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Li H, Rai M, Buddika K, Sterrett MC, Luhur A, Mahmoudzadeh NH, Julick CR, Pletcher RC, Chawla G, Gosney CJ, Burton AK, Karty JA, Montooth KL, Sokol NS, Tennessen JM. Lactate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase cooperatively regulate growth and carbohydrate metabolism during Drosophila melanogaster larval development. Development 2019; 146:dev175315. [PMID: 31399469 PMCID: PMC6765128 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic growth that occurs during Drosophila larval development requires rapid conversion of nutrients into biomass. Many larval tissues respond to these biosynthetic demands by increasing carbohydrate metabolism and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The resulting metabolic program is ideally suited for synthesis of macromolecules and mimics the manner by which cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis. To explore the potential role of Drosophila LDH in promoting biosynthesis, we examined how Ldh mutations influence larval development. Our studies unexpectedly found that Ldh mutants grow at a normal rate, indicating that LDH is dispensable for larval biomass production. However, subsequent metabolomic analyses suggested that Ldh mutants compensate for the inability to produce lactate by generating excess glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), the production of which also influences larval redox balance. Consistent with this possibility, larvae lacking both LDH and G3P dehydrogenase (GPDH1) exhibit growth defects, synthetic lethality and decreased glycolytic flux. Considering that human cells also generate G3P upon inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), our findings hint at a conserved mechanism in which the coordinate regulation of lactate and G3P synthesis imparts metabolic robustness to growing animal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Madhulika Rai
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kasun Buddika
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Maria C Sterrett
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Arthur Luhur
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Cole R Julick
- RNA Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Rose C Pletcher
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Chelsea J Gosney
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Anna K Burton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jonathan A Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kristi L Montooth
- RNA Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Nicholas S Sokol
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Radulović Z, Milutinović M, Andelković M, Vujcić Z, Tomanović S, Bozić N, Marinković D. Allozyme polymorphism of Mdh and alpha-Gpdh in Ixodes ricinus populations: comparison of borreliae-infected and uninfected ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2006; 40:113-21. [PMID: 17072538 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-006-9028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks are vectors of numerous infectious diseases in humans and animals. The allozyme variability of MDH and alpha-Gpdh was detected by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in I. ricinus natural populations in three localities in Serbia. Four alleles of Mdh locus (MDH 1, MDH 2, MDH 3 and MDH X) and four alleles of alpha-Gpdh locus (VS, S, F and VF) were detected. Interpopulation differences in Mdh and alpha-Gpdh allele frequencies were statistically insignificant. Significant difference in alpha-Gpdh allele frequencies between males and females was recorded in the largest sample only. Differences in allele frequencies, detected between borreliae-infected and uninfected I. ricinus ticks, were close to the level of statistical significance, especially for alpha-Gpdh locus. Clear significant difference appeared in females when sexes were tested separatelly (P = 0.037). It is interesting that genotypes containing rarer alleles (MDH 1 and S) were infected in higher proportion in comparison to other genotypes. Our results point towards a possible role of Mdh and alpha-Gpdh loci in I. ricinus ticks in the determination of energy requirements for host seeking. Sex differences in alpha-Gpdh allele frequencies suggest that selective pressure, concerning efficiency of reserve materials utilisation, points to alpha-Gpdh rather than to Mdh locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko Radulović
- Laboratory for Medical Arachnoentomology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, POB 102, 11129, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Wilanowski TM, Yoong SH, Bartoszewski S, Gibson JB. Expression of the GPDH-4 isozyme of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in three Drosophila species. Heredity (Edinb) 1998; 81 ( Pt 4):390-5. [PMID: 9839437 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6883890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A fourth recently discovered isozyme of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH-4) in Drosophila melanogaster is shown to be a translational product of the Gpdh transcript which contains exons 1 through 7. This transcript was also found in two other Drosophila species, D. busckii and D. virilis. In contrast to D. melanogaster and D. busckii, the Gpdh transcript containing exons 1-6 is absent in D. virilis adults. The reason for this difference between D. virilis and the two other species is intriguing but remains elusive. We have ruled out the possibility that a replacement of an amino acid residue in exon 7 played any role in generating this interspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wilanowski
- Molecular Genetics and Evolution Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Chambers GK, Felton AA, Ramshaw JA, Rigby DL, Sullivan DT. Structural analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from several Drosophila species. Biochem Genet 1985; 23:801-14. [PMID: 4084218 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes preliminary protein structural studies of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) from Drosophila spp. and an important innovative feature of our enzyme purification protocol. The scheme involves the coupling of substrate (alpha-glycerophosphate) elution from CM-Sephadex and cofactor (NADH) elution from Affi-Gel blue resin. Using this method a 32.7% yield and a 111-fold purification were obtained from a D. melanogaster line carrying the alpha-GpdhS allele at the alpha-Gpdh locus. The product obtained from 0 to 3-day-old adult flies was electrophoretically homogeneous and consisted mainly of the adult alpha-GPDH-1 isozyme. The method was used to obtain alpha-GPDH protein from D. melanogaster (two lines), D. hydei, D. immigrans, and D. mercatorum. Peptide mapping revealed structural differences among the enzymes from the different species, and amino acid sequencing showed many similarities between D. melanogaster alpha-GPDH and the rabbit muscle enzyme.
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Structural analysis of adult and larval isozymes of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Developmental and biochemical differentiation of glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Mormoniella vitripennis (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(82)90038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alatossava T, Lakovaara S. Thermal stability of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila. Biochem Genet 1981; 19:311-20. [PMID: 6788037 DOI: 10.1007/bf00504276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stability of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase-1 (alpha-Gpdh-1) in nine Drosophila species was studied at pH's ranging form 6.4 to 8.5. This was done by measuring the changes in the activity of enzymes during the heat denaturation process. In addition to temperature, the rate of denaturation is highly dependent on the pH of the incubation buffer. The results of this study show that the thermal stability of enzyme molecules is different in different species. This holds true also in the species in which the enzymes have been found to be identical by other means. The differences between species of the Drosophila virilis group are discussed.
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Pryor SC, Ferrell RE. Biochemical genetics of the Culex pipiens complex—III. α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Purification and structural analysis of the soluble sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bewley GC, DeZurik JM, Pagelson G. Analysis of l-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants in Drosophila melanogaster: complementation for intracellular degradation of the mutant polypeptide. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1980; 178:301-8. [PMID: 6771487 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Null and low activity alleles at the genetic locus coding for L-Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH, NAD+ oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.8) in Drosophila melanogaster have been analyzed by a combination of rocket immunoelectrophoresis, interallelic complementation, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In addition to proving information on the molecular weight, charged state, and steady state level of CRM in each of these mutants, it is suggested that each mutation has resulted in a genetic lesion within the structural element, Gpdh+. CRM levels appear to be the result of differential sensitivity to the normal intracellular degradative process and the CRM- mutants represent "hypersensitive" alleles, such that the mutant polypeptide does not accumulate in the intracellular environment.
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Kornbluth R, Tracy PS, Fondy TP. Isoenzymic forms of NAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 568:273-86. [PMID: 226146 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two major enzyme forms of cytosolic NAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in rabbit brain have been purified to apparent homogeneity. One major enzyme form designated I6.5 exhibits an iso-electric point at pH 6.5, and is indistinguishable from the major form I6.5 found in other tissues. The other major form, designated I5.9, has an isolectric point at pH 5.9, and by amino acid analysis is shown to be a true isoenzyme distinct from form I6.5. Form I5.9 appears to be closely related to or identical with the major enzyme characteristic of heart. Neither the brain enzyme form I5.9 nor the major heart isoenzyme are inhibited by antiserum to the muscle enzyme. Because of the high apparent Km for NADH, it is postulated that the brain isoenzyme I5.9 serves to maintain glycolysis when NADH levels rise under relatively anaerobic conditions especially during fetal and neonatal development.
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Cochrane BJ, Richmond RC. Studies of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. I. The genetics of a posttranslational modification. Biochem Genet 1979; 17:167-83. [PMID: 110315 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A locus has been found, an allele of which causes a modification of some allozymes of the enzyme esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster. There are two alleles of this locus, one of which is dominant to the other and results in increased electrophoretic mobility of affected allozymes. The locus responsible has been mapped to 3-56.7 on the standard genetic map (Est-6 is at 3-36.8). Of 13 other enzyme systems analyzed, only leucine aminopeptidase is affected by the modifier locus. Neuraminidase incubations of homogenates altered the electrophoretic mobility of esterase 6 allozymes, but the mobility differences found are not large enough to conclude that esterase 6 is sialylated.
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The purification of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster larvae and a partial structural comparison with the form purified from adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(79)90082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bewley GC. Heat stability studies at the alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase locus in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Genet 1978; 16:769-75. [PMID: 103542 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The level of hidden variation in populations of Drosophila melanogaster at the Gpdh+ locus was determined by thermal stability studies of the protein. The results indicate a lack of variation using these methods both in and between the two common electrophoretic variants. It is suggested that alpha-GPDH is conserved in primary structure, which may be related to its critical role in flight muscle metabolism.
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Microelectrophoresis of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in various tissues of wild-type and mutant Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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