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Iqbal S, Farhanaz, Roohi, Zaheer MR, Shankar K, Hussain MK, Zia Q, Rehman MT, AlAjmi MF, Gupta A. Visible-light promoted catalyst-free (VLCF) multi-component synthesis of spiro indolo-quinazolinone-pyrrolo[3,4-a]pyrrolizine hybrids: evaluation of in vitro anticancer activity, molecular docking, MD simulation and DFT studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3145-3165. [PMID: 37227775 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2214229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new and highly efficient visible-light-promoted catalyst free (VLCF) strategy for neat and clean synthesis of spiro indolo-quinazolinone-pyrrolo[3,4-a]pyrrolizine hybrids (6a-d) has been introduced. We have performed visible-light triggered 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of maleimide (5a-d) with azomethine ylide generated in situ derived from tryptanthrin (3) and L-proline (4) to obtain desired products (6a-d) in good to excellent yield. Authentication and characterization of product was done using various spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectrometry and single crystal XRD analysis. To explain the reaction spontaneity, product stability, reactivity as well as possible mode of the interaction a quantum chemical investigation was performed and depicted through DFT studies. The synthesized compound 6a was also evaluated for anti-proliferative activity against a panel of five cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, PC-3 and Ishikawa) and normal human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line by using MTT assay. Compound 6a showed very good in vitro anti-proliferative activity (IC50 = 6.58-17.98 μM) against four cancer cell lines and no cytotoxicity against normal HEK-293. In order to evaluate the anticancer potential of compounds 6a-d, molecular docking was performed against wild type and mutant EGFR. The results suggest that all the compounds occupied the active site of both enzymes, with a strong binding energy (-10.2 to -11.5 kcal/mol). These results have been confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation by evaluating root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), along with principal component analysis (PCA).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Farhanaz
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Roohi
- Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Rehan Zaheer
- Department of Chemistry, R.M.P.S.P. Girls Post Graduate College, Basti, India
| | - Krapa Shankar
- Sun Pharmaceutical industries Ltd, Sarhaul, Sector 18, Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Qamar Zia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Tabish Rehman
- Department of pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F AlAjmi
- Department of pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Ethyl 5-Oxo-5-(((12-oxoindolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6(12H)-ylidene)amino)oxy)pentanoate. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6,12-dione (tryptanthrin) derivatives present important types of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds which are useful intermediate products in organic synthesis and have potential pharmaceutical applications. The new ethyl 5-oxo-5-(((12-oxoindolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-6(12H)-ylidene)amino)oxy)pentanoate (Compound 2) was synthesized. Compound 2 is the first example of a tryptanthrin derivative containing a dicarboxylic acid residue in the side chain. The Z,E-isomerism of Compound 2 was investigated by DFT calculations. Bioavailability was evaluated in silico using ADME predictions. According to the ADME results, Compound 2 is potentially highly bioavailable and has the prospective to be used as the main component for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Pineiro M, Brandão P, Burke AJ. Tryptanthrin and Its Derivatives in Drug Discovery: Synthetic Insights. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTryptanthrin is a golden-yellow, naturally occurring alkaloid that can be obtained from multiple sources and through different synthetic methodologies. This tetracyclic compound displays several relevant biological activities. The potential of this tetracyclic alkaloid has been widely explored, and several researchers have focused their attention on expanding the variety of tryptanthrin derivatives by using a range of synthetic strategies. In this short review, we aim to address recent developments in the synthesis of the tryptanthrin core, as well as the development of new strategies employed by synthetic organic chemists to obtain novel tryptanthrin derivatives with potential biological activity, using different tools from the chemists’ toolbox, such as photocatalysis, solvent-free approaches, and multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Brandão
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Évora
| | - Anthony J. Burke
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Évora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Évora
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Teja C, Ramanathan K, Naresh K, Vidya R, Gomathi K, Nawaz FR. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Tryptanthrin Alkaloids as Potential anti-Diabetic and Anticancer Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2021257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chitrala Teja
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Karuppasamy Ramanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Kondapalli Naresh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
| | - R. Vidya
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - K. Gomathi
- Dr. MGR Educational Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Fazlur Rahman Nawaz
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Saha M, Das AR. Nanocrystalline ZnO: A Competent and Reusable Catalyst for the Preparation of Pharmacology Relevant Heterocycles in the Aqueous Medium. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346107666200218122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
:Nanoparticle catalyzed synthesis is a green and convenient method to achieve most of the chemical transformations in water or other green solvents. Nanoparticle ensures an easy isolation process of catalyst as well as products from the reaction mixture avoiding the hectic work up procedure. Zinc oxide is a biocompatible, environmentally benign and economically viable nanocatalyst with effectivity comparable to the other metal nanocatalyst employed in several reaction strategies. This review mainly focuses on the recent applications of zinc oxide in the synthesis of biologically important heterocyclic molecules under sustainable reaction conditions.:Application of zinc oxide in organic synthesis: Considering the achievable advantages of this nanocatalyst, presently several research groups are paying attention in anchoring zincoxide or its modified structure in several types of organic conversions e.g. multicomponent reactions, ligand-free coupling reactions, cycloaddition reaction, etc. The advantages and limitations of this nanocatalyst are also demonstrated. The present study aims to highlight the recent multifaceted applications of ZnO towards the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic motifs. Being a promising biocompatible nanoparticle, this catalyst has an important contribution in the fields of synthetic chemistry and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Asish R. Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700009, India
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Application of natural products derivatization method in the design of targeted anticancer agents from 2000 to 2018. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Garcellano RC, Moinuddin SGA, Young RP, Zhou M, Bowden ME, Renslow RS, Yesiltepe Y, Thomas DG, Colby SM, Chouinard CD, Nagy G, Attah IK, Ibrahim YM, Ma R, Franzblau SG, Lewis NG, Aguinaldo AM, Cort JR. Isolation of Tryptanthrin and Reassessment of Evidence for Its Isobaric Isostere Wrightiadione in Plants of the Wrightia Genus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:440-448. [PMID: 30295480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of Wrightia hanleyi extracts was screened for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. One active fraction contained a compound that initially appeared to be either the isoflavonoid wrightiadione or the alkaloid tryptanthrin, both of which have been previously reported in other Wrightia species. Characterization by NMR and MS, as well as evaluation of the literature describing these compounds, led to the conclusion that wrightiadione (1) was misidentified in the first report of its isolation from W. tomentosa in 1992 and again in 2015 when reported in W. pubescens and W. religiosa. Instead, the molecule described in these reports and in the present work is almost certainly the isobaric (same nominal mass) and isosteric (same number of atoms, valency, and shape) tryptanthrin (2), a well-known quinazolinone alkaloid found in a variety of plants including Wrightia species. Tryptanthrin (2) is also accessible synthetically via several routes and has been thoroughly characterized. Wrightiadione (1) has been synthesized and characterized and may have useful biological activity; however, this compound can no longer be said to be known to exist in Nature. To our knowledge, this misidentification of wrightiadione (1) has heretofore been unrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea C Garcellano
- Graduate School , University of Santo Tomas , Manila 1015 , Philippines
- Palawan State University , Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City 5300 , Palawan , Philippines
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164-6340 , United States
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164-6340 , United States
| | - Robert P Young
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Ryan S Renslow
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Yasemin Yesiltepe
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Sean M Colby
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Christopher D Chouinard
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Isaac K Attah
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164-6340 , United States
| | - Alicia M Aguinaldo
- Graduate School , University of Santo Tomas , Manila 1015 , Philippines
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences , University of Santo Tomas , Manila 1015 , Philippines
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164-6340 , United States
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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Pedras MSC, Abdoli A, To QH, Thapa C. Ecological Roles of Tryptanthrin, Indirubin andN‐Formylanthranilic Acid inIsatis indigotica: Phytoalexins or Phytoanticipins? Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800579. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Soledade C. Pedras
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Abbas Abdoli
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Q. Huy To
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Chintamani Thapa
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Saskatchewan 110 Science Place Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9 Canada
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Kogawa C, Fujiwara A, Sekiguchi R, Shoji T, Kawakami J, Okazaki M, Ito S. Synthesis and photophysical properties of azuleno[1′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-6,14-diones: Azulene analogs of tryptanthrin. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Agafonova IG, Moskovkina TV. Low-dose action of tryptanthrin and its derivatives against developing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:502. [PMID: 30088156 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nine tryptanthrin derivatives, including tryptanthrin itself, were synthesized using different methods, including oxidation of the corresponding isatins to obtain 1-4, the reaction of tryptanthrin 1 with hydrazine and its derivatives to obtain 5-7, and aldol condensation of 1 with acetone and methylethylketone to obtain 8 and 9. The action of 1-9 in doses corresponding to the IC50 against developing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and in the sperm test allowed us to estimate to potency of all the compounds and to determine which were cytotoxic. In addition, these studies showed that compounds 3, 4, 8, and 9 had a stimulatory effect at lower doses. In particular, the tryptanthrin derivatives stimulated the larval stages of development in surviving embryos at concentrations lower than the IC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Agafonova
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690022.
| | - Taisiya V Moskovkina
- Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova St. 8, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690091
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Kaur R, Manjal SK, Rawal RK, Kumar K. Recent synthetic and medicinal perspectives of tryptanthrin. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4533-4552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang X, Xia J, Zhang W, Luo Y, Sun W, Zhou W. Study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of single dose oral tryptanthrin in Kunming mice by validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Integr Med Res 2017; 6:269-279. [PMID: 28951841 PMCID: PMC5605383 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tryptanthrin is a major active constituent of several Chinese herbal plants, such as Isatidis radix. Tryptanthrin had been demonstrated to have several beneficial pharmacological effects in vitro for human diseases, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antibacteria activities. In contrast to the extensive in vitro investigations, the in vivo disposition process of tryptanthrin was explored limitedly. Methods In this study, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of tryptanthrin in Kunming mice following a single oral dose of 80 mg/kg tryptanthrin were investigated for the first time. Mouse plasma, liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney and brain were collected and analyzed using a validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (RP-HPLC–UV) method after biological sample preparation by a simple liquid–liquid extraction. Results The chromatographic analysis was performed on a Diamonsil C18 column (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) and ultraviolet detection was set at a wavelength of 251 nm. The analysis was achieved with a mobile phase of methanol (A) and water (B) (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was linear over the concentration range of 4.0–400.0 μg/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 0.10–0.30 μg/mL. Inter- and intraday precisions (relative standard deviations %) were all within 2.93%. Recoveries of tryptanthrin were more than 86.44%. Maximal tryptanthrin concentrations in plasma and tissues of mice were reached within 2.5 hours. The actual highest concentration (Cmax) in mouse plasma was 3.13 μg/mL, the area under the curve (AUC0–t) was 9.38 h μg/mL, and the terminal half-life was 2.27 hours. The volume of distribution was 343.89 mL, the clearance rate was 204.58 mL/h, and the PK of tryptanthrin in mice after oral administration was fit to 2 compartment 1 st Order. After oral dosing of tryptanthrin to Kunming mice, the analyte was well distributed to the plasma and main tissues. Cmax was found in the liver with a mean value of 3.54 μg/g, followed by that in the kidney, lung, spleen, heart, and brain. Conclusion In this study, a validated RP-HPLC–UV method was developed and successfully applied to PK and tissue distribution of oral tryptanthrin in mice. We confirmed that tryptanthrin was closely related and targeted to plasma, liver, kidney, and lung. These results indicate that tryptanthrin will have a good clinical application in the liver, kidney, or lung. The clinical use of tryptanthrin should focus on its pharmacodynamics and safety study in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yao Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Gui’an New District, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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Deryabin PI, Moskovkina TV, Shevchenko LS, Kalinovskii AI. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of tryptanthrin adducts with ketones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017030174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kingi N, Bergman J. Thionation of Tryptanthrin, Rutaecarpine, and Related Molecules with a Reagent Prepared from P4S10 and Pyridine. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7711-6. [PMID: 27525546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of P4S10 in hot pyridine produces a crystalline solid which can be collected and used for thionations in other solvents such as acetonitrile and sulfolane. The biologically active natural products tryptanthrine, rutaecarpine, 7,8-dehydrorutaecarpine, and some related compounds have now been converted to thionated versions simply by heating the molecules with this thionating reagent in sulfolane (typically at 135 °C for 20 min) followed by a workup in water. No chromatography was necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngarita Kingi
- Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institute, Novum , SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.,Vironova Medical , SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institute, Novum , SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.,Vironova Medical , SE-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden
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Quercetin and Tryptanthrin: Two Broad Spectrum Anticancer Agents for Future Chemotherapeutic Interventions. Enzymes 2015; 37:43-72. [PMID: 26298455 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The idea and practice of developing or identifying compounds capable of eliminating the transformed cells or cancer cells without being nontoxic to their normal counterparts deserves much importance. Since ages, plants have been considered and proven to be repertoires of chemicals possessing immense therapeutic potential. A proportion of these plant-derived compounds or phytochemicals were shown to be highly competent anticancer agents besides being effective against many other diseases. Representative compounds of different classes of phytochemicals are in clinical use against cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the anticancer potential of two compounds: quercetin, a flavonoid and tryptanthrin, an indoloquinazoline alkaloid, and the mechanisms behind their cytotoxic effects on cancers of different origin. The chapter also gives a brief mention of their properties that make them effective against cancer.
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Jun KY, Park SE, Liang JL, Jahng Y, Kwon Y. Benzo[b]tryptanthrin Inhibits MDR1, Topoisomerase Activity, and Reverses Adriamycin Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:827-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ishikura M, Itoh T, Abe T, Nakamura S. Cu-Mediated Oxidative Dimerization of Skatole to Tryptanthrin, an Indolo[2,1-b]quinazolone Alkaloid. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abe T, Itoh T, Choshi T, Hibino S, Ishikura M. One-pot synthesis of tryptanthrin by the Dakin oxidation of indole-3-carbaldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Terryn RJ, German HW, Kummerer TM, Sinden RR, Baum JC, Novak MJ. Novel computational study onπ-stacking to understand mechanistic interactions of Tryptanthrin analogues with DNA. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 24:73-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2013.859194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Synthesis and properties of 6,6-di(indol-3-yl)-indolo[2,1-b]quinazolin-12(6H)-one and its 2,8-dimethyl and 2,8-dibromo derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Jahng Y. Progress in the studies on tryptanthrin, an alkaloid of history. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:517-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hwang JM, Oh T, Kaneko T, Upton AM, Franzblau SG, Ma Z, Cho SN, Kim P. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of tryptanthrins as antitubercular agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:354-67. [PMID: 23360475 DOI: 10.1021/np3007167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural product tryptanthrin (1a) represents a potential lead for new tuberculosis (TB) drugs since tryptanthrin and its synthetic analogues possess potent in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, in spite of their in vitro activity, none of these agents have been shown to be efficacious in vivo against animal models of TB. Described herein are syntheses of new tryptanthrin analogues together with a systematic investigation of their in vitro antitubercular activity and ADME properties followed by pharmacokinetic characterization in rodents for the most promising compounds. Those with the best potency and oral bioavailability were progressed to evaluations of efficacy against acute murine TB. The work aimed to prove the concept that this compound class can limit growth of Mtb during infection as well as to establish the SAR for in vitro activity against Mtb and the range of in vitro ADME parameters for this class of natural products. Novel C-11-deoxy (5b) and A-ring-saturated (6) tryptanthrin analogues were discovered that maintained activity against Mtb and showed improved solubility compared to tryptanthrin as well as evidence of oral bioavailability in rodents. However, neither 5b nor 6 demonstrated efficacy against acute murine TB following administration at doses up to 400 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. Although 5b and 6 failed to inhibit replication or kill Mtb in vivo, they illuminate a path to new structural variations of the tryptanthrin scaffold that may maximize the potential of this class of compounds against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Hwang
- Cancer and Infectious Diseases Therapeutics Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
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Synthesis of benzo-annulated tryptanthrins and their biological properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4962-7. [PMID: 22819942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzo-annulated derivatives of tryptanthrin were prepared and their optical and redox properties were studied. Tryptanthrin and its benzo-annulated derivatives showed selective inhibitory activity on topo I with an increase of activity on topo II by benzo-annulation on quinazolin-4(3H)-one moiety. Although the benzo-annulation on quinazolin-4(3H)-one ring did not affect significantly on the inhibitory activities against topo I and II, the benzoannulation on indolin-3-one ring affected the inhibitory activity very much especially by linear annulation. Cytotoxicities were not significantly changed upon benzoannulation, which were not directly related either to the inhibitory activities against topo I and II or to the reduction potentials.
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Pergola C, Jazzar B, Rossi A, Northoff H, Hamburger M, Sautebin L, Werz O. On the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase product formation by tryptanthrin: mechanistic studies and efficacy in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:765-76. [PMID: 21797843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Leukotrienes (LTs) are pro-inflammatory mediators produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Currently available 5-LO inhibitors either lack efficacy or are toxic and novel approaches are required to establish a successful anti-LT therapy. Here we provide a detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of the plant-derived alkaloid tryptanthrin as an inhibitor of LT biosynthesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed LT formation and performed mechanistic studies in human neutrophils stimulated with pathophysiologically relevant stimuli (LPS and formyl peptide), as well as in cell-free assays (neutrophil homogenates or recombinant human 5-LO) and in human whole blood. The in vivo effectiveness of tryptanthrin was evaluated in the rat model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. KEY RESULTS Tryptanthrin potently reduced LT-formation in human neutrophils (IC(50) = 0.6µM). However, tryptanthrin is not a redox-active compound and did not directly interfere with 5-LO activity in cell-free assays. Similarly, tryptanthrin did not inhibit the release of arachidonic acid, the activation of MAPKs, or the increase in [Ca(2+) ](i) , but it modified the subcellular localization of 5-LO. Moreover, tryptanthrin potently suppressed LT formation in human whole blood (IC(50) = 10µM) and reduced LTB(4) levels in the rat pleurisy model after a single oral dose of 10mg·kg(-1) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data reveal that tryptanthrin is a potent natural inhibitor of cellular LT biosynthesis with proven efficacy in whole blood and is effective in vivo after oral administration. Its unique pharmacological profile supports further analysis to exploit its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pergola
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Bandekar PP, Roopnarine KA, Parekh VJ, Mitchell TR, Novak MJ, Sinden RR. Antimicrobial Activity of Tryptanthrins in Escherichia coli. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3558-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901847f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jahng KC, Kim SI, Kim DH, Seo CS, Son JK, Lee SH, Lee ES, Jahng Y. One-Pot Synthesis of Simple Alkaloids: 2,3-Polymethylene-4(3 H)-quinazolinones, Luotonin A, Tryptanthrin, and Rutaecarpine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:607-9. [PMID: 18379119 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Frederich M, Tits M, Angenot L. Potential antimalarial activity of indole alkaloids. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Kishi A, Sakurama T, Matsuda H. Chemical Constituents of Two Oriental Orchids, Calanthe discolor and C. liukiuensis: Precursor Indole Glycoside of Tryptanthrin and Indirubin. HETEROCYCLES 2001. [DOI: 10.3987/com-00-s(i)96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schrenk D, Riebniger D, Till M, Vetter S, Fiedler HP. Tryptanthrins: a novel class of agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:165-71. [PMID: 9296363 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related environmental pollutants exert most of their adverse effects such as immunosuppression, induction of endocrine dysfunction, tumor promotion, and teratogenicity via the aryl hydrocarbon or dioxin receptor. While most potent agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor are of synthetic origin, an increasing number of natural compounds are now recognized as receptor agonists. Our findings demonstrated that some tryptanthrin derivatives biosynthesized in incubations of Candida lipolytica with tryptophan and anthranilic acid or its derivatives were agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The biosynthetic products 8-methyltryptanthrin, 8-chlorotryptanthrin, and 8-bromotryptanthrin induced cytochrome P4501A1 mRNA and protein in rat hepatocytes in primary culture, characteristic features of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. Log-probit analysis of the catalytic activity of cytochrome P4501A1, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), revealed EC50 induction values of 1.7, 0.25, and 0.17 microM for 8-methyltryptanthrin, 8-chlorotryptanthrin, and 8-bromotryptanthrin, respectively. Interestingly, the nonsubstituted tryptanthrin molecule, biosynthesized from the common physiological precursors tryptophan and anthranilic acid, was also active as an inducer. The specificity of the inducing effect of tryptanthrins was demonstrated in gel retardation experiments in Hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells, showing the characteristic interaction of the activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor with an oligonucleotide containing a xenobiotic-responsive element. It is suggested that the receptor may be part of a defense system protecting higher organisms from secondary metabolites formed by the microflora of the host or its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schrenk
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Chapter 2 Quinazoline Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Johne S. The quinazoline alkaloids. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1984; 46:159-229. [PMID: 6396180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8759-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ryley JF, Wilson RG, Gravestock MB, Poyser JP. Experimental approaches to antifungal chemotherapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1981; 18:49-176. [PMID: 7034505 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bode R, Birnbaum D. Vorkommen und Verteilung multipler Formen der Formamidase bei verschiedenen Hefen. J Basic Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630190310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bode R, Birnbaum D. Die Formamidase von Hansenula henricii: Isolierung, Charakterisierung und Regulation multipler Formen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chaskes S, Tyndall RL. Pigmentation and autofluorescence of Cryptococcus species after growth on tryptophan and anthranilic acid media. Mycopathologia 1978; 64:105-12. [PMID: 366422 DOI: 10.1007/bf00440970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans produced a pink pigment from media containing tryptophan. Approximately 30% of the C. neoformans strains produced large amounts of the pink (purple after 6 days) pigment in the absence of light whereas 70% of the Cryptococcus neoformans strains, as well as C. laurentii, C. albidus, C. diffluens, and C. albicans also produced the pink pigment with light being required for significant early production (2--6 days). Significant production did occur for Cryptococcus but not Candida species in the dark after extended incubation (10--25 days). C. terreus produced brown pigments from tryptophan and C. luteolus produced a trace of a buff pigment. Most Candida species produced either pink or brown pigments but not both. In contrast, many Cryptococcus species producing the pink pigment simultaneously produced brown pigments. C. terreus, C. albidus, and C. diffluens produced brown pigments from anthranilic acid whereas C. neoformans, C. laurentii, C. luteolus, and the medically important Candida species did not produce significant amounts of pigments from anthranilic acid. Cryptococcus and Candida species were autofluorescent when tryptophan was a major nitrogen source whereas yeast cell autofluorescence was not observed when anthranilic acid.
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Fiedler E, Fiedler HP, Gerhard A, Keller-Schierlein W, König WA, Zähner H. [Metabolic products of microorganisms. 156. Synthesis and biosynthesis of substituted tryptanthrins (author's transl)]. Arch Microbiol 1976; 107:249-56. [PMID: 818968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida lipolytica synthesizes the antibiotic tryptanthrin from 1 mole tryptophan and 1 mole anthranilic acid. When feeding tryptophan and substituted anthranilic acids, or substituted tryptophans and anthranilic acid, we could isolate and identify the expected derivatives of tryptanthrin. The enzymes of the biosynthesis of tryptanthrin, with the exception of bromotryptophan, had no specifity for these substrates. In addition to these experiments substituted tryptanthrines were chemically synthesized. We checked them for antibiotic action; the halogen compounds turned out to be especially effective.
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