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Ceccarelli J, Dugheri S, Cappelli G, Fanfani N, Squillaci D, Bucaletti E, Mucci N, Arcangeli G. Simultaneous Determination by Selective Esterification of Trimellitic, Phthalic, and Maleic Anhydrides in the Presence of Respective Acids. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15397-15405. [PMID: 37151501 PMCID: PMC10157673 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Trimellitic, phthalic, and maleic anhydrides are important building blocks to produce polymers and additives, such as plasticizers. In humans, the exposure to these compounds can cause several health issues. In European Union and USA, their presence in substances and mixtures is restricted by CLP Regulation (no. 1272/2008) and HCS/HazCom 2012, respectively, but no information about the corresponding acids is reported. For this reason, a selective method to determine anhydrides in mixtures, in the presence of acids, could be interesting. Nowadays, methods in the literature are either not selective or use explosive and toxic reagents (as diazomethane). In this work, an innovative, greener, and safer method for the simultaneous recognition and quantification of anhydrides and acids, via direct injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, is developed. The sample pretreatment consists in selective esterification with absolute ethanol on the anhydride, followed by a treatment with boron trifluoride-methanol for the methylation of remaining carboxylic groups. The optimization of the functionalization, a crucial step of the method, was optimized by experimental design. The limit of detection-limit of quantification (LOD-LOQ) values for trimellitic, phthalic, and maleic anhydrides are 0.31-0.93, 0.47-1.41, and 0.06-0.18 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze 50134, Italia
| | - Stefano Dugheri
- Laboratorio
di Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Azienda
Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Viale Pieraccini 15, Firenze 50139, Italia
| | - Giovanni Cappelli
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze 50134, Italia
| | - Niccolò Fanfani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italia
| | - Donato Squillaci
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze 50134, Italia
| | - Elisabetta Bucaletti
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze 50134, Italia
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze 50134, Italia
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università
degli Studi di Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, Firenze 50134, Italia
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Determination of hexahydrophthalic and methylhexahydrophthalic acids in urine by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical-ionisation mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Bang DY, Lee IK, Lee BM. Toxicological characterization of phthalic Acid. Toxicol Res 2013; 27:191-203. [PMID: 24278572 PMCID: PMC3834394 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing concern about the toxicity of phthalate esters. Phthalate esters are being used widely for the production of perfume, nail varnish, hairsprays and other personal/cosmetic uses. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been assessed by analyzing urine for their metabolites. The parent phthalate is rapidly metabolized to its monoester (the active metabolite) and also glucuronidated, then excreted. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of phthalic acid (PA), which is the final common metabolic form of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The individual PA isomers are extensively employed in the synthesis of synthetic agents, for example isophthalic acid (IPA), and terephthalic acid (TPA), which have very broad applications in the preparation of phthalate ester plasticizers and components of polyester fiber, film and fabricated items. There is a broad potential for exposure by industrial workers during the manufacturing process and by the general public (via vehicle exhausts, consumer products, etc). This review suggests that PA shows in vitro and in vivo toxicity (mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, etc.). In addition, PA seems to be a useful biomarker for multiple exposure to PAEs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Yeon Bang
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Feng YL, Nandy JP, Hou Y, Breton F, Lau B, Zhang J, Zhu J. UV Light Induced Transformation of 1-Methylnaphthalene in the Presence of Air and Its Implications for Contaminants Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.311168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Berthet A, Berode M, Bouchard M. Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry determination of phthalic acid in human urine as a biomarker of folpet exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:493-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jeppsson MC, Jönsson BAG, Kristiansson M, Lindh CH. Identification of covalent binding sites of phthalic anhydride in human hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 21:2156-63. [PMID: 18831565 DOI: 10.1021/tx800242j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic anhydride (PA) is a reactive low molecular weight compound used in the chemical industry. The exposure of PA may lead to work-related airway diseases such as rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. The exposure gives rise to an increase in hapten-specific IgG antibodies in workers but with a low presence of specific IgE antibodies. In this study, the binding of PA to human hemoglobin (Hb) in vitro was investigated. Trypsin and Pronase E digestion, LC, LC/MS/MS, GC/MS analysis, and nanoelectrospray hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight MS were used to identify the adducted amino acids of the synthesized PA-Hb conjugates. In the conjugate with the molar ratio 1:0.1, a total of six adducted amino acids were identified. N-Terminal valine was found adducted in both the alpha- and the beta-chains as well as a total of four lysines, Val 1, Lys 16, and Lys 61 on the alpha-chain and Val 1, Lys 66, and Lys 144 on the beta-chain. Two types of lysine adducts were found, a phthalamide and a phthalimide. It was also found that PA differs in its binding site as compared to hexahydrophthalic anhydride. The result of this study suggests several interesting applications of biological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Jeppsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Organic acid anhydrides (OAAs) have considerable economic importance due to their extensive use in the production of alkyd, epoxy, and polyester resins. Occupational exposure to OAAs has been associated with a variety of health effects, which may be classified into two major categories of direct toxicity/irritant and hypersensitivity. The hypersensitivity diseases associated with OAA exposure are thought to be related to the reactivity of these chemicals and in particular their ability to form protein conjugates that may be recognized as neo-antigens by the immune system. This review will present a brief discussion of the basic chemistry of these compounds and the environmental and biological monitoring methods used for exposure measurements. The clinical syndromes associated with exposure to these compounds will be discussed along with factors that may affect disease susceptibility. Finally, animal models that have been developed to examine the mechanisms of disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dong Zhang
- Analytical Services Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Lindh CH, Jönsson BA. Method for analysis of methyltetrahydrophthalic acid in urine using gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 660:57-66. [PMID: 7858724 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of methyltetrahydrophthalic acid (MTHP acid), a metabolite of methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA) in human urine, was developed. The investigated MTHP acid was obtained by hydrolysis of a commercial MTHPA mixture, composed of three major isomers. These were synthesized and identified as 3-methyl-delta 4-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 4-methyl-delta 4-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and 4-methyl-delta 3-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride. The urine was worked up by a liquid-solid extraction technique using C18 sorbent columns. Esterification was performed with methanol and boron trifluoride. The derivative in toluene was analyzed with capillary gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. Deuterium-labeled MTHP acid was used as internal standard. The intra-assay precision for the overall method was between 4 and 8% in the range 3-110 ng/ml and the inter-assay precision was between 4 and 7% in the range 30-110 ng/ml. The total recoveries of the MTHP acid at 19 and 190 ng/ml were 94 and 97%, respectively. The total detection limit for the three isomers was < 6 ng/ml. Analysis of urine from a worker exposed to MTHPA makes it reasonable to assume that the method may be used for biological monitoring of MTHPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lindh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Jönsson B, Skarping G. Method for the biological monitoring of hexahydrophthalic anhydride by the determination of hexahydrophthalic acid in urine using gas chromatography and selected-ion monitoring. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 572:117-31. [PMID: 1818048 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80477-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of hexahydrophthalic acid, a metabolite of hexahydrophthalic anhydride, in human urine has been developed. The urine was worked-up by liquid-solid extraction, esterified with boron trifluoride-methanol, and analysed by capillary gas chromatography and selected-ion monitoring. Hexadeuterium-labelled hexahydrophthalic acid was used as the internal standard. The precision was 4% at 0.7 microgram/ml and 5% at 0.07 microgram/ml. The recovery of the acid for the overall method was 101% at 0.07 micrograms/ml of urine (with a coefficient of variation of 4%) and 95% at 0.7 microgram/ml (coefficient of variation 2%). The limit of detection was 20 ng/ml urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jönsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Jönsson B, Welinder H, Skarping G. Hexahydrophthalic acid in urine as an index of exposure to hexahydrophthalic anhydride. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991; 63:77-9. [PMID: 1856027 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-shift and next-morning urine was sampled from workers exposed to hexahydrophtalic anhydride (HHPA), an epoxy hardener, sensitising at low exposure levels. Exposure levels of HHPA in air (gas chromatography, GC) in the range of 30-270 micrograms/m3 corresponded to urinary concentrations of 0.9-2.8 mumol hexahydrophthalic acid (HHP acid; GC-mass spectrometry)/mmol creatinine. In the morning samples the concentrations were less than 0.04-0.3 mumol HHP acid/mmol creatinine. In unexposed controls, the level was less than 0.1 mumol/mmol creatinine. A correlation was found between the time-weighted levels of HHPA in air and HHP acid in the post-shift urine (rs = 0.93; P less than 0.023), indicating that the determination of HHP acid in urine is suitable for biologic monitoring of HHPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jönsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Pfäffli P, Savolainen H, Keskinen H. Detemination of carboxylic acids in biological samples as their trichloroethyl esters by gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02319570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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