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Herrmann H, Nolde J, Berger S, Heise S. Aquatic ecotoxicity of lanthanum - A review and an attempt to derive water and sediment quality criteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 124:213-238. [PMID: 26528910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) used to be taken as tracers of geological origin for fluvial transport. Nowadays their increased applications in innovative environmental-friendly technology (e.g. in catalysts, superconductors, lasers, batteries) and medical applications (e.g. MRI contrast agent) lead to man-made, elevated levels in the environment. So far, no regulatory thresholds for REE concentrations and emissions to the environment have been set because information on risks from REE is scarce. However, evidence gathers that REE have to be acknowledged as new, emerging contaminants with manifold ways of entry into the environment, e.g. through waste water from hospitals or through industrial effluents. This paper reviews existing information on bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of lanthanum in the aquatic environment. Lanthanum is of specific interest as one of the major lanthanides in industrial effluents. This review focuses on the freshwater and the marine environment, and tackles the water column and sediments. From these data, methods to derive quality criteria for sediment and water are discussed and preliminary suggestions are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Herrmann
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nolde
- GRACE Europe Holding GmbH, In der Hollerhecke 1, 67547 Worms, Germany
| | - Svend Berger
- GRACE Europe Holding GmbH, In der Hollerhecke 1, 67547 Worms, Germany
| | - Susanne Heise
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
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Häder DP, Häder M. Effects of Solar Radiation on Photoorientation, Motility and Pigmentation in a FreshwaterCryptomonas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1989.tb00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moon YJ, Park YM, Chung YH, Choi JS. Calcium Is Involved in Photomovement of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803¶. Photochem Photobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abeliovich A, Gan J. Site of Ca2+ action in triggering motility in the cyanobacterium spirulina subsalsa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.970020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moon YJ, Park YM, Chung YH, Choi JS. Calcium Is Involved in Photomovement of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)79<114:ciiipo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tisa LS, Sekelsky JJ, Adler J. Effects of organic antagonists of Ca(2+), Na(+), and K(+) on chemotaxis and motility of escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:4856-61. [PMID: 10940028 PMCID: PMC111364 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.17.4856-4861.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various Ca(2+) antagonists used in animal research, many of them known to be Ca(2+) channel blockers, inhibited Escherichia coli chemotaxis (measured as entry of cells into a capillary containing attractant). The most effective of these, acting in the nanomolar range, was omega-conotoxin GVIA. The next most effective were gallopamil and verapamil. At concentrations around 100-fold higher than that needed for inhibition of chemotaxis, each of these antagonists inhibited motility (measured as entry of cells into a capillary lacking attractant). Various other Ca(2+) antagonists were less effective, though chemotaxis was almost always more sensitive to inhibition than was motility. Cells treated with each of these Ca(2+) antagonists swam with a running bias, i.e., tumbling was inhibited. Similarly, some Na(+) antagonists used in animal research inhibited bacterial chemotaxis. E. coli chemotaxis was inhibited by saxitoxin at concentrations above 10(-7) M, while more than 10(-4) M was needed to inhibit motility. Cells treated with saxitoxin swam with a tumbling bias. In the case of other Na(+) antagonists in animals, aconitine inhibited bacterial chemotaxis 10 times more effectively than it inhibited motility, and two others inhibited chemotaxis and motility at about the same concentration. In the case of K(+) antagonists used in animal research, 4-aminopyridine blocked E. coli chemotaxis between 10(-3) M and, totally, 10(-2) M, while motility was not affected at 10(-2) M; on the other hand, tetraethylammonium chloride failed to inhibit either chemotaxis or motility at 10(-2) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Tisa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Sackett MJ, Armitage JP, Sherwood EE, Pitta TP. Photoresponses of the purple nonsulfur bacteria Rhodospirillum centenum and Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:6764-8. [PMID: 9352928 PMCID: PMC179607 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.21.6764-6768.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have measured the photoresponse of two purple nonsulfur bacteria, Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum centenum, under defined conditions in a light beam propagating at 90 degrees to the optical axis of the microscope. This beam presented cells with a steep gradient of intensity perpendicular to the direction of propagation and a shallow gradient in the direction of light propagation. R. centenum, a species that reverses to change direction, accumulated in the light beam, as expected for a "scotophobic" response, while R. sphaeroides, which stops rather than reverses, accumulated outside the light beam. We also compared the behavior of liquid-grown R. centenum, which swims by using a single polar flagellum, to that of surface-grown R. centenum, which swarms over agar by using many lateral flagella and has been shown to move as colonies toward specific wavelengths of light. When suspended in liquid medium, both liquid- and surface-grown R. centenum showed similar responses to the light gradient. In all cases, free-swimming cells responded to the steep gradient of intensity but not to the shallow gradient, indicating they cannot sense the direction of light propagation but only its intensity. In a control experiment, the known phototactic alga Chlamydamonas reinhardtii was shown to swim in the direction of light propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sackett
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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Pitta TP, Sherwood EE, Kobel AM, Berg HC. Calcium is required for swimming by the nonflagellated cyanobacterium Synechococcus strain WH8113. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:2524-8. [PMID: 9098048 PMCID: PMC178999 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.8.2524-2528.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus strain WH8113 swims in the absence of any recognizable organelles of locomotion. We have found that calcium is required for this motility. Cells deprived of calcium stopped swimming, while addition of calcium completely restored motility. No other divalent ions tested could replace calcium. Terbium, a lanthanide ion, blocked motility even when calcium was present at 10(5)-fold-higher concentrations, presumably by occupying calcium binding sites. Calcium chelators, EGTA or EDTA, blocked motility, even when calcium was present at 25-fold-higher concentrations, presumably by acting as calcium ionophores. Finally, motility was blocked by verapamil and nitrendipine, molecules known to block voltage-gated calcium channels of eukaryotic cells by an allosteric mechanism. These results suggest that a calcium potential is involved in the mechanism of motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Pitta
- Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smith
- Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
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Berkelman T, Garret-Engele P, Hoffman NE. The pacL gene of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 encodes a Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:4430-6. [PMID: 8021228 PMCID: PMC205657 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.14.4430-4436.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake activity was identified in plasma membrane vesicles prepared from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. This activity was insensitive to agents which collapse pH gradients and membrane potentials but sensitive to vanadate, indicating that the activity is catalyzed by a P-type Ca(2+)-ATPase. A gene was cloned from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 by using a degenerate oligonucleotide based on a sequence conserved among P-type ATPases. This gene (pacL) encodes a product similar in structure to eukaryotic Ca(2+)-ATPases. We have shown that pacL encodes a Ca(2+)-ATPase by demonstrating that a strain in which pacL is disrupted has no Ca(2+)-ATPase activity associated with its plasma membrane. In addition, Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was restored to the delta pacL strain by introducing pacL into a second site in the Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Berkelman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305
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Onek LA, Lea PJ, Smith RJ. Isolation and characterization of a calmodulin-like protein from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 6720. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00303592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Häder DP, Häder M. Effects of UV radiation on motility, photo-orientation and pigmentation in a freshwater Cryptomonas. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1990; 5:105-14. [PMID: 2111388 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85009-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of UV radiation on photo-orientation, motility and pigmentation have been studied in a freshwater Cryptomonas species. The cells show a pronounced diaphototactic orientation which is affected by UV radiation at 50 mW m-2 within about 90 min. Both the average velocity of the swimming cells and the percentage of motile cells within the population decrease within about the same exposure time. UV radiation also bleaches the cellular pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Häder
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, F.R.G
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Abstract
Lanthanum belongs to the group of elements known as "lanthanons," which also includes cerium, europium, promethium, and thulium. It is the most electropositive element of the rare earth group, is uniformly trivalent, and is similar in its chemical properties to the alkaline earth elements. The effects of this element and its compounds on cellular systems are of considerable interest because of their increasing use in industry and as a substitute or antagonist for calcium in a variety of cellular reactions. Lanthanum is also being employed extensively in studying anatomical barriers, membrane structure, and subcellular transport systems, particularly the calcium pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Das
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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Photo-orientation in a freshwater Cryptomonas species. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(88)85041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Häder DP. Signal perception and amplification in photoresponses of cyanobacteria. Biophys Chem 1988; 29:155-9. [PMID: 17010912 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)87035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/1987] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to a number of other external stimuli, the gliding cyanobacterium, Phormidium uncinatum, uses light as a clue to control movement in order to find and stay in a microhabitat with optimal conditions for growth and survival of the population. Of the three photoresponses developed in cyanobacteria, phototaxis, photokinesis and photophobic responses, the latter are the most prominent for this task. Step-down phobic responses are mediated by the photosynthetic pigments and are linked to the linear electron-transport chain. A change in the fluence rate is reflected by a change in the proton-motive force which is amplifi.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Häder
- Fachbereich Biologie-Botanik, Philipps Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Str., D-3550 Marburg, F.R.G
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Häder DP, Rhiel E, Wehrmeyer W. Ecological consequences of photomovement and photobleaching in the marine flagellateCryptomonas maculata. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Häder DP, Rhiel E, Wehrmeyer W. Phototaxis in the marine flagellate Cryptomonas maculata. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(87)80011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Omirbekova N, Gabai V, Sherman M, Vorobyeva N, Glagolev A. Involvement of Ca2+and cGMP in bacterial taxis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Effects of UV-B on motility and photoorientation in the cyanobacterium, Phormidium uncinatum. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00409768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The effects of neurotoxic compounds on the chemotactic response of Spirochaeta aurantia were investigated. In the presence of neurotoxins that affect action potential generation and transmission in excitable eucaryotic cells, D-xylose taxis was inhibited by 69 to 93%. Inhibition of chemotaxis was not due to decreased viability or motility. This study supports the hypothesis that the molecular basis for sensory signal transduction in S. aurantia involves ion fluxes across the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Abstract
Anaerobic conditions were employed to study the relationship between membrane potential and chemotaxis in Spirochaeta aurantia. When cells were grown anaerobically and suspended in anaerobic potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5.5), membranes did not appear to be polarized. Nevertheless, motility was supported by a transmembrane pH gradient, and the anaerobic cells exhibited D-xylose taxis. Introduction of trace amounts of air into anaerobic cell suspensions resulted in a transient membrane polarization. The addition of valinomycin to cells suspended under anaerobic conditions did not alter the steady-state value of membrane potential appreciably but served to clamp membrane potential at the preset level. Although there was no detectable effect of valinomycin on the motility of anaerobic cells in potassium phosphate buffer, D-xylose taxis was completely inhibited by this treatment. These data indicate the the action of valinomycin as a voltage clamp serves to inhibit the chemotaxis of S. aurantia and provide evidence to support the suggestion that the mechanism of chemotaxis in this organism involves the transduction of sensory signals in the form of membrane potential fluctuations.
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Dependence of the photophobic response of the blue-green alga, Phormidium uncinatum, on cations. Arch Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00413387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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