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Zheng J, Gao C, Wang M, Tran P, Mai N, Finley JW, Heymsfield SB, Greenway FL, Li Z, Heber D, Burton JH, Johnson WD, Laine RA. Lower Doses of Fructose Extend Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Diet Suppl 2016; 14:264-277. [PMID: 27680107 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1212959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that the increased consumption of sugars including sucrose and fructose in beverages correlate with the prevalence of obesity, type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension in humans. A few reports suggest that fructose extends lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Anopheles gambiae, fructose, glucose, or glucose plus fructose also extended lifespan. New results presented here suggest that fructose extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) wild type (N2). C. elegans were fed standard laboratory food source (E. coli OP50), maintained in liquid culture. Experimental groups received additional glucose (111 mM), fructose (55 mM, 111 mM, or 555 mM), sucrose (55 mM, 111 mM, or 555 mM), glucose (167 mM) plus fructose (167 mM) (G&F), or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS, 333 mM). In four replicate experiments, fructose dose-dependently increased mean lifespan at 55 mM or 111 m Min N2, but decreased lifespan at 555 mM (P < 0.001). Sucrose did not affect the lifespan. Glucose reduced lifespan (P < 0.001). Equal amount of G&F or HFCS reduced lifespan (P < 0.0001). Intestinal fat deposition (IFD) was increased at a higher dose of fructose (555 mM), glucose (111 mM), and sucrose (55 mM, 111 mM, and 555 mM). Here we report a biphasic effect of fructose increasing lifespan at lower doses and shortening lifespan at higher doses with an inverse effect on IFD. In view of reports that fructose increases lifespan in yeast, mosquitoes and now nematodes, while decreasing fat deposition (in nematodes) at lower concentrations, further research into the relationship of fructose to lifespan and fat accumulation in vertebrates and mammals is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Zheng
- a Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Chenfei Gao
- b School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Louisiana State University Agriculture Center , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Mingming Wang
- b School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Louisiana State University Agriculture Center , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Phuongmai Tran
- c Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Nancy Mai
- c Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - John W Finley
- b School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Louisiana State University Agriculture Center , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- a Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Frank L Greenway
- a Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- d Department of Nutrition , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - David Heber
- d Department of Nutrition , University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Jeffrey H Burton
- a Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - William D Johnson
- a Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Roger A Laine
- c Department of Biological Sciences, and Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University and A & M College , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
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Kendig MD. Cognitive and behavioural effects of sugar consumption in rodents. A review. Appetite 2014; 80:41-54. [PMID: 24816323 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced global rise in sugar consumption in recent years has been driven largely by increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Although high sugar intakes are recognised to increase the risk of obesity and related metabolic disturbances, less is known about how sugar might also impair cognition and learned behaviour. This review considers the effects of sugar in rodents on measures of learning and memory, reward processing, anxiety and mood. The parallels between sugar consumption and addictive behaviours are also discussed. The available evidence clearly indicates that sugar consumption can induce cognitive dysfunction. Deficits have been found most consistently on tasks measuring spatial learning and memory. Younger animals appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of sugar on reward processing, yet results vary according to what reward-related behaviour is assessed. Sugar does not appear to produce long-term effects on anxiety or mood. Importantly, cognitive impairments have been found when intake approximates levels of sugar consumption in people and without changes to weight gain. There remain several caveats when extrapolating from animal models to putative effects of sugar on cognitive function in people. These issues are discussed in conjunction with potential underlying neural mechanisms and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kendig
- School of Psychology (A18), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Preuss HG, Zein M, MacArthy P, Dipette D, Sabnis S, Knapka J. Sugar-induced blood pressure elevations over the lifespan of three substrains of Wistar rats. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17:36-47. [PMID: 9477388 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1998.10720453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since the majority of studies concerned with sugar-induced blood pressure elevation have principally been short-term, the present investigation followed the effects of heavy sucrose ingestion on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and related parameters over the lifespan of three substrains of Wistar rats. METHODS Two hundred twenty-five rats (75 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 75 Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), 75 Munich Wistar rats (WAM) were given one of five diets. The baseline diet in terms of calories derived 32% from sucrose, 33% from protein, and 35% from fat. The remaining four diets derived their calories as follows: a high sugar-low protein diet--52% of calories from sucrose, 15% from protein, and 33% from fat; a high sugar-low fat diet--53% of calories from sucrose, 37% from protein, and 10% from fat; a low sugar-high protein diet--11% calories from sucrose, 56% from protein, and 33% from fat, and a low sugar-high fat--13% of calories from sucrose, 32% from protein, and 55% from fat. RESULTS All substrains showed the highest systolic blood pressure when ingesting the two diets highest in sucrose. The highest sugar-induced SBP elevation, which remained over the lifespan of all substrains, was found in SHR. WKY had an intermediate elevation. WAM showed the lowest responses, although the average elevation of 6-8 mm Hg was statistically significant. The following parameters could not be correlated with long-term elevation of SBP; body weight, catecholamine excretion, renal function, and plasma renin activity. Only insulin concentrations correlated: insulin concentrations were consistently higher in the two groups of WKY and WAM consuming the high sucrose diets. CONCLUSIONS High dietary sucrose can chronically increase SBP in three substrains of Wistar rats. Increased concentrations of circulating insulin were found in WKY and WAM suggesting that the glucose/insulin system was involved, at least in these two substrains, in the maintenance of high SBP levels during chronic, heavy sugar ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Preuss
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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