Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: characterization of adenosine diphosphate glucose synthetases from Enterobacter hafniae and Aeromonas hydrophila

Intracellular glycogen accumulation by human gut commensals as a niche adaptation trait

The human gut microbiota is a key contributor to host metabolism and physiology, thereby impacting in various ways on host health. This complex microbial community has developed many metabolic strategies to colonize, persist and survive in the gastrointestinal environment. In this regard, intracellular glycogen accumulation has been associated with important physiological functions in several bacterial species, including gut commensals. However, the role of glycogen storage in shaping the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota offers a novel perspective in gut microbiome research. Here, we review what is known about the enzymatic machinery and regulation of glycogen metabolism in selected enteric bacteria, while we also discuss its potential impact on colonization and adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we survey the presence of such glycogen biosynthesis pathways in gut metagenomic data to highlight the relevance of this metabolic trait in enhancing survival in the highly competitive and dynamic gut ecosystem.

Measurement of the glycogen synthetic pathway in permeabilized cells of cyanobacteria

A simple, rapid and reliable procedure for permeabilizing cyanobacterial cells and measuring the glycogen synthetic pathway in situ, is presented. Cells from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 were permeabilized with a mixture of toluene:ethanol (1:4 v/v). Fluorescence microscopy of cells incubated with fluorescein diacetate showed Anabaena non-permeabilized cells as green fluorescents, whereas permeabilized (viable) cells exhibited the intrinsic red fluorescence. Labelled alpha-1,4-glucan was recovered when permeabilized cells were incubated with the substrates of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or glycogen synthase. The kinetic and regulatory properties of both enzymes could be reproduced in situ. The simplicity of the procedure and the ability to measure in situ glucan fluxes show the methodology as useful for studying the intracellular regulation of storage polysaccharides in a photosynthetic prokaryote.