1
|
Apelt K, White SM, Kim HS, Yeo JE, Kragten A, Wondergem AP, Rooimans MA, González-Prieto R, Wiegant WW, Lunke S, Flanagan D, Pantaleo S, Quinlan C, Hardikar W, van Attikum H, Vertegaal AC, Wilson BT, Wolthuis RM, Schärer OD, Luijsterburg MS. ERCC1 mutations impede DNA damage repair and cause liver and kidney dysfunction in patients. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200622. [PMID: 33315086 PMCID: PMC7927433 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a multifunctional endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Only two patients with bi-allelic ERCC1 mutations have been reported, both of whom had features of Cockayne syndrome and died in infancy. Here, we describe two siblings with bi-allelic ERCC1 mutations in their teenage years. Genomic sequencing identified a deletion and a missense variant (R156W) within ERCC1 that disrupts a salt bridge below the XPA-binding pocket. Patient-derived fibroblasts and knock-in epithelial cells carrying the R156W substitution show dramatically reduced protein levels of ERCC1 and XPF. Moreover, mutant ERCC1 weakly interacts with NER and ICL repair proteins, resulting in diminished recruitment to DNA damage. Consequently, patient cells show strongly reduced NER activity and increased chromosome breakage induced by DNA cross-linkers, while DSB repair was relatively normal. We report a new case of ERCC1 deficiency that severely affects NER and considerably impacts ICL repair, which together result in a unique phenotype combining short stature, photosensitivity, and progressive liver and kidney dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan M. White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yeo
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Kragten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Martin A. Rooimans
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Román González-Prieto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Wiegant
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel Flanagan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sarah Pantaleo
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catherine Quinlan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Kidney Regeneration, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alfred C.O. Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Brian T. Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rob M.F. Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Orlando D. Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vasquez KM. Targeting and processing of site-specific DNA interstrand crosslinks. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:527-39. [PMID: 20196133 PMCID: PMC2895014 DOI: 10.1002/em.20557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are among the most cytotoxic types of DNA damage, and thus ICL-inducing agents such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, cisplatin, psoralen, and mitomycin C have been used clinically as anticancer drugs for decades. ICLs can also be formed endogenously as a consequence of cellular metabolic processes. ICL-inducing agents continue to be among the most effective chemotherapeutic treatments for many cancers; however, treatment with these agents can lead to secondary malignancies, in part due to mutagenic processing of the DNA lesions. The mechanisms of ICL repair have been characterized more thoroughly in bacteria and yeast than in mammalian cells. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ICL processing offers the potential to improve the efficacy of these drugs in cancer therapy. In mammalian cells, it is thought that ICLs are repaired by the coordination of proteins from several pathways, including nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), translesion synthesis (TLS), and proteins involved in Fanconi anemia (FA). In this review, we focus on the potential functions of NER, MMR, and HR proteins in the repair of and response to ICLs in human cells and in mice. We will also discuss a unique approach, using psoralen covalently linked to triplex-forming oligonucleotides to direct ICLs to specific sites in the mammalian genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Vasquez
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muniandy PA, Liu J, Majumdar A, Liu ST, Seidman MM. DNA interstrand crosslink repair in mammalian cells: step by step. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:23-49. [PMID: 20039786 PMCID: PMC2824768 DOI: 10.3109/10409230903501819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs) are formed by natural products of metabolism and by chemotherapeutic reagents. Work in E. coli identified a two cycle repair scheme involving incisions on one strand on either side of the ICL (unhooking) producing a gapped intermediate with the incised oligonucleotide attached to the intact strand. The gap is filled by recombinational repair or lesion bypass synthesis. The remaining monoadduct is then removed by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Despite considerable effort, our understanding of each step in mammalian cells is still quite limited. In part this reflects the variety of crosslinking compounds, each with distinct structural features, used by different investigators. Also, multiple repair pathways are involved, variably operative during the cell cycle. G(1) phase repair requires functions from NER, although the mechanism of recognition has not been determined. Repair can be initiated by encounters with the transcriptional apparatus, or a replication fork. In the case of the latter, the reconstruction of a replication fork, stalled or broken by collision with an ICL, adds to the complexity of the repair process. The enzymology of unhooking, the identity of the lesion bypass polymerases required to fill the first repair gap, and the functions involved in the second repair cycle are all subjects of active inquiry. Here we will review current understanding of each step in ICL repair in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parameswary A Muniandy
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thompson LH, Hinz JM. Cellular and molecular consequences of defective Fanconi anemia proteins in replication-coupled DNA repair: mechanistic insights. Mutat Res 2009; 668:54-72. [PMID: 19622404 PMCID: PMC2714807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) molecular network consists of 15 "FANC" proteins, of which 13 are associated with mutations in patients with this cancer-prone chromosome instability disorder. Whereas historically the common phenotype associated with FA mutations is marked sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents, the literature supports a more global role for FANC proteins in coping with diverse stresses encountered by replicative polymerases. We have attempted to reconcile and integrate numerous observations into a model in which FANC proteins coordinate the following physiological events during DNA crosslink repair: (a) activating a FANCM-ATR-dependent S-phase checkpoint, (b) mediating enzymatic replication-fork breakage and crosslink unhooking, (c) filling the resulting gap by translesion synthesis (TLS) by error-prone polymerase(s), and (d) restoring the resulting one-ended double-strand break by homologous recombination repair (HRR). The FANC core subcomplex (FANCA, B, C, E, F, G, L, FAAP100) promotes TLS for both crosslink and non-crosslink damage such as spontaneous oxidative base damage, UV-C photoproducts, and alkylated bases. TLS likely helps prevent stalled replication forks from breaking, thereby maintaining chromosome continuity. Diverse DNA damages and replication inhibitors result in monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI complex by the FANCL ubiquitin ligase activity of the core subcomplex upon its recruitment to chromatin by the FANCM-FAAP24 heterodimeric translocase. We speculate that this translocase activity acts as the primary damage sensor and helps remodel blocked replication forks to facilitate checkpoint activation and repair. Monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is needed for promoting HRR, in which the FANCD1/BRCA2 and FANCN/PALB2 proteins act at an early step. We conclude that the core subcomplex is required for both TLS and HRR occurring separately for non-crosslink damages and for both events during crosslink repair. The FANCJ/BRIP1/BACH1 helicase functions in association with BRCA1 and may remove structural barriers to replication, such as guanine quadruplex structures, and/or assist in crosslink unhooking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Thompson
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, L452, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsutsui TW, Inaba T, Fisher LW, Robey PG, Tsutsui T. In vitro chromosome aberration tests using human dental pulp cells to detect the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents. Odontology 2006; 94:44-50. [PMID: 16998617 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-006-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To examine if human dental pulp cells are useful for assessing the carcinogenic potential of chemical agents, we cultured human dental pulp cells from adults and studied the ability of chemical agents known to be carcinogenic to induce chromosome aberrations in these cells. We confirmed that human dental pulp cells in primary or secondary cultures had the capability of accumulating calcium in vitro as detected by Alizarin red staining and generating dentin-like tissue in immunocompromised mice. These phenotypes were maintained even in cells at seven passages. Next, we examined if chromosome aberrations were induced by exposure of human dental pulp cells (designated here as D824 cells) at seven to nine passages to chemical agents with carcinogenic activity. Statistically significant increases in the frequencies of chromosome aberrations were induced in D824 cells treated with a direct-acting carcinogen, mitomycin C, for 3 h. Chromosome aberrations were also induced at statistically significant levels in D824 cells treated with an indirect-acting carcinogen, cyclophosphamide, for 2 h in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation with rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant. Cyclophosphamide failed to induce chromosome aberrations in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Although the reliability of chromosome aberration tests using human dental pulp cells remains to be validated by studying the ability of various other chemical agents with or without carcinogenic activity to induce chromosome aberrations, this chromosome aberration test system may be useful for carcinogenic risk assessment in the target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeo W Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tebbs RS, Hinz JM, Yamada NA, Wilson JB, Salazar EP, Thomas CB, Jones IM, Jones NJ, Thompson LH. New insights into the Fanconi anemia pathway from an isogenic FancG hamster CHO mutant. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4:11-22. [PMID: 15533833 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins overlap with those of homologous recombination through FANCD1/BRCA2, but the biochemical functions of other FA proteins are largely unknown. By constructing and characterizing a null fancg mutant (KO40) of hamster CHO cells, we show that FancG protects cells against a broad spectrum of genotoxic agents. KO40 is consistently hypersensitive to both alkylating agents that produce monoadducts and those that produce interstrand crosslinks. KO40 cells were no more sensitive to mitomycin C (3x) and diepoxybutane (2x) than to 6-thioguanine (5x), ethylnitrosourea (3x), or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) (3x). These results contrast with the pattern of selective sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents seen historically with cell lines from FA patients. The hypersensitivity of KO40 to MMS was not associated with a higher level of initial DNA single-strand breaks; nor was there a defect in removing MNU-induced methyl groups from DNA. Both control and MMS-treated synchronized G1-phase KO40 cells progressed through S phase at a normal rate but showed a lengthening of G2 phase compared with wild type. MMS-treated and untreated early S-phase KO40 cells had increased levels of Rad51 foci compared with wild type. Asynchronous KO40 treated with ionizing radiation (IR) exhibited a normal Rad51 focus response, consistent with KO40 having only slight sensitivity to killing by IR. The plating efficiency and doubling time of KO40 cells were nearly normal, and they showed no increase in spontaneous chromosomal aberrations or sister chromatid exchanges. Collectively, our results do not support a role for FancG during DNA replication that deals specifically with processing DNA crosslinks. Nor do they suggest that the main function of the FA protein "pathway" is to promote efficient homologous recombination. We propose that the primary function of FA proteins is to maintain chromosomal continuity by stabilizing replication forks that encounter nicks, gaps, or replication-blocking lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Tebbs
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thompson LH, Hinz JM, Yamada NA, Jones NJ. How Fanconi anemia proteins promote the four Rs: replication, recombination, repair, and recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 45:128-142. [PMID: 15668941 DOI: 10.1002/em.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The genetically complex disease Fanconi anemia (FA) comprises cancer predisposition, developmental defects, and bone marrow failure due to elevated apoptosis. The FA cellular phenotype includes universal sensitivity to DNA crosslinking damage, symptoms of oxidative stress, and reduced mutability at the X-linked HPRT gene. In this review article, we present a new heuristic molecular model that accommodates these varied features of FA cells. In our view, the FANCA, -C, and -G proteins, which are both cytoplasmic and nuclear, have an integrated dual role in which they sense and convey information about cytoplasmic oxidative stress to the nucleus, where they participate in the further assembly and functionality of the nuclear core complex (NCCFA= FANCA/B/C/E/F/G/L). In turn, NCCFA facilitates DNA replication at sites of base damage and strand breaks by performing the critical monoubiquitination of FANCD2, an event that somehow helps stabilize blocked and broken replication forks. This stabilization facilitates two kinds of processes: translesion synthesis at sites of blocking lesions (e.g., oxidative base damage), which produces point mutations by error-prone polymerases, and homologous recombination-mediated restart of broken forks, which arise spontaneously and when crosslinks are unhooked by the ERCC1-XPF endonuclease. In the absence of the critical FANCD2 monoubiquitination step, broken replication forks further lose chromatid continuity by collapsing into a configuration that is more difficult to restart through recombination and prone to aberrant repair through nonhomologous end joining. Thus, the FA regulatory pathway promotes chromosome integrity by monitoring oxidative stress and coping efficiently with the accompanying oxidative DNA damage during DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Thompson
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tipping AJ, Mathew CG. Erythropoiesis: Current Clinical Practice: Advances in the Genetics and Biology of Fanconi Anaemia. HEMATOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 5:1-13. [PMID: 11399597 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2000.11746483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive disorder Fanconi anaemia (FA) has been the subject of intense study for over a decade. The genes mutated in FA patients are being cloned, but so far, the sequences of these genes have not given any clear indication of their function. Various models for the function of the FA proteins have been postulated to explain the spontaneous chromosomal abnormalities and clastogen sensitivity described in FA cells. This review summarises the critical experimental evidence for and against these models, and attempts to give some indication of the possible mechanisms by which mutations in FA genes cause patients to suffer pancytopaenia and acute myeloid leukaemia, as well as an increased risk of other malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Tipping
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, GKT School of Medicine, King's College London
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sala-Trepat M, Rouillard D, Escarceller M, Laquerbe A, Moustacchi E, Papadopoulo D. Arrest of S-phase progression is impaired in Fanconi anemia cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 260:208-15. [PMID: 11035915 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited cancer-susceptibility disorder, characterized by genomic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, and a prolonged G2 phase of the cell cycle. We observed a marked dose-dependent accumulation of FA cells in the G2 compartment after treatment with 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (Me(3)Pso) in combination with 365 nm irradiation. Using bivariate DNA distribution methodology, we determined the proportion of replicating and arresting S-phase cells and observed that, whereas normal cells arrested DNA replication in the presence of Me(3)Pso cross-links and monoadducts, FA lymphoblasts failed to arrest DNA synthesis. Taken together, the above data suggest that, in response to damage induced by DNA cross-linking agents, the S-phase checkpoint is inefficient in FA cells. This would lead to accumulation of secondary lesions, such as single- and double-strand breaks and gaps. The prolonged time in G2 phase seen in FA cells therefore exists in order to allow the cells to remove lesions which accumulated during the preceding abnormal S phase.
Collapse
|
10
|
Clarke AA, Marsh JC, Gordon-Smith EC, Rutherford TR. Molecular genetics and Fanconi anaemia: new insights into old problems. Br J Haematol 1998; 103:287-96. [PMID: 9827894 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Clarke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the genomic structure of the KIAA0086 gene and the 5'-flanking sequence. The analysis is based on the alignment of the KIAA0086 cDNA and a corresponding genomic BAC sequence which was identified in a basic BLAST similarity search using the cDNA sequence as a template. The gene contains nine exons spanning approximately 20 kb. All splice sites conform to the GT-AG rule. Analysis of the upstream untranscribed region identified one GC box but no TATA box, suggesting that the KIAA0086 gene is a housekeeping gene. The promoter region contains putative recognition sites for several transcription factors, e.g., AP1, Sp1 and NFkappaB. The homology of the KIAA0086 gene to the yeast SNM1 gene, which is involved in the cellular response to DNA-interstrand crosslinks, is discussed with respect to a possible role of the KIAA0086 gene in the human disorder, Fanconi anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Demuth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal genetic disease characterized by a complex array of developmental disorders, a high predisposition to bone marrow failure and to acute myelogenous leukemia. The chromosomal instability and the hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents led to its classification with the DNA repair disorders. This review aimed at establishing whether it is still appropriate to consider 1/approximately FA within a DNA repair framework taking into account the recently discovered genetic heterogeneity characteristics of the defect (eight complementation groups). We discuss the possibility that the FA proteins interact to form a complex which may control different functions, including the processing of specific DNA lesions. Such a complex may act as a sensor to initiate protective systems as well as transcription of specific genes specifying, among others proteins, growth factors. Such steps may be organized as a linear cascade or more likely under the form of a web network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Buchwald
- UMR 218 CNRS and LCR no. 1 CEA, Institut Curie-Recherche, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The autosomal recessive genetic disease, Fanconi anaemia, is perceived as another manifestation of defective cellular DNA repair, just as in the autosomal recessive disease Xeroderma pigmentosum. The biochemistry and cellular biology of Xeroderma pigmentosum have been convincingly elucidated, but the same has not been true for Fanconi anaemia. In this review we consider the pleiotropic nature of Fanconi anaemia, its clinical and cellular variability and its genetic heterogeneity. We take into account the wealth of experimental findings available and offer a novel hypothesis involving feedback control of DNA replication during S phase of the cell cycle to explain the basic defect in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Digweed
- Institut für Humangenetik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Studzian K, Telleman P, van der Schans GP, Zdzienicka MZ. Mutagenic response and repair of cis-DDP-induced DNA cross-links in the Chinese hamster V79 cell mutant V-H4 which is homologous to Fanconi anemia (group A). Mutat Res 1994; 314:115-20. [PMID: 7510361 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(94)90075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that the V-H4 mutant of Chinese hamster V79 cells is homologous to Fanconi anemia (FA) group A cells. This hamster cell mutant shows a specific sensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents; therefore, the induction and repair of DNA cross-links were studied in V-H4 and wild-type V79 cells after cis-DDP treatment by the DNA alkaline elution technique. A significant difference in repair of these lesions in V-H4 and wild-type cells was observed. After the cis-DDP treatment (24 h) about 3 times more cross-links remained in V-H4 cells in comparison to the parental V79 cells. These results indicate that the process of cross-link repair in V-H4 cells is hampered when compared to that of wild-type cells. To assess the effect of slower removal of DNA cross-links on the mutability of V-H4, the induction of mutants at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus (HPRT) by cis-DDP was studied in V-H4 and V79 cells. Despite the increased cytotoxicity of cis-DDP to V-H4 cells, the mutation induction at the HPRT locus was not significantly different in both cell lines, but when the frequency of the hprt mutants was plotted against survival, hypomutability was observed in V-H4 cells after the cis-DDP treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Studzian
- MGC-Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This review summarizes both historical and more recent data on the clinical, cellular and genetic features of Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare autosomal recessive disorder. FA patients are characterized by pancytopenia, congenital malformations, growth delay and an increased susceptibility to the development of malignancies, particularly acute myelogenous leukemia. FA cells show chromosomal fragility, slow growth and increased sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents. FA can be caused by defects in any one of at least four genes. Two general hypotheses have been proposed to explain the underlying defect: loss of a DNA repair function or of a step in the defense toward oxygen toxicity. After many attempts to clone the FA genes, the first one, that defective in group C, has been cloned by complementation of the increased sensitivity of FA(C) cells to mitomycin C and diepoxybutane. This gene (FACC) codes for a novel protein and is ubiquitously expressed. Mutations in various FA(C) patients that cause loss of function have been identified. The review concludes by suggesting directions for future research in FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C dos Santos
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rey JP, Scott R, Müller H. Induction and removal of interstrand crosslinks in the ribosomal RNA genes of lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with Fanconi anemia. Mutat Res 1993; 289:171-80. [PMID: 7690885 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(93)90067-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The repair of interstrand crosslinks has been investigated in Fanconi anemia (FA) and normal cells as there is evidence suggesting that FA patients have a defect in DNA repair. Lymphoblasts were treated with the crosslinking agent mitomycin C (MMC) and the removal of the induced DNA lesions investigated at the level of the actively transcribed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. MMC-induced crosslinks appeared to be a rather stable lesion in the rRNA genes for all cell lines studied. Variable repair efficiencies were found between the different cells lines but they could not be used to distinguish normal cells from FA cells. Therefore, we propose that the specific sensitivity of FA cells towards MMC cannot be directly correlated with a deficient repair in interstrand crosslinks and that probably the complexity of the repair process is greater than previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Rey
- Department Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The experimental findings of the last 5 years are reviewed for the genetic instability syndromes: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconi's anaemia, Ataxia telangiectasia and Bloom's syndrome. In these autosomal recessive genetic diseases, single gene defects lead to genetic instability, increased mutation rates and cancer. Deficiencies in the ability to effectively repair DNA lesions have been suggested for all of these syndromes. The status of characterization of these DNA repair defects is presented and the possible mechanisms of lesion fixation as mutation are discussed. The four known human genes whose mutation leads to inherited genetic instability are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Digweed
- Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nocentini S. Cellular responses to hematoporphyrin-induced photooxidative damage in Fanconi anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human fibroblasts. Mutat Res 1992; 284:275-85. [PMID: 1281279 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90012-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several observations reported in the literature suggest that singlet oxygen (1O2) might play a role in the clastogenic process in Fanconi anemia (FA) cells, and that the antioxidant status of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) may also be altered. In order to test the ability of FA and XP cells, relative to normal cells, to cope with 1O2 damage, the effects of photosensitization by hematoporphyrin (HP) have been determined (i) on host cell reactivation (HCR) of damaged infecting herpes simplex virus (HSV) or transfecting SV40 DNA, and (ii) on DNA template capability and clonogenicity of treated cells. Results showed no significant difference among the three types of cells, either for the survival of HP-photosensitized HSV, or for the yields of SV40 virus following transfection of cultures with damaged viral DNA. The treatment of cells with HP plus 365-nm light leads to a dose-dependent, homothetic reduction of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, presumably through a mechanism other than the formation of transcription termination sites. After a 24-h post-exposure incubation, the rate of rRNA synthesis was restored to higher than normal levels in all cell lines. Finally, two FA cell lines showed a higher survival to HP photosensitization than two normal cell lines. Another FA cell line and XP-A and XP-C cells were in the range of sensitivity of the two normal strains for this treatment. These results indicate that FA cells possess an antioxidant defense system at least as efficient as that of normal cells for processing 1O2-induced damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nocentini
- Institut Curie-Biologie, URA 1292 du CNRS, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lambert MW, Tsongalis GJ, Lambert WC, Hang B, Parrish DD. Defective DNA endonuclease activities in Fanconi's anemia cells, complementation groups A and B. Mutat Res 1992; 273:57-71. [PMID: 1376436 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(92)90050-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells from patients with the inherited disorder, Fanconi's anemia (FA), were analyzed for endonucleases which recognize DNA interstrand cross-links and monoadducts produced by psoralen plus UVA irradiation. Two chromatin-associated DNA endonuclease activities, defective in their ability to incise DNA-containing adducts produced by psoralen plus UVA light, have been identified and isolated in nuclei of FA cells. In FA complementation group A (FA-A) cells, one endonuclease activity, pI 4.6, which recognizes psoralen intercalation and interstrand cross-links, has 25% of the activity of the normal human endonuclease, pI 4.6, on 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA-damaged DNA. In FA complementation group B (FA-B) cells, a second endonuclease activity, pI 7.6, which recognizes psoralen monoadducts, has 50% and 55% of the activity, respectively, of the corresponding normal endonuclease on 8-MOP or angelicin plus UVA-damaged DNA. Kinetic analysis reveals that both the FA-A endonuclease activity, pI 4.6, and the FA-B endonuclease activity, pI 7.6, have decreased affinity for psoralen plus UVA-damaged DNA. Both the normal and FA endonucleases showed approximately a 2.5-fold increase in activity on psoralen plus UVA-damaged reconstituted nucleosomal DNA compared to damaged non-nucleosomal DNA, indicating that interaction of these FA endonucleases with nucleosomal DNA is not impaired. These deficiencies in two nuclear DNA endonuclease activities from FA-A and FA-B cells correlate with decreased levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), in response to 8-MOP or angelicin plus UVA irradiation, in these cells in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Lambert
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Knox RJ, Lydall DA, Friedlos F, Basham C, Rawlings CJ, Roberts JJ. The Walker 256 carcinoma: a cell type inherently sensitive only to those difunctional agents that can form DNA interstrand crosslinks. Mutat Res 1991; 255:227-40. [PMID: 1719394 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(91)90026-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Walker 256 rat tumour has been maintained in vivo for over 60 years and until recently was used as a primary screen for new antitumour agents. This screen was particularly useful in identifying difunctional alkylating agents as potentially useful anticancer agents and it would seem that the Walker tumour is composed of cells sensitive towards this type of agent. A cell line (WS) established from the Walker tumour retained the sensitivity of the tumour towards difunctional agents and we have examined its phenotype in comparison to a derived, resistant, cell line (WR). The response of WR cells to a range of cytotoxic agents was similar to other established cell lines whilst WS cells were much more sensitive only towards difunctional reacting agents. There were no significant differences in the binding of these agents to the DNA of WS or WR cells. All the agents towards which WS cells showed sensitivity were, without exception, capable of reacting with DNA in Walker cells and forming DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks. WS cells were not sensitive to busulphan, BCNU, CCNU or Me-CCNU but these agents did not produce interstrand crosslinks in the DNA of either WS or WR cells. Thus WS cells are intrinsically sensitive to specific DNA damage and this is probably a DNA interstrand crosslink. Hybrid cells produced by fusion of WS with WR cells lacked the inherent sensitivity of the WS cells towards cisplatin; sensitivity was therefore a recessive characteristic. Transfection of WS cells with human DNA also gave rise to 2 cisplatin-resistant clones, although it could not be ascertained if these clones were true transfectants or revertants. The survival of these resistant clones, after treatment with cisplatin, was about the same as WR cells a finding which would be consistent with complementation by a transferred gene or reversion of a single gene defect in WS cells. In their sensitivity only to difunctional compounds and lack of an apparent DNA excision repair defect the phenotype of Walker cells strongly resembles those cells from human patients suffering from Fanconi's anaemia and also of yeast snm1 mutant cells. The mechanisms giving rise to this failure to tolerate specific DNA damage (which seems to involve the inability to recover from the initial inhibition of DNA synthesis and may involve a single defect of a gene involved in the late steps of crosslink repair), do not involve drug uptake, drug binding to DNA, cell size, cell doubling time or DNA excision repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Knox
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, Great Britain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun Y, Moses RE. Reactivation of psoralen-reacted plasmid DNA in Fanconi anemia, xeroderma pigmentosum, and normal human fibroblast cells. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1991; 17:229-38. [PMID: 2047939 DOI: 10.1007/bf01232819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
We have used a host cell reactivation system to study the effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) reaction on CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) and NEO (aminoglycoside phosphotransferase) expression in normal human cells, as well as two cell lines with possible DNA repair-processing defects. Plasmid DNA was treated with psoralen plus near-ultraviolet (NUV) irradiation. The reacted plasmids, pSV2cat and pSV2neo, were transfected into Fanconi anemia (FA), xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), and normal human fibroblast cells for transient or stable assay. The cells were assayed for CAT activity at various times after transfection or selected for G418 resistance. The extent of adduct formation required to inhibit expression was much less (difference of D37 greater than 2.5) in FA or XP cells compared to normal. We conclude that in FA and XP cells, the reactivation of CAT was much less than in normal cells. The possibility of differential DNA uptake and/or degradation in transient assay was ruled out by analysis of plasmid DNA recovered from transfected cells. The data of the two independent assays indicate that FA and XP cells are deficient in cross-linked DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Auerbach AD, Allen RG. Leukemia and preleukemia in Fanconi anemia patients. A review of the literature and report of the International Fanconi Anemia Registry. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1991; 51:1-12. [PMID: 1984836 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(91)90002-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by a progressive pancytopenia, diverse congenital abnormalities, and increased predisposition to malignancy. Although a variable phenotype makes accurate diagnosis on the basis of clinical manifestations difficult in some patients, the unique sensitivity of FA cells to the clastogenic effect of DNA cross-linking agents such as diepoxybutane (DEB) can be used to facilitate the diagnosis. We review all cases of FA reported to have leukemia, preleukemia, or a bone marrow (BM) clonal chromosomal abnormality and include for the first time an analysis of these conditions observed in patients in the International Fanconi Anemia Registry (IFAR). The incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in FA patients is more than 15,000 times that observed in children in the general population. Cytogenetic studies of FA-associated leukemias disclose a high frequency of monosomy 7 and duplications involving 1q. There were no occurrences of t(8;21), t(15;17), or abnormalities of 11q, which are associated with M2, M3, and M5 leukemias, respectively, but not with preleukemia. Development of leukemia in FA patients was associated with an exceedingly poor prognosis, with a mean age of death of 15 years. We suggest that all FA patients may be considered preleukemic and that this disorder presents a model for study of the etiology of AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Auerbach
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021-6399
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsongalis GJ, Lambert WC, Lambert MW. Correction of the ultraviolet light induced DNA-repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum cells by electroporation of a normal human endonuclease. Mutat Res 1990; 244:257-63. [PMID: 2366820 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90138-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA), are known to be defective in repair of pyrimidine dimers and other forms of damage produced by 254-nm ultraviolet (UVC) radiation. We have isolated a DNA endonuclease, pI 7.6, from the chromatin of normal human lymphoblastoid cells which recognizes damage produced by UVC light, and have introduced this endonuclease into UVC-irradiated XPA cells in culture to determine whether it can restore their markedly deficient DNA repair-related unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). Introduction of the normal endonuclease, which recognizes predominantly pyrimidine dimers, but not the corresponding XPA endonuclease into UVC-irradiated XPA cells restored their levels of UDS to approximately 80% of normal values. Electroporation of both the normal and the XPA endonuclease into normal human cells increases UDS in normal cells to higher than normal values. These results indicate that the normal endonuclease can restore UDS in UVC-irradiated XPA cells. They also indicate that XPA cells have an endonuclease capable of increasing the efficiency of repair of UVC damage in normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Digweed M, Sperling K. Identification of a HeLa mRNA fraction which can correct the DNA-repair defect in Fanconi anaemia fibroblasts. Mutat Res 1989; 218:171-7. [PMID: 2478883 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(89)90001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injection of Fanconi anaemia (complementation group A) fibroblasts with HeLa mRNA is shown to correct their abnormal response to a psoralen cross-linking challenge, namely permanent repression of DNA synthesis. Injection of gradient-fractionated mRNA led to identification of a single fraction, containing mRNA of approximately 650 bases, which is responsible for this effect. This finding suggests that Fanconi anaemia (group A) cells are deficient in a small protein, up to 20 kDa in size, which is involved in the cellular response to DNA interstrand cross-links.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Digweed
- Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- M M Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gordon-Smith EC, Rutherford TR. Fanconi anaemia--constitutional, familial aplastic anaemia. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1989; 2:139-52. [PMID: 2645959 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(89)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
27
|
Dardalhon M, Averbeck D. Induction and removal of DNA interstrand cross-links in V-79 Chinese hamster cells measured by hydroxylapatite chromatography after treatments with bifunctional furocoumarins. Int J Radiat Biol 1988; 54:1007-20. [PMID: 2903882 DOI: 10.1080/09553008814552391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (CL) photoinduced by bifunctional furocoumarins in V-79 Chinese hamster cells were measured by alkaline denaturation and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Treatments with 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (4,5',8-TMP) and 365 nm irradiation (UVA) confer a dose-dependent linear increase in the amount of double-stranded DNA indicating the induction of CL. Determination in alkaline sucrose gradients of the molecular weight of the DNA and estimation of drug-induced strand breakage allowed quantification of the CL induced. 5-MOP was found to be slightly more effective than 8-MOP whereas 4,5',8-TMP was 9 times more effective for the induction of CL. The fate of CL during post-treatment incubation was also followed. Cells in exponential growth phase were found to be efficient in the removal of CL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dardalhon
- Institut Curie, Section de Biologie, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dean SW, Sykes HR, Lehmann AR. Inactivation by nitrogen mustard of plasmids introduced into normal and Fanconi's anaemia cells. Mutat Res 1988; 194:57-63. [PMID: 3164443 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8817(88)90056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An SV40-transformed Fanconi's anaemia (FA) cell line, GM6914, exhibits approximately 2.4-fold increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of nitrogen mustard (NM) when compared with the normal line, MRC5-V1. Host cell reactivation of NM-treated plasmid has been investigated using transient expression vectors which contain the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. In both cell types there is a similar, dose-dependent reduction in CAT expression which correlates with an increase in NM-induced DNA-interstrand crosslinking. The data are consistent with two possible mechanisms for inactivation of the plasmid. Either a single crosslink anywhere within the plasmid is sufficient to prevent transcription of the cat gene. Alternatively, inactivation may result from some other more prevalent NM-induced lesions within the cat coding sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S W Dean
- MRC Cell Mutation Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Great Britain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moysan A, Vigny P, Dardalhon M, Averbeck D, Voituriez L, Cadet J. 3-Carbethoxypsoralen-DNA photolesions: identification and quantitative detection in yeast and mammalian cells of the two cis-syn diastereoisomers formed with thymidine. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 47:803-8. [PMID: 3064111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
30
|
Morliere P, Hönigsmann H, Averbeck D, Dardalhon M, Hüppe G, Ortel B, Santus R, Dubertret L. Phototherapeutic, photobiologic, and photosensitizing properties of khellin. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:720-4. [PMID: 3283251 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep13083852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Khellin, whose chemical structure closely resembles that of psoralen, is reported to be an efficient drug for treating vitiligo when combined with ultraviolet A irradiation. Photobiological activity on yeast is found to be much lower than that of bifunctional psoralens such as 5-methoxypsoralen. In vitro experiments reveal that khellin is a poor photosensitizer. It behaves as a monofunctional agent with respect to DNA photoaddition. It does not photoinduce cross-links in DNA in vitro or in Chinese hamster cells in vivo. This behavior may explain the low photogenotoxicity in yeast and the lack of phototoxic erythemal response when treating vitiligo with khellin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Morliere
- Laboratoire de Recherche Bioclinique en Dermatologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Fanconi anemia, and Bloom's syndrome are autosomal recessive diseases with cellular defects in the ability to process DNA damage. Although these diseases are rare, they are seen occasionally in practice and provide insight into the mechanisms of DNA repair and replication in humans. The authors will review the clinical and cytological presentation of each disease, the genetic heterogeneity, as inferred by complementation analysis, and the differentiating characteristics of each. The authors will conclude with a discussion of the state of current research on each disease and possible directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Timme
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Digweed M, Zakrzewski-Lüdcke S, Sperling K. Fanconi's anaemia: correlation of genetic complementation group with psoralen/UVA response. Hum Genet 1988; 78:51-4. [PMID: 3338794 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The correlation found by Moustacchi (1987) between cellular response to a crosslinking challenge and genetic heterogeneity in Fanconi's anaemia is confirmed for an earlier set of complementation groups (Zakrzewski and Sperling 1980). This allows the matching of the two independently established complementation groupings and better characterization of their DNA repair-related biochemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Digweed
- Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Papadopoulo D, Averbeck D, Moustacchi E. The fate of 8-methoxypsoralen-photoinduced DNA interstrand crosslinks in Fanconi's anemia cells of defined genetic complementation groups. Mutat Res 1987; 184:271-80. [PMID: 3670329 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8817(87)90026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP)-photoinduced DNA interstrand crosslinks was followed by alkaline elution in Fanconi's anemia (FA) fibroblasts belonging to complementation groups A (FA 150 and FA 402) and B (FA 145) in comparison to a normal (1 BR/3) and a heterozygote (F 311) cell line. Clonogenic cell survival to 8-MOP photoaddition was established in parallel for all cell lines. In comparison to normal cells, group A FA cells demonstrated a higher photosensitivity than group B cells (sensitivity index 2.3 and 1.5, respectively), the heterozygote cell line being only slightly more sensitive. FA cells from both groups A and B demonstrated an incision capacity of crosslinks, the kinetics and extent of which being, however, different from that of normal or heterozygote cells. The incision is slower in FA cells and, at 24 h of post-treatment incubation, the amount of crosslinks incised is clearly lower than that observed in normal cells for group A cells, whereas in group B cells incision approaches the level of normal cells. These results correlate with survival as well as with rates of DNA semi-conservative synthesis after 8-MOP photoaddition.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Several observations in the recent literature have indicated that Fanconi anemia (FA) cells may be primarily deficient in the detoxification of activated oxygen species. To evaluate the antioxidant status of FA fibroblasts, we measured Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), CuZn-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as cellular glutathione contents and total nonenzymatic antioxidant potential in FA and control fibroblasts at multiple time points during a single passage. All parameters exhibited a characteristic pattern of changes during a period of 19 days following trypsinization. Unlike FA erythrocytes, which are known to be deficient in CuZn-SOD, FA fibroblasts exhibited normal CuZn-SOD activities. Also, the nonenzymatic "antioxidant potential" as well as glutathione levels were similar in FA and control fibroblasts. However, Mn-SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were consistently higher in FA fibroblasts. We hypothesize that the elevation of these enzyme activities might reflect a cellular "prooxidant" state in FA resulting from an increased formation of endogenous oxidizing molecular species that trigger enhanced synthesis of certain enzymatic antioxidant defenses.
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Joenje H, Nieuwint AW, Oostra AB, Arwert F, de Koning H, Roozendaal KJ. Cytogenetic toxicity of paraquat and streptonigrin in Fanconi's anemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1987; 25:37-45. [PMID: 3026612 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We reported earlier that the frequency of chromosomal aberrations observed in Fanconi's anemia lymphocyte cultures depends on the oxygen tension during growth of the cultures, suggesting that "activated oxygen species" (superoxide, O2-; hydrogen peroxide, H2O2; hydoxyl radical, OH; and singlet oxygen, 1O2) or other reactive products generated during oxygen metabolism may be involved in the production of chromosomal damage in this syndrome. Paraquat and streptonigrin, agents that have been proposed as model compounds exerting cellular toxicity through overproduction of superoxide, were tested for their clastogenic potency in lymphocyte cultures from healthy controls and patients with Fanconi's anemia. Paraquat, at concentrations that severely affected mitotic activity (100-200 micrograms/ml), appeared to be a weak clastogen in human lymphocytes, whereas a clastogenic effect of streptonigrin was demonstrable already at a concentration as low as 0.005 microgram/ml. The results indicate that Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes fail to exhibit an increased sensitivity to the antimitotic and clastogenic effects of paraquat and streptonigrin. This suggests that intracellular superoxide is not critically involved in the generation of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in Fanconi's anemia. We infer from these and previous data that singlet oxygen (1O2) may be a critical contributor to the chromosomal breakage in this disorder.
Collapse
|
37
|
Moustacchi E, Papadopoulo D, Diatloff-Zito C, Buchwald M. Two complementation groups of Fanconi's anemia differ in their phenotypic response to a DNA-crosslinking treatment. Hum Genet 1987; 75:45-7. [PMID: 3804331 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The two genetic complementation groups reported for Fanconi's anemia (FA) correspond to two phenotypic classes as characterized by measurements of the rate of DNA semiconservative synthesis after 8-methoxypsoralen photoaddition. This test allows a rapid genetic classification of FA patients which appears to be a prerequisite for investigations of the biochemical defect(s) in FA.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lafleur MV, Nieuwint AW, Aubry JM, Kortbeek H, Arwert F, Joenje H. DNA damage by chemically generated singlet oxygen. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1987; 2:343-50. [PMID: 2849589 DOI: 10.3109/10715768709065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A naphthalenic endoperoxide was used as a non-photochemical source of singlet oxygen (1O2) to examine some interactions between this reactive oxygen species and DNA. High molecular weight DNA (ca. 10(8) daltons) was exposed to 120 mol m-3 1O2 (cumulative concentration) and analyzed for interstrand crosslinkage by hydroxyl apatite chromatography following formamide denaturation. No evidence for 1O2-induced interstrand crosslinking was obtained. The capacity of 1O2 to generate strand breaks in single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA was investigated by sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. No direct strand breaks could be detected at neutral pH, whereas extensive strand breakage was observed after treatment with alkali. Possible biological consequences of 1O2-exposure were assessed by examining the plaque-forming capacity of ss and ds phi X174 DNA molecules using wildtype Escherichia coli spheroplasts as recipients. Without any further treatment with heat or alkali, exposure to the endoperoxide resulted in a time- and dose-dependent inactivation, ss DNA being considerably more sensitive than ds DNA. From the present results and those reported earlier (Nieuwint et al.,) we infer that 1O2-induced inactivation of phi X174 DNA is not due to DNA backbone breakage nor to interstrand crosslinking, but rather to some form of damage to the base or sugar moiety of the DNA, the exact nature of which remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Lafleur
- Department of Biophysics, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Roberts JJ, Friedlos F, Scott D, Ormerod MG, Rawlings CJ. The unique sensitivity of Walker rat tumour cells to difunctional agents is associated with a failure to recover from inhibition of DNA synthesis and increased chromosome damage. Mutat Res 1986; 166:169-81. [PMID: 3762563 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8817(86)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate and mode of DNA synthesis was examined by thymidine uptake and by flow cytometry in Walker tumour cells highly sensitive to difunctional agents (WS), and in a derived subline of resistant cells (WR) (Rawlings and Roberts, 1986), following their treatment with sulphur mustard. Both cell lines exhibited the same dose-dependent and progressive depression in rate of DNA synthesis for up to 4 h after treatment. Thereafter the depression in rate of synthesis was partially reversed in the WR cells but DNA synthesis continued to decrease in the WS cells resulting in their slower transit through the S phase and a persistent block in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Sensitive cells which finally escaped the block in G2 carried more chromosome aberrations than the corresponding resistant cells. Neither cell line was defective in daughter strand-gap repair. In their sensitivity to difunctional but not to monofunctional compounds, their failure to recover from the early depression of DNA synthesis, their apparent lack of a defect in excision repair and their sensitivity to chromosome aberration induction, the Walker cell phenotype closely resembles that of the human Fanconi's anaemia cell.
Collapse
|
40
|
Diatloff-Zito C, Papadopoulo D, Averbeck D, Moustacchi E. Abnormal response to DNA crosslinking agents of Fanconi anemia fibroblasts can be corrected by transfection with normal human DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:7034-8. [PMID: 3092225 PMCID: PMC386647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.7034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary skin fibroblast cell lines from patients with Fanconi anemia were cotransfected with UV-irradiated pSV2neo plasmids and high molecular weight DNA from normal human cells. Restoration of a normal cellular resistance to mitomycin C (MMC) was observed provided that a Fanconi anemia cell line is selected for DNA-mediated transformation (neo gene) and that at least two successive rounds of transfection are performed. Cells were selected by taking advantage of the higher proliferation rate and plating efficiency of the MMC resistant transformants. As estimated from reconstruction experiments, the frequency of transfer of MMC resistance lies between 1 and 30 X 10(-7). The MMC resistance phenotype was maintained for at least 10 generations following transfection. Evidence for DNA-mediated transformation also includes the recovery of a normal pattern of DNA semiconservative synthesis after treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and 365-nm UV irradiation, and the presence of exogenous pSV2neo DNA sequences was shown by Southern blot analysis. The acquired MMC resistance is probably due to the presence of DNA from normal cells. Indeed, sensitivity to MMC was maintained when Fanconi anemia cells were cotransfected with the UV-irradiated pSV2neo plasmid mixed with their own DNA or with yeast or salmon sperm DNA. These negative results also render unlikely the selection of spontaneous MMC resistant revertants in transfection of Fanconi anemia cells with normal DNA. These experiments establish the prerequisites for the isolation of the gene(s) involved in the response to DNA crosslinking lesions in human cells.
Collapse
|
41
|
Billardon B, Moustacchi E. Comparison of the sensitivity of Fanconi's anemia and normal fibroblasts to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by photoaddition of mono- and bi-functional psoralens. Mutat Res 1986; 174:241-6. [PMID: 3755219 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(86)90158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) by photoaddition of a monofunctional furocoumarin (pyrido[3,4-c]psoralen, PyPs) and a bifunctional furocoumarin (8-methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP) in a normal and three Fanconi anemia (FA) fibroblastic cell lines was investigated. When compared to normal cells, the three FA cell lines demonstrated: a higher sensitivity to 8-MOP photoaddition; an equal or reduced sensitivity to PyPs photoaddition in the low dose range. Normal cells demonstrated a higher sensitivity to photoaddition of PyPs than to 8-MOP in the range of doses used; this is likely to be related to the higher amount of lesions induced by PyPs in DNA. Since FA cells were almost equally sensitive to 8-MOP and PyPs photoaddition and demonstrated a higher sensitivity to SCE induction by 8-MOP than normal cells, it can be concluded that this latter difference is mainly due to cross-links.
Collapse
|
42
|
Claassen E, Kortbeek H, Arwert F. Effects of mitomycin C on the rate of DNA synthesis in normal and Fanconi anaemia cells. Mutat Res 1986; 165:15-9. [PMID: 3079877 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8817(86)90004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of low doses mitomycin C (MMC) on DNA synthesis of fibroblast cell lines derived from normal individuals or patients with Fanconi anaemia (FA) was studied. Using low doses of MMC (12 ng/ml), little or no effect was observed on DNA synthesis of normal cells, whereas DNA synthesis of FA cells was greatly inhibited 24 and 48 h after treatment. This effect was due to a decrease in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells, while the amount of radioactivity incorporated per cell (as measured with grain counting in autoradiograms) remained the same. These findings indicate that the inhibition of semiconservative DNA synthesis induced by MMC in FA cells is not due to an inhibitory effect of unrepaired lesions on the rate of DNA synthesis but rather to a block in cell cycle progression.
Collapse
|
43
|
Poll EH, Arwert F, Joenje H, Wanamarta AH. Differential sensitivity of Fanconi anaemia lymphocytes to the clastogenic action of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Hum Genet 1985; 71:206-10. [PMID: 4065892 DOI: 10.1007/bf00284574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) lymphocytes were tested for their susceptibility to chromosomal breakage by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) [cis-Pt(II)] and its stereoisomer trans-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) [trans-Pt(II)]. Unlike trans-Pt(II), which is a rather inefficient clastogen, cis-Pt(II) is very efficient in inducing chromosomal breakage in FA cells at concentrations that hardly affect control cells. As both cis-Pt(II) and trans-Pt(II) are capable of inducing DNA interstrand crosslinks but only cis-Pt(II) can induce DNA intrastrand crosslinks, this result suggests that FA cells may be specifically sensitive to the intrastrand type of DNA crosslink.
Collapse
|