionates by the pure enzyme were thiosulfate, sulfur and sulfate. The purified enzyme has a pH optimum of around 4 and a temperature optimum of 65 �. The activity is strongly influenced by the presence of sulfate ions. The purified enzyme is a dimer with two identical subunits of molecular mass 52 kDa. During purification of tetrathionate hydrolase, fractions able to hydrolyse trithionate and tetrathionate were separated, indicating that the two substrates are hydrolysed by different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardus A. H. de Jong
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft University of Technology,Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft,The Netherlands
| | - Wim Hazeu
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft University of Technology,Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft,The Netherlands
| | - Piet Bos
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft University of Technology,Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft,The Netherlands
| | - J. Gijs Kuenen
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft University of Technology,Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft,The Netherlands
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28
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De Jong GA, Hazeu W, Bos P, Kuenen JG. Isolation of the tetrathionate hydrolase from Thiobacillus acidophilus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 243:678-83. [PMID: 9057831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme capable of hydrolysing tetrathionate was purified from cell-free extracts of Thiobacillus acidophilus. The purified enzyme converts tetrathionate into thiosulfate, sulfur and sulfate. In addition, pentathionate could also be converted by the same enzyme. Measurement of the enzyme activity during purification is based on the absorbance of the initial intermediates formed from tetrathionate in the ultraviolet region, which have not been identified. Enzyme activity could also be measured by the scattering of insoluble sulfur in the visible region. The purified enzyme has a pH optimum of 2.5 and a temperature optimum of 65 degrees C. Enzyme activity is strongly stimulated by the presence of sulfate ions. The purified enzyme is a dimer with two identical subunits of 48 kDa. The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and denaturation experiments indicate the presence of an organic cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A De Jong
- Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft, The Netherlands
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29
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Hallberg KB, Dopson M, Lindström E. Arsenic toxicity is not due to a direct effect on the oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds byThiobacillus caldus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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30
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Fuseler K, Krekeler D, Sydow U, Cypionka H. A common pathway of sulfide oxidation by sulfate-reducing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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31
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Quantitative measurement of sulphur formation by steady-state and transient-state continuous cultures of autotrophic Thiobacillus species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/s002530050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds was studied by using resting cells of the moderate thermophile Thiobacillus caldus strain KU. The oxygen consumption rate and total oxygen consumed were determined for the reduced sulfur compounds thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfur, sulfide, and sulfite in the absence and in the presence of inhibitors and uncouplers. The uncouplers 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone had no affect on the oxidation of thiosulfate, suggesting that thiosulfate is metabolized periplasmically. In contrast, the uncouplers completely inhibited the oxidation of tetrathionate, sulfide, sulfur, and sulfite, indicating that these compounds are metabolized in the cytoplasm of T. caldus KU. N-Ethylmaleimide inhibited the oxidation of tetrathionate and thiosulfate at the stage of elemental sulfur, while 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide stopped the oxidation of thiosulfate, tetrathionate, and elemental sulfur at the stage of sulfite. The following intermediates in the oxidation of the sulfur compounds were found by using uncouplers and inhibitors: thiosulfate was oxidized to tetrathionate, elemental sulfur was formed during the oxidation of tetrathionate and sulfide, and sulfite was found as an intermediate of tetrathionate and sulfur metabolism. On the basis of these data we propose a model for the metabolism of the reduced inorganic sulfur compounds by T. caldus KU.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Hallberg
- Department of Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
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33
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Fuseler K, Cypionka H. Elemental sulfur as an intermediate of sulfide oxidation with oxygen byDesulfobulbus propionicus. Arch Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02525315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Rojas J, Giersig M, Tributsch H. Sulfur colloids as temporary energy reservoirs for Thiobacillus ferrooxidans during pyrite oxidation. Arch Microbiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00404208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Beffa T, Fischer C, Aragno M. Inhibition of respiratory oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by intact cells ofThiobacillus denitrificans (strain RT) grown on thiosulfate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01952608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Meulenberg R, Scheer EJ, Pronk JT, Hazeu W, Bos P, Gijs Kuenen J. Metabolism of tetrathionate inThiobacillus acidophilus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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37
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Das A, Mishra AK, Roy P. Inhibition of thiosulfate and tetrathionate oxidation by ferrous iron inThiobacillus ferrooxidans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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38
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Growth and respiratory oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by intact cells ofThiobacillus novellus (type strain) grown on thiosulfate. Curr Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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40
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Meulenberg R, Pronk JT, Frank J, Hazeu W, Bos P, Kuenen JG. Purification and partial characterization of a thermostable trithionate hydrolase from the acidophilic sulphur oxidizer Thiobacillus acidophilus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 209:367-74. [PMID: 1396709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free extracts of Thiobacillus acidophilus catalysed the quantitative conversion of trithionate (S3O6(2-) to thiosulphate and sulphate. A continuous assay for quantification of experimental results was based on the difference in absorbance between trithionate and thiosulphate at 220 nm. Trithionate hydrolase was purified to near homogeneity from cell-free extracts of T. acidophilus. The molecular masses of the native enzyme and the subunit were 99 kDa (gel filtration) and 34 kDa (SDS/PAGE). The purified enzyme has a pH optimum of 3.5-4.5 and a temperature optimum of 70 degrees C. Enzyme activity was stimulated by sulphate. The stimulation of the enzyme activity by sulphate was half maximal at a concentration of 0.23 M. The Km for trithionate is 70 microM at 30 degrees C and 270 microM at 70 degrees C. Enzyme activity was lost after 36 days at 0 degrees C, 27 days at 70 degrees C; but after 97 days at 30 degrees C, 40% of the initial activity was still present: The enzyme activity was inhibited by mercury chloride, N-ethylmaleimide, thiosulphate and tetrathionate. Tetrathionate S4O6(2-) was not hydrolysed by trithionate hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meulenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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41
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Meulenberg R, Pronk JT, Hazeu W, Bos P, Kuenen JG. Oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds by intact cells of Thiobacillus acidophilus. Arch Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00245285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Beffa T, Berczy M, Aragno M. Inhibition of respiratory oxidation of elemental sulfur (S0) and thiosulfate inThiobacillus versutusand another sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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43
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Beffa T, Berczy M, Aragno M. Chemolithoautotrophic growth on elemental sulfur (S°) and respiratory oxidation of S° byThiobacillus versutusand another sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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44
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Pronk JT, Meulenberg R, van den Berg DJ, Batenburg-van der Vegte W, Bos P, Kuenen JG. Mixotrophic and Autotrophic Growth of
Thiobacillus acidophilus
on Glucose and Thiosulfate. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:3395-401. [PMID: 16348344 PMCID: PMC184959 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.11.3395-3401.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixotrophic growth of the facultatively autotrophic acidophile
Thiobacillus acidophilus
on mixtures of glucose and thiosulfate or tetrathionate was studied in substrate-limited chemostat cultures. Growth yields in mixotrophic cultures were higher than the sum of the heterotrophic and autotrophic growth yields. Pulse experiments with thiosulfate indicated that tetrathionate is an intermediate during thiosulfate oxidation by cell suspensions of
T. acidophilus
. From mixotrophic growth studies, the energetic value of thiosulfate and tetrathionate redox equivalents was estimated to be 50% of that of redox equivalents derived from glucose oxidation. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activities in cell extracts and rates of sulfur compound oxidation by cell suspensions increased with increasing thiosulfate/glucose ratios in the influent medium of the mixotrophic cultures. Significant RuBPCase and sulfur compound-oxidizing activities were detected in heterotrophically grown
T. acidophilus
. Polyhedral inclusion bodies (carboxysomes) could be observed at low frequencies in thin sections of cells grown in heterotrophic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures. Highest RuBPCase activities and carboxysome abundancy were observed in cells from autotrophic, CO
2
-limited chemostat cultures. The maximum growth rate at which thiosulfate was still completely oxidized was increased when glucose was utilized simultaneously. This, together with the fact that even during heterotrophic growth the organism exhibited significant activities of enzymes involved in autotrophic metabolism, indicates that
T. acidophilus
is well adapted to a mixotrophic lifestyle. In this respect,
T. acidophilus
may have a competitive advantage over autotrophic acidophiles with respect to the sulfur compound oxidation in environments in which organic compounds are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Pronk
- Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Kluyver Laboratory of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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45
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pH-Dependent metabolism of thiosulfate and sulfur globules in the chemolithotrophic marine bacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Pronk J, Meulenberg R, Hazeu W, Bos P, Kuenen J. Oxidation of reduced inorganic sulphur compounds by acidophilic thiobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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