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Sarawi S, Shi YN, Lotz-Winter H, Reschke K, Bode HB, Piepenbring M. Occurrence and chemotaxonomical analysis of amatoxins in Lepiota spp. (Agaricales). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113069. [PMID: 34965486 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
About 95% of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide are caused by amatoxins and phallotoxins mostly produced by species of Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota. The genus Lepiota is supposed to include a high number of species producing amatoxins. In this study, we investigated 16 species of Lepiota based on 48 recently collected specimens for the presence of amatoxins by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). By comparing the retention times, UV absorptions, and diagnostic MS fragment ions with data obtained from the benchmark species Amanita phalloides, we detected α-amanitin and γ-amanitin in Lepiota subincarnata, α-amanitin and amaninamide in Lepiota brunneoincarnata, and β-amanitin and α-amanitin in Lepiota elaiophylla. Phallotoxins have not been detected any of these species. Two possibly undescribed amatoxin derivatives were found in Lepiota boudieri and L. elaiophylla, as well as one further non-amatoxin compound in one specimen of L. cf. boudieri. These compounds might be used to differentiate L. elaiophylla from L. xanthophylla and species within the L. boudieri species complex. No amatoxins were detected in L. aspera, L. castanea, L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. erminea, L. felina, L. fuscovinacea, L. lilacea, L. magnispora, L. oreadiformis, L. pseudolilacea, L. sp. (SeSa 5), and L. subalba. By combining the occurrence data of amatoxins with a phylogenetic analysis, a monophyletic group of amatoxin containing species of Lepiota is evident. These chemotaxonomic results highlight the relevance of systematic relationships for the occurrence of amatoxins and expand our knowledge about the toxicity of species of Lepiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepas Sarawi
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yan-Ni Shi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hermine Lotz-Winter
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kai Reschke
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Lüli Y, Cai Q, Chen ZH, Sun H, Zhu XT, Li X, Yang ZL, Luo H. Genome of lethal Lepiota venenata and insights into the evolution of toxin-biosynthetic genes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:198. [PMID: 30849934 PMCID: PMC6408872 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomes of lethal Amanita and Galerina mushrooms have gradually become available in the past ten years; in contrast the other known amanitin-producing genus, Lepiota, is still vacant in this aspect. A fatal mushroom poisoning case in China has led to acquisition of fresh L. venenata fruiting bodies, based on which a draft genome was obtained through PacBio and Illumina sequencing platforms. Toxin-biosynthetic MSDIN family and Porlyl oligopeptidase B (POPB) genes were mined from the genome and used for phylogenetic and statistical studies to gain insights into the evolution of the biosynthetic pathway. RESULTS The analysis of the genome data illustrated that only one MSDIN, named LvAMA1, exits in the genome, along with a POPB gene. No POPA homolog was identified by direct homology searching, however, one additional POP gene, named LvPOPC, was cloned and the gene structure determined. Similar to ApAMA1 in A. phalloides and GmAMA1 in G. marginata, LvAMA1 directly encodes α-amanitin. The two toxin genes were mapped to the draft genome, and the structures analyzed. Furthermore, phylogenetic and statistical analyses were conducted to study the evolution history of the POPB genes. Compared to our previous report, the phylogenetic trees unambiguously showed that a monophyletic POPB lineage clearly conflicted with the species phylogeny. In contrast, phylogeny of POPA genes resembled the species phylogeny. Topology and divergence tests showed that the POPB lineage was robust and these genes exhibited significantly shorter genetic distances than those of the house-keeping rbp2, a characteristic feature of genes with horizontal gene transfer (HGT) background. Consistently, same scenario applied to the only MSDIN, LvAMA1, in the genome. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported genome of Lepiota. The analyses of the toxin genes indicate that the cyclic peptides are synthesized through a ribosomal mechanism. The toxin genes, LvAMA1 and LvPOPB, are not in the vicinity of each other. Phylogenetic and evolutionary studies suggest that HGT is the underlining cause for the occurrence of POPB and MSDIN in Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota, which are allocated in three distantly-related families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiao Lüli
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Qing Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Zuo H. Chen
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081 China
| | - Hu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Xue-Tai Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730030 China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan China
| | - Zhu L. Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Hong Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
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Luo H, Cai Q, Lüli Y, Li X, Sinha R, Hallen-Adams HE, Yang ZL. The MSDIN family in amanitin-producing mushrooms and evolution of the prolyl oligopeptidase genes. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:225-242. [PMID: 30622880 PMCID: PMC6317590 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway for amanitins and related cyclic peptides in deadly Amanita (Amanitaceae) mushrooms represents the first known ribosomal cyclic peptide pathway in the Fungi. Amanitins are found outside of the genus in distantly related agarics Galerina (Strophariaceae) and Lepiota (Agaricaceae). A long-standing question in the field persists: why is this pathway present in these phylogenetically disjunct agarics? Two deadly mushrooms, A. pallidorosea and A. subjunquillea, were deep sequenced, and sequences of biosynthetic genes encoding MSDINs (cyclic peptide precursor) and prolyl oligopeptidases (POPA and POPB) were obtained. The two Amanita species yielded 29 and 18 MSDINs, respectively. In addition, two MSDIN sequences were cloned from L. brunneoincarnata basidiomes. The toxin MSDIN genes encoding amatoxins or phallotoxins from the three genera were compared, and a phylogenetic tree constructed. Prolyl oligopeptidase B (POPB), a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway, was used in phylogenetic reconstruction to infer the evolutionary history of the genes. Phylogenies of POPB and POPA based on both coding and amino acid sequences showed very different results: while POPA genes clearly reflected the phylogeny of the host species, POPB did not; strikingly, it formed a well-supported monophyletic clade, despite that the species belong to different genera in disjunct families. POPA, a known house-keeping gene, was shown to be restricted in a branch containing only Amanita species and the phylogeny resembled that of those Amanita species. Phylogenetic analyses of MSDIN and POPB genes showed tight coordination and disjunct distribution. A POPB gene tree was compared with a corresponding species tree, and distances and substitution rates were compared. The result suggested POPB genes have significant smaller distances and rates than the house-keeping rpb2, discounting massive gene loss. Under this assumption, the incongruency between the gene tree and species tree was shown with strong support. Additionally, k-mer analyses consistently cluster Galerina and Amanita POPB genes, while Lepiota POPB is distinct. Our result suggests that horizontal gene transfer (HGT), at least between Amanita and Galerina, was involved in the acquisition of POPB genes, which may shed light on the evolution of the α-amanitin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunjiao Lüli
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Heather E Hallen-Adams
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Zhu L Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
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Sgambelluri RM, Epis S, Sassera D, Luo H, Angelos ER, Walton JD. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2336-47. [PMID: 25098279 PMCID: PMC4147585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in the mushroom genus Lepiota can cause fatal mushroom poisonings due to their content of amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Previous studies of the toxin composition of poisonous Lepiota species relied on analytical methods of low sensitivity or resolution. Using liquid chromatography coupled to UV absorbance and mass spectrometry, we analyzed the spectrum of peptide toxins present in six Italian species of Lepiota, including multiple samples of three of them collected in different locations. Field taxonomic identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. For comparison, we also analyzed specimens of Amanita phalloides from Italy and California, a specimen of A. virosa from Italy, and a laboratory-grown sample of Galerina marginata. α-Amanitin, β-amanitin, amanin, and amaninamide were detected in all samples of L. brunneoincarnata, and α-amanitin and γ-amanitin were detected in all samples of L. josserandii. Phallotoxins were not detected in either species. No amatoxins or phallotoxins were detected in L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. echinacea, or L. magnispora. The Italian and California isolates of A. phalloides had similar profiles of amatoxins and phallotoxins, although the California isolate contained more β-amanitin relative to α-amanitin. Amaninamide was detected only in A. virosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Sgambelluri
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Sara Epis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Sassera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Evan R Angelos
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Mottram AR, Lazio MP, Bryant SM. Lepiota subincarnata J.E. Lange induced fulminant hepatic failure presenting with pancreatitis. J Med Toxicol 2010; 6:155-7. [PMID: 20532846 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-010-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 43-year-old woman with a medical history significant only for hepatitis B carrier status presented to an emergency department with generalized weakness, dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea 36 h after eating an estimated 170 g of sautéed Lepiota subincarnata J.E. Lange (basionym Lepiota josserandii). Laboratory evaluation revealed profound metabolic acidosis with mild transaminitis, mild coagulopathy, and renal insufficiency. Marked biochemical evidence of pancreatitis was present prior to significant hepatotoxicity. The patient ultimately required liver transplantation on hospital day 7 and was discharged home on hospital day 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Mottram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Cook County-Stroger Hospital, Chicago IL, 60612, USA.
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Huang L, Liu XL, Cao CS, Ying Q. Outbreak of fatal mushroom poisoning with Amanita franchetii and Ramaria rufescens. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr06.2008.0327. [PMID: 21686856 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning continues to occur worldwide. We report a cluster of sudden death in two villages of the Gan County, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China in September 2005. Extensive investigations on the clinical presentation, epidemiological features, food and water sources have led to the identification of mushroom poisoning. Each of the 10 patients ate wild mushrooms, identified as Amanita franchetii and Ramaria rufescens, and suffered gastrointestinal symptoms prior to sudden deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Department of Emergency Medicine, The YongWai street 17#, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, PR China
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Robinson-Fuentes V, Jaime-Sánchez J, García-Aguilar L, Gómez-Peralta M, Vázquez-Garcidueñas M, Vázquez-Marrufo G. Determination of α- and β-amanitin in clinical urine samples by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:913-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Diaz JH. Evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, general management, and prevention of unknown mushroom poisonings. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:419-26. [PMID: 15699848 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000153530.32162.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the evolving global epidemiology of mushroom poisoning and to identify new and emerging mushroom poisonings and their treatments, a descriptive analysis and review of the world's salient scientific literature on mushroom poisoning was conducted. DATA SOURCE Data sources from observation studies conducted over the period 1959-2002 and describing 28,018 mushroom poisonings since 1951 were collected from case reports, case series, regional descriptive studies, meta-analyses, and laboratory studies of mushroom poisonings and the toxicokinetics of mycotoxins. STUDY SELECTION Studies included in the review were selected by a MEDLINE search, 1966-2004, an Ovid OLDMEDLINE search, 1951-1965, and a medical library search for sources published before 1951. DATA EXTRACTION To better guide clinicians in establishing diagnoses and implementing therapies, despite confusing ingestion histories, data were extracted to permit an expanded syndromic classification of mushroom poisoning based on presentation timing and target organ systemic toxicity. DATA SYNTHESIS The final 14 major syndromes of mushroom poisoning were stratified first by presentation timing and then by target organ systemic toxicity and included early (<6 hrs), late (6-24 hrs), and delayed syndromes (> or =1 day). There were eight early syndromes (four neurotoxic, two gastrointestinal, two allergic); three late syndromes (hepatotoxic, accelerated nephrotoxic, erythromelalgia); and three delayed syndromes (delayed nephrotoxic, delayed neurotoxic, rhabdomyolysis). Four new mushroom poisoning syndromes were classified including accelerated nephrotoxicity (Amanita proxima, Amanita smithiana), rhabdomyolysis (Tricholoma equestre, Russula subnigricans), erythromelalgia (Clitocybe amoenolens, Clitocybe acromelalgia), and delayed neurotoxicity (Hapalopilus rutilans). In addition, data sources were stratified by three chronological time periods with >1,000 confirmed mushroom ingestions reported and tested for any statistically significant secular trends in case fatalities from mushroom ingestions over the entire study period, 1951-2002. CONCLUSIONS Since the 1950s, reports of severe and fatal mushroom poisonings have increased worldwide. Clinicians must consider mushroom poisoning in the evaluation of all patients who may be intoxicated by natural substances. Since information on natural exposures is often insufficient and incorrect, a new syndromic classification of mushroom poisoning is recommended to guide clinicians in making earlier diagnoses, especially in cases where only advanced critical care, including organ transplantation, may be life saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Programs in Community Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Enjalbert F, Rapior S, Nouguier-Soulé J, Guillon S, Amouroux N, Cabot C. Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2002; 40:715-57. [PMID: 12475187 DOI: 10.1081/clt-120014646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amatoxin poisoning is a medical emergency characterized by a long incubation time lag, gastrointestinal and hepatotoxic phases, coma, and death. This mushroom intoxication is ascribed to 35 amatoxin-containing species belonging to three genera: Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota. The major amatoxins, the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-amanitins, are bicyclic octapeptide derivatives that damage the liver and kidney via irreversible binding to RNA polymerase II. METHODS The mycology and clinical syndrome of amatoxin poisoning are reviewed. Clinical data from 2108 hospitalized amatoxin poisoning exposures as reported in the medical literature from North America and Europe over the last 20 years were compiled. Preliminary medical care, supportive measures, specific treatments used singly or in combination, and liver transplantation were characterized. Specific treatments consisted of detoxication procedures (e.g., toxin removal from bile and urine, and extracorporeal purification) and administration of drugs. Chemotherapy included benzylpenicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics, silymarin complex, thioctic acid, antioxidant drugs, hormones and steroids administered singly, or more usually, in combination. Supportive measures alone and 10 specific treatment regimens were analyzed relative to mortality. RESULTS Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) alone and in association was the mostfrequently utilized chemotherapy but showed little efficacy. No benefit was found for the use of thioctic acid or steroids. Chi-square statistical comparison of survivors and dead vs. treated individuals supported silybin, administered either as mono-chemotherapy or in drug combination and N-acetylcysteine as mono-chemotherapy as the most effective therapeutic modes. Future clinical research should focus on confirming the efficacy of silybin, N-acetylcysteine, and detoxication procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Enjalbert
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Montpellier 1, France.
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Meunier BC, Camus CM, Houssin DP, Messner MJ, Gerault AM, Launois BG. Liver transplantation after severe poisoning due to amatoxin-containing Lepiota--report of three cases. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1995; 33:165-71. [PMID: 7897757 DOI: 10.3109/15563659509000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Four cases of severe Lepiota poisoning, including three which developed toxic fulminant hepatitis treated by orthotopic hepatic transplantation, are reported here. The toxicity of the Lepiota is discussed as well as the indications for hepatic transplantation in poisonings due to amatoxin-containing mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Meunier
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive et de Transplantation d'Organes, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire, Rue Henri le Guillou, Rennes, France
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Meunier B, Messner M, Bardaxoglou E, Spiliopoulos G, Terblanche J, Launois B. Liver transplantation for severe Lepiota helveola poisoning. LIVER 1994; 14:158-60. [PMID: 8078395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1994.tb00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure secondary to Lepiota helveola poisoning has not, to our knowledge, been reported. Our recent experience with liver transplantation in a 27-year-old woman with acute hepatic failure secondary to this poisoning is described. The indications for orthotopic liver transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meunier
- Service de Chirurgie et de Transplantation d'Organes, CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, France
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Abstract
Hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning (due to Amanita, Lepiota and Galerina species) may be considered as a real medical emergency, since an early diagnosis and immediate treatment are required for a successful outcome. In this review the physio-pathological features and the clinical picture of amatoxin poisonings are described as the basis for diagnosis and therapeutic decisions. The treatment schedule proposed is analyzed in some points: Symptomatic and supportive measures, toxin removal and extraction procedures, and the possibility of using antidotes. Some parameters with prognostic significance are commented on. Finally, the mortality rate and its evolution throughout the present century is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Piqueras
- Department of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Hospital General Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
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