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Eanes WF, Merritt TJS, Flowers JM, Kumagai S, Zhu CT. Direct evidence that genetic variation in glycerol-3-phosphate and malate dehydrogenase genes (Gpdh and Mdh1) affects adult ethanol tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2009; 181:607-14. [PMID: 19033156 PMCID: PMC2644950 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.089383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies of alcohol adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster have focused on the Adh polymorphism, yet the metabolic elimination of alcohol should involve many enzymes and pathways. Here we evaluate the effects of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh) and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1) genotype activity on adult tolerance to ethanol. We have created a set of P-element-excision-derived Gpdh, Mdh1, and Adh alleles that generate a range of activity phenotypes from full to zero activity. Comparisons of paired Gpdh genotypes possessing 10 and 60% normal activity and 66 and 100% normal activity show significant effects where higher activity increases tolerance. Mdh1 null allele homozygotes show reductions in tolerance. We use piggyBac FLP-FRT site-specific recombination to create deletions and duplications of Gpdh. Duplications show an increase of 50% in activity and an increase of adult tolerance to ethanol exposure. These studies show that the molecular polymorphism associated with GPDH activity could be maintained in natural populations by selection related to adaptation to alcohols. Finally, we examine the interactions between activity genotypes for Gpdh, Mdh1, and Adh. We find no significant interlocus interactions. Observations on Mdh1 in both Gpdh and Adh backgrounds demonstrate significant increases in ethanol tolerance with partial reductions (50%) in cytosolic MDH activity. This observation strongly suggests the operation of pyruvate-malate and, in particular, pyruvate-citrate cycling in adaptation to alcohol exposure. We propose that an understanding of the evolution of tolerance to alcohols will require a system-level approach, rather than a focus on single enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Eanes
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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KOEHN RICHARDK. The cost of enzyme synthesis in the genetics of energy balance and physiological performance. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Wang D, Sung HM, Wang TY, Huang CJ, Yang P, Chang T, Wang YC, Tseng DL, Wu JP, Lee TC, Shih MC, Li WH. Expression evolution in yeast genes of single-input modules is mainly due to changes in trans-acting factors. Genome Res 2007; 17:1161-9. [PMID: 17615293 PMCID: PMC1933509 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6328907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Both cis- and trans-regulatory mutations contribute to gene expression divergence within and between species. To estimate their relative contributions, we examined two yeast strains, BY (a laboratory strain) and RM (a wild strain), for their gene-expression divergence by microarray. Using these data and published ChIP-chip data, we obtained a set of single-regulator-regulated genes that showed expression divergence between BY and RM. We randomly selected 50 of these genes for further study. We developed a step-by-step approach to assess the relative contributions of cis- and trans-variations to expression divergence by using pyrosequencing to quantify the mRNA levels of the BY and RM alleles in the same culture (co-culture) and in hybrid diploids. Forty genes showed expression divergence between the two strains in co-culture, and pyrosequencing of the BY/RM hybrid diploids showed that 45% (18/40) can be attributed to differences in trans-acting factors alone, 17.5% (7/40) mainly to trans-variations, 20% (8/40) to both cis- and trans-acting factors, 7.5% (3/40) mainly to cis-variations, and 10% (4/40) to cis-acting factors alone. In addition, we replaced the BY promoter by the RM promoter in each of 10 BY genes that were found from our microarray data to have expression divergence between BY and RM, and in each case our quantitative PCR analysis revealed a cis effect of the promoter replacement on gene expression. In summary, our study suggests that trans-acting factors play the major role in expression evolution between yeast strains, but the role of cis variation is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryi Wang
- Research Center for Biodiversity, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzi-Yuan Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Peggy Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tiffany Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chao Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Da-Lun Tseng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pey Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Ching Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (773) 702-9740
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Merritt TJS, Sezgin E, Zhu CT, Eanes WF. Triglyceride pools, flight and activity variation at the Gpdh locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2006; 172:293-304. [PMID: 16204217 PMCID: PMC1456158 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.047035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have created a set of P-element excision-derived Gpdh alleles that generate a range of GPDH activity phenotypes ranging from zero to full activity. By placing these synthetic alleles in isogenic backgrounds, we characterize the effects of minor and major activity variation on two different aspects of Gpdh function: the standing triglyceride pool and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle-assisted flight. We observe small but statistically significant reductions in triglyceride content for adult Gpdh genotypes possessing 33-80% reductions from normal activity. These small differences scale to a notable proportion of the observed genetic variation in triglyceride content in natural populations. Using a tethered fly assay to assess flight metabolism, we observed that genotypes with 100 and 66% activity exhibited no significant difference in wing-beat frequency (WBF), while activity reductions from 60 to 10% showed statistically significant reductions of approximately 7% in WBF. These studies show that the molecular polymorphism associated with GPDH activity could be maintained in natural populations by selection in the triglyceride pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J S Merritt
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. Feder
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy and Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637; e-mail:
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; e-mail:
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800; e-mail:
| | - Albert F. Bennett
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy and Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637; e-mail:
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; e-mail:
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800; e-mail:
| | - Raymond B. Huey
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy and Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637; e-mail:
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697; e-mail:
- Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800; e-mail:
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Reed DS, Gibson JB. Defective P element insertions affect the expression of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase alleles in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 1993; 251:39-45. [PMID: 8094564 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1993.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinctive and geographically widespread category of low-activity variant at the Gpdh locus in Drosophila melanogaster is shown to have defective P elements inserted between the TATA box and the transcription start site. In four examples the insertion was a single 1.15 kilobase (kb) KP element, whereas in another variant there were two KP elements in tandem. A sixth example contained a 0.61 kb defective P element. The target site for all of the insertions is GTGCAAAC. There was no sequence variation either between the insertions or in comparison with two other KP elements previously described from natural populations. The insertions cause a reduction in GPDH mRNA, and are the most likely cause of the low GPDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Reed
- Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra City, A.C.T
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Symonds JE, Gibson JB. Restriction site variation, gene duplication, and the activity ofsn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inDrosophila melanogaster. Biochem Genet 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Symonds JE, Gibson JB. Restriction site variation, gene duplication, and the activity of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Genet 1992; 30:169-88. [PMID: 1590748 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Restriction site variation in a 25-kb region including the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh) locus has been assessed in 29 single female D. melanogaster lines from the Cardwell (Australia, QLD) population. The Gpdh locus was duplicated in about one-third of the lines, although the duplication was incomplete and lacked exons 1 and 2. There was no restriction site variation in the duplicated region. Three insertions were found in the gene region but only one affected GPDH activity. The lines with the duplication had higher levels of GPDH activity and protein amount than did nonduplicated lines. This effect was also observed in lines extracted from two other Australian populations. The duplication is shown to have a similar structure in each population investigated and is also present in populations from China and Africa. It is suggested that the effect of the duplication on GPDH activity, which might be due to structural factors affecting transcription at the Gpdh locus, could account for the worldwide distribution of the duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Symonds
- Molecular and Population Genetics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T
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Cook JL, Shaffer JB, Bewley GC. Differential expression and isozymic composition of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in tissues from variant lines of Drosophila melanogaster. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1991; 12:219-25. [PMID: 1907896 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tissue-specific expression and isozymic composition of Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8) have been determined for a high-activity control line and two variant lines that alter either the temporal or systemic expression of GPDH through a reduction in rates of polypeptide synthesis. The temporal variant exhibits a reduction in enzyme levels in all larval tissues and in the adult abdomen, while levels of activity in the adult thorax are equal to the control line. Isozymic analyses of these tissues demonstrate that it is the GPDH-3 species that is reduced in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. In contrast, the systemic variant demonstrates a uniform reduction of all isozymic species in each tissue and developmental stage. Analyses of the tissues of F1 hybrid offspring of each variant line and appropriately marked electrophoretic variants demonstrate that the tissue-specific effects observed are due to cis-acting elements that are tightly linked to the structural gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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Gibson JB, Cao A, Symonds J, Reed D. Low activity sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 1991; 66 ( Pt 1):75-82. [PMID: 1901304 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1991.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven Australian natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster were screened by electrophoresis for evidence of null and/or low activity variants at the Gdph locus. Of 5018 alleles investigated, 57 had markedly lower GDPH activity, as judged by their heterozygous phenotypes, than control alleles. GPDH assays of 13 of these variant alleles showed that whilst they were heterogeneous in their properties and included electrophoretic variants and two categories of low-activity variant, there were no true null alleles. The most common low-activity variants exhibited dominance for GPDH activity in heterozygotes with normal alleles, and were shown to share this property with an allele previously isolated from a London (UK) population (Langley et al., 1981).
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Gibson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra City, ACT
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Bewley GC, Cook JL, Kusakabe S, Mukai T, Rigby DL, Chambers GK. Sequence, structure and evolution of the gene coding for sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:8553-67. [PMID: 2511555 PMCID: PMC335027 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.21.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence for the gene encoding Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A transcription unit of 5kb was identified which is composed of eight protein encoding exons. Three classes of transcripts were shown to differ only in the 3'-end and to code for three protein isoforms each with a different C-terminal amino acid sequence. Each transcript is shown to arise through the differential expression of three isotype-specific exons at the 3'-end of the gene by a developmentally regulated process of 3'-end formation and alternate splicing pathways of the pre-mRNA. In contrast, the 5'-end of the gene is simple in structure and each mRNA is transcribed from the same promoter sequence. A comparison of the organization of the Drosophila and murine genes and the primary amino acid sequence between a total of four species indicates that the GPDH gene-enzyme system is highly conserved and is evolving slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bewley
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7614
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12
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Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations. Biochem Genet 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02395523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Isolation of a genomic clone for Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase using synthetic oligonucleotides. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Barnes PT, Laurie-Ahlberg CC. Genetic variability of flight metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Effects of Gpdh allozymes and environmental temperature on power output. Genetics 1986; 112:267-94. [PMID: 3079721 PMCID: PMC1202701 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/112.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of allozyme variation at the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh) locus on variation in the mechanical power output of the flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated. The influence of different rearing and flight temperatures and of their interactions with the Gpdh allozymic genotypes (allotypes) on flight ability also were analyzed. Populations from three continents were used, and Gpdh allotypes were generated from crosses between randomly paired isofemale lines made autozygous for each of the two alleles by inbreeding. Measurements made during tethered flight, together with wing morphology, were used to estimate power output using both Weis-Fogh's and Ellington's formulas. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant main effects for both environmental components (rearing and flight temperatures) but for only one of the three genetic components (genetic backgrounds within continent); Gpdh allotypes and populations (continent of origin) were not significant. The interaction between rearing and flight temperature was highly significant, indicating some physiological adaptation. The effect of Gpdh allozymes depended on both rearing and flight temperature and was either significant or marginally so, depending on which set of formulas was used. In either case, the S/S allotype showed a 2-4% greater power output than the F/F allotype at low temperature for both interactions. In addition, the S/S allotype showed significantly greater power output than the F/F allotype among flies raised at 15 degrees and flown at 15 degrees, whereas the reverse was true for flies raised at 30 degrees and flown at 30 degrees. Significant differences among the three allotypes for GPDH activity level were found in general, with S/S having the highest, F/S intermediate and F/F the lowest activity, and an inverse relationship existed between rearing temperature and activity. The temperature effects on power output are consistent with the geographical and seasonal variation observed at the Gpdh locus in nature. In general, the results show that Gpdh can be considered a minor polygene affecting quantitative variation in the power output during flight and that genotype-by-environment interaction is an important component of that effect.
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15
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RNA directed synthesis of catalytically active Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bewley GC, Niesel DW, Wilkins JR. Purification and characterization of the naturally occurring allelic variants of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 79:23-32. [PMID: 6437737 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring electrophoretic variants of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and a heterodimeric form of the enzyme resulting from a genetic cross of two variant strains of Drosophila were purified to homogeneity by a combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and 8-(6-aminohexyl)-amino-ATP-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Each purified protein was compared with respect to a number of physicochemical and kinetic properties. All forms of the enzyme were found to be similar, except for pI differences associated with the electrophoretic variation observed.
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