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Li JP, Kuo YC, Liao WN, Yang YT, Chen SY, Chien YT, Wu KH, Wang MY, Chou FI, Yang MH, Hueng DY, Yang CS, Chen JK. Harnessing Nuclear Energy to Gold Nanoparticles for the Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy of Glioblastoma. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2821. [PMID: 37947667 PMCID: PMC10650840 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear fission reactions can release massive amounts of energy accompanied by neutrons and γ photons, which create a mixed radiation field and enable a series of reactions in nuclear reactors. This study demonstrates a one-pot/one-step approach to synthesizing radioactive gold nanoparticles (RGNP) without using radioactive precursors and reducing agents. Trivalent gold ions are reduced into gold nanoparticles (8.6-146 nm), and a particular portion of 197Au atoms is simultaneously converted to 198Au atoms, rendering the nanoparticles radioactive. We suggest that harnessing nuclear energy to gold nanoparticles is feasible in the interests of advancing nanotechnology for cancer therapy. A combination of RGNP applied through convection-enhanced delivery (CED) and temozolomide (TMZ) through oral administration demonstrates the synergistic effect in treating glioblastoma-bearing mice. The mean survival for RGNP/TMZ treatment was 68.9 ± 9.7 days compared to that for standalone RGNP (38.4 ± 2.2 days) or TMZ (42.8 ± 2.5 days) therapies. Based on the verification of bioluminescence images, positron emission tomography, and immunohistochemistry inspection, the combination treatment can inhibit the proliferation of glioblastoma, highlighting the niche of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) attributed to RGNP and TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
| | - Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Neng Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
| | - Sih-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
| | - Yu-Ting Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
| | - Kuo-Hung Wu
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (K.-H.W.); (M.-Y.W.); (F.-I.C.)
| | - Mei-Ya Wang
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (K.-H.W.); (M.-Y.W.); (F.-I.C.)
| | - Fong-In Chou
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (K.-H.W.); (M.-Y.W.); (F.-I.C.)
| | - Mo-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Shi Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
| | - Jen-Kun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-P.L.); (W.-N.L.); (Y.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-S.Y.)
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
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Walsh AA. Chemisorption of iodine-125 to gold nanoparticles allows for real-time quantitation and potential use in nanomedicine. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 19:152. [PMID: 28479864 PMCID: PMC5397429 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-017-3840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have been available for many years as a research tool in the life sciences due to their electron density and optical properties. New applications are continually being developed, particularly in nanomedicine. One drawback is the need for an easy, real-time quantitation method for gold nanoparticles so that the effects observed in in vitro cell toxicity assays and cell uptake studies can be interpreted quantitatively in terms of nanoparticle loading. One potential method of quantifying gold nanoparticles in real time is by chemisorption of iodine-125, a gamma emitter, to the nanoparticles. This paper revisits the labelling of gold nanoparticles with iodine-125, first described 30 years ago and never fully exploited since. We explore the chemical properties and usefulness in quantifying bio-functionalised gold nanoparticle binding in a quick and simple manner. The gold particles were labelled specifically and quantitatively simply by mixing the two items. The nature of the labelling is chemisorption and is robust, remaining bound over several weeks in a variety of cell culture media. Chemisorption was confirmed as potassium iodide can remove the label whereas sodium chloride and many other buffers had no effect. Particles precoated in polymers or proteins can be labelled just as efficiently allowing for post-labelling experiments in situ rather than using radioactive gold atoms in the production process. We also demonstrate that interparticle exchange of I-125 between different size particles does not appear to take place confirming the affinity of the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Walsh
- Translational Medicine, Liverpool University, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
- Nano Biosols Ltd, Liverpool Science Park, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, L3 5TF UK
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Feyzizarnagh H, Yoon DY, Goltz M, Kim DS. Peptide nanostructures in biomedical technology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:730-43. [PMID: 26846352 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructures of peptides have been investigated for biomedical applications due to their unique mechanical and electrical properties in addition to their excellent biocompatibility. Peptides may form fibrils, spheres and tubes in nanoscale depending on the formation conditions. These peptide nanostructures can be used in electrical, medical, dental, and environmental applications. Applications of these nanostructures include, but are not limited to, electronic devices, biosensing, medical imaging and diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering and stem cell research. This review offers a discussion of basic synthesis methods, properties and application of these nanomaterials. The review concludes with recommendations and future directions for peptide nanostructures. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:730-743. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1393 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Feyzizarnagh
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mark Goltz
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Dong-Shik Kim
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Bendayan M. A Review of the Potential and Versatility of Colloidal Gold Cytochemical Labeling for Molecular Morphology. Biotech Histochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10520290009068433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Peters PJ, Bos E, Griekspoor A. Cryo‐Immunogold Electron Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; Chapter 4:Unit 4.7. [DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0407s30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Bos
- Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Mayer G, Bendayan M. Amplification methods for the immunolocalization of rare molecules in cells and tissues. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 36:3-85. [PMID: 11194866 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(01)80002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The needs to precisely assign macromolecules to specific locations and domains within tissues and cells and to reveal antigens which are present in low or even in trace amounts, led to the elaboration of a wide spectrum of immunocytochemical amplification procedures. These arise from the successive improvements of tissue preparation techniques, of antigen retrieval procedures and of immunological or non-immunological detection systems. Improvement of detection systems may be the most active in the development of amplification techniques. Since the early work of Coons, in which by the introduction of the indirect technique has started amplifying the signal, different systems have succeeded in increasing the sensitivity of antigens detection. Indeed, amplification techniques such as the multiple antibody layers, the multiple bridges, the enzyme complexes, the avidin-biotin, the silver intensification, and the numerous variations and combinations among these have increased the sensitivity for the detection of scarce tissue antigens. However, as shown by the recent progress carried out with new approaches such as the catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) and the enhanced polymer one-step staining (EPOS), more efficient methods are still needed. In electron microscopy, few techniques have reached the resolution afforded by the post-embedding immunogold approach. In spite of this and in order to further increase its sensitivity, new probes and novel approaches are allowing combination of the gold marker with the amplification capacity of enzymes afforded by the CARD technique. Immunogold amplification strategies, such as the multiple incubations with the primary antibody and the use of an anti-protein A antibody have also led to enhanced signals displaying the advantages in terms of resolution and possibilities of quantification inherent to the colloidal gold marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mayer
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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7
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Larsson LI. Immunogold labelling of neuroendocrine peptides with special reference to antibody specificity and multiple staining techniques. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 106:93-103. [PMID: 8858369 DOI: 10.1007/bf02473204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunogold methods have been very important for research on the neuroendocrine system. The compatibility of immunogold probes with optimal contrasting for electron microscopy has made localizations of neuroendocrine peptides to different subtypes of secretory organelles possible and, currently, methods using covalent attachment of nanogold particles to antibodies and neuropeptide ligands hold promise for immunocytochemistry, receptor localizations and in situ hybridizations. Multihormonal phenotypes are a hallmark of both the developing and mature neuroendocrine system. The possibility to localize multiple coexisting messengers by multilabelling immunogold methods is emphasized, and different methods for achieving this are discussed. The most difficult part of immunocytochemistry involves definitions and interpretations of specificity, and a number of limitations and control procedures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Larsson
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Bendayan M. Colloidal gold post-embedding immunocytochemistry. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1995; 29:1-159. [PMID: 7480783 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bendayan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Montreal, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Recent advances in ultrastructural immunohistochemistry have provided insight into not only the subcellular localization of single antigens but also the colocalization of two distinct antigens in the same cellular constituent. In the field of pituitary pathology, precise identification of cell types, mechanism of processing, and dynamic intracellular transportation of hormones, as well as production of multiple hormones in the same cells of nontumorous and neoplastic adenohypophyses, have been documented by use of these techniques. The present review deals with the use of major methods for ultrastructural immunohistochemistry including pre-, post-, and non-embedding methods, particularly focusing on their application to human pituitary pathology. Problems of tissue processing and a protocol for double labeling technique using the protein A-gold complex are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sano
- Department of Pathology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Colloidal gold is easily prepared, and readily adsorbs to a number of immunoreagents and other proteins for a wide variety of uses for neuronal visualization. Gold probes serve a role as immunolabels for both light and electron microscopy. As an ultrastructural immunocytochemical marker for detection of proteins, peptides or amino acids, gold can be used for immunostaining thick or thin sections prior to embedding, or for immunostaining ultrathin sections after embedding tissue in conventional or unusual embedding matrices. By virtue of its particulate nature, gold as an immunolabel facilitates a semi-quantitative analysis of relative antigen densities on ultrathin sections. Various combinations of different size gold particles or dual immunolabelling with enzymatic immunolabels together with colloidal gold or silver-intensified gold serve well for ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of two antigens in the same tissue section. Colloidal gold can be detected with light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and with confocal laser microscopy. Silver intensification allows detection of gold at both the light and electron microscope level, and increases the sensitivity of immunogold procedures. Colloidal gold is useful as a tracer for physiological studies of transport and internalization in neurons in vivo and in vitro; computer-assisted video imaging techniques allow detection and tracking of single gold particles in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N van den Pol
- Section of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Ct. 06510
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11
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Holm R, Nesland JM, Attramadal A, Johannessen JV. Double-staining methods at the ultrastructural level applying colloidal gold conjugates. Ultrastruct Pathol 1988; 12:279-90. [PMID: 2456636 DOI: 10.3109/01913128809098040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several double gold-labeling methods have been reviewed, and our own results of applying some of these methods have been included. Of the six double-staining methods tested, four gave satisfactory results (indirect double immunogold staining method, two-face protein A-gold staining method, two-face amplified protein A-gold staining method, and formaldehyde blockade protein A-gold staining method). The other two techniques (sequential double protein A-gold staining method and formaldehyde blockade amplified protein A-gold staining method) showed cross-reaction between the first and second staining sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holm
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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12
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Haino-Fukushima K, Usui N. Purification and immunocytochemical localization of the vitelline coat lysin of abalone spermatozoa. Dev Biol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Ueda H, Kagawa H, Fujimoto S. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of growth hormone in the pituitary glands of two teleosts, tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambicus) and amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985; 59:149-54. [PMID: 4018550 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(85)90429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) cells were investigated with the protein A-gold technique on the pituitary glands of tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambicus) and amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus). By the use of specific antiserum against tilapia GH to both species, the immunoreactive gold particles were demonstrated to be preferentially located on the secretory granules of the GH cells. Specimens fixed only with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) preserved the hormonal antigenicity well. Osmium postfixation, although considerably reducing the antigenicity and thus resulting in a decrease in number of the gold particles on the GH cells, gave much more satisfactory ultrastructural preservation and immunoreactive localization of immunoreactive material. This investigation demonstrated that, after combined fixation with PLP and PLP-osmium, we could determine the function of a given cell type in various endocrine organs as well as the precise antigenic sites in such cells.
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Robinson EN, McGee ZA, Kaplan J, Hammond ME, Larson JK, Buchanan TM, Schoolnik GK. Ultrastructural localization of specific gonococcal macromolecules with antibody-gold sphere immunological probes. Infect Immun 1984; 46:361-6. [PMID: 6150005 PMCID: PMC261539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.46.2.361-366.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to determine the ultrastructural location of specific macromolecules on the surface of intact microorganisms and in experimentally infected tissues, a new method of rapidly conjugating antibodies to gold spheres via a staphylococcal protein A intermediary has been developed. This new technique provides the excellent density of marking and versatility of sphere size provided by existing gold methods, but decreases preparation time, decreases the chance of bacterial contamination of antibody reagents, and increases specificity of marking. Staphylococcal protein A-coated gold spheres were conjugated with antibodies from rabbits immunized with purified gonococcal pili. The resulting gold-antibody conjugates allowed demonstration of antibody binding to pilus structures of the same gonococcal strain whose pili were used to raise the antibody and demonstration of the lack of antibody recognition of pilus structures on two other gonococcal strains. The failure of gold spheres to attach to isogenic nonpiliated clones of the homologous gonococcus indicated the absence of pilus antigens on the surface of these organisms. The use of a double label--small gold spheres conjugated to anti-pilus antibody and larger gold spheres conjugated to anti-protein I antibody--allowed the simultaneous localization of two gonococcal antigens.
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Nanney LB, McKanna JA, Stoscheck CM, Carpenter G, King LE. Visualization of epidermal growth factor receptors in human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1984; 82:165-9. [PMID: 6319502 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12259731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in normal human epidermis was examined with two independent experimental methods. The distribution of EGF receptor sites was studied using light microscopic autoradiography with [125I]EGF and direct immunocytochemical techniques with EGF receptor antibodies and protein A-colloidal gold complexes. Direct visualization by autoradiography indicated that the concentration of EGF receptors was greatest in the lower epidermal layers. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of protein A-gold complexes showed that EGF receptors were primarily associated with the plasma membranes although intranuclear and cytoplasmic localization was also evident. This postembedment immunolocalization method also confirmed the relative differences in the number of EGF receptors found in individual epidermal layers (basalis greater than spinosum greater than granulosum greater than corneum layers). This inverse relationship between numbers of EGF receptors and the degree of epidermal differentiation and/or keratinization may suggest a physiologic role for EGF in these processes in human epidermis.
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Bendayan M. Protein A-gold electron microscopic immunocytochemistry: Methods, applications, and limitations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Warchol JB, Brelińska R, Herbert DC. Analysis of colloidal gold methods for labelling proteins. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1982; 76:567-75. [PMID: 7166514 DOI: 10.1007/bf00489911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between unbound and bound proteins prepared during labelling with colloidal gold (Au) was investigated. For this aim, labelled 125I-bovine serum albumin and 125I-rabbit immunoglobulin were employed. The procedures associated with the washing of the Au labelled proteins (i.e. albumin) had a marked influence on the dissociation of the bound ligand. This was most evident when the concentration of albumin that was used for labelling was too high (0.1 or 1.0 mg/ml Au sol). We suggest that purification of labelled proteins be conducted shortly before use so as to avoid a significant amount of dissociation during the time when the solution is coming to equilibrium.
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Torrisi MR, Da Silva PP. T-lymphocyte heterogeneity: wheat germ agglutinin labeling of transmembrane glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:5671-4. [PMID: 6982475 PMCID: PMC346966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.18.5671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently described "fracture-label" techniques that permit direct cytochemical labeling of freeze-fractured cells. We report here the use of fracture-labeling to investigate the distribution and partition of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptor sites over the protoplasmic and exoplasmic plasma membrane faces of freeze-fractured human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. All exoplasmic faces are strongly labeled by WGA. In contrast, the protoplasmic faces exhibit remarkable variation, ranging from virtual absence of label in some faces to very high densities in other faces. We interpret the presence of WGA receptor sites over the protoplasmic faces to reflect the presence of transmembrane WGA-binding sialoglycoproteins that, during freeze-fracture, partition with the inner half of the plasma membrane. Our results, therefore, indicate heterogeneous expression of integral membrane proteins within populations of human T cells. Fracture-label techniques thus represent an additional tool in the definition of lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Roth J. The preparation of protein A-gold complexes with 3 nm and 15nm gold particles and their use in labelling multiple antigens on ultra-thin sections. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1982; 14:791-801. [PMID: 7129958 DOI: 10.1007/bf01033628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a protein A-gold complex (pAg3) using 3 nm gold particles and its application for labelling of intracellular antigens on thin sections is reported. The 3 nm gold particle is the smallest metal particle currently available for cytochemistry and permits a higher resolution of the pAg technique. Furthermore, it can be used in double labelling experiments in conjunction with a pAg complex prepared from 15nm gold particles. For double labelling, the pAg3 complex must be used for staining of the first antigen since otherwise a non-specific co-labelling of the two pAg complexes results.
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20
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Langone JJ. Use of labeled protein A in quantitative immunochemical analysis of antigens and antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1982; 51:3-22. [PMID: 6213721 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(82)90376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Probert L, De Mey J, Polak JM. Distinct subpopulations of enteric p-type neurones contain substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Nature 1981; 294:470-1. [PMID: 6171734 DOI: 10.1038/294470a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tolson ND, Boothroyd B, Hopkins CR. Cell surface labelling with gold colloid particulates: the use of avidin and staphylococcal protein A-coated gold in conjunction with biotin and fc-bearing ligands. J Microsc 1981; 123:215-26. [PMID: 6173487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1981.tb01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Procedures for preparing gold colloid particles stabilized with either avidin or protein A are described. Methods of using these general utility tracers for localizing biotinylated and fc bearing immunoglobulins are outlined and, as examples of the way in which these methods can be applied, procedures for identifying epidermal growth factor receptors and surface fibronectin on ovarian granulosa cells are described.
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Geuze HJ, Slot JW, van der Ley PA, Scheffer RC. Use of colloidal gold particles in double-labeling immunoelectron microscopy of ultrathin frozen tissue sections. J Cell Biol 1981; 89:653-65. [PMID: 6166621 PMCID: PMC2111804 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.89.3.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complexes of protein-A with 5 and 16 nm colloidal gold particles (PA/Au5 and PA/Au16) are presented as sensitive and clean immunoprobes for ultrathin frozen sections of slightly fixed tissue. The probes are suitable for indirect labeling and offer the opportunity to mark multiple sites. The best procedure for double labeling was to use the smaller probe first, i.e., antibody 1 - PA/Au5 - antibody 2 - PA/Au16. When this was done, no significant interference between PA/Au5 and PA/Au16 occurred. Using this double-labeling procedure we made an accurate comparison between the subcellular distributions of amylase as a typical secretory protein and of GP-2 a glycoprotein, characteristic for zymogen granule membrane (ZGM) preparations. We prepared two rabbit antibodies against GP-2. One antibody (R x ZGM) was obtained by immunizing with native membrane material. The specificity of R x ZGM was achieved by adsorption with the zymogen granule content subfraction. The other, R x GP-2, was raised against the GP-2 band of the SDS polyacrylamide profile of ZGM. We found that the carbohydrate moiety of GP-2 was involved in the antigenic determinant for R x ZGM, while R x GP-2 was most likely directed against GP-2 polypeptide backbone. THe immunocytochemical observations showed that GP-2, on the one hand, exhibited the characteristics of a membrane protein by its occurrence in the cell membrane, the Golgi membranes, and its association with the membranes of the zymogen granules. On the other hand, GP-2 was present in the contents of the zymogen granules and in the acinar and ductal lumina. Also, a GP-2-like glycoprotein was found in the cannulated pancreatic secretion (Scheffer et al., 1980, Eur. J. Cell Biol. 23:122-128). Hence, GP-2 should be considered as a membrane-associated secretory protein of the rat pancreas.
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Kraehenbuhl JP, Racine L, Griffiths GW. Attempts to quantitate immunocytochemistry at the electron microscope level. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1980; 12:317-32. [PMID: 6160122 DOI: 10.1007/bf01006953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to localize intracellular macromolecules in situ by high resolution techniques has been made possible by the development of antibody labelling of thin sections obtained either from tissues embedded in an hydrophilic matrix, or by ultracryotomy or from conventional plastic embedded tissue. When particle-tagged immunological reagents are used to visualize intracellular antigens, quantitative information can be obtained by combining particle counts with morphometric estimations of compartment volume. Various detection systems have been used successfully for quantitation, which include ferritin-conjugated antibodies, biotin-avidin-ferritin complexes and, more recently, gold-protein A conjugates. Examples of the use of these techniques the localization of secretory proteins in pancreatic exocrine cells, opsin and a large membrane protein in photoreceptor cells of frog retina, and contractile proteins in skeletal muscle are given. Quantitative data obtained by morphometric analysis, both in bovine and rat pancreatic exocrine cells, are compared with values assessed by biochemical methods.
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Horisberger M, Vonlanthen M. Ultrastructural localization of soybean agglutinin on thin sections of Glycine max (soybean) var. Altona by the gold method. Histochem Cell Biol 1980; 65:181-6. [PMID: 7188935 DOI: 10.1007/bf00493167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin (SBA) has been localized in Glycine max (soybean) var. Altona at the ultrastructural level by the gold method. SBA was detected by marking thin sections of different part of the seed with gold granules (12 nm in size) labelled with anti-SBA antiserum. Upon examination by transmission electron microscopy, the lectin was found uniformly distributed in most of the protein bodies of the cotyledon. SBA was also present in the embryo axis.
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Larsson LI. Simultaneous ultrastructural demonstration of multiple peptides in endocrine cells by a novel immunocytochemical method. Nature 1979; 282:743-6. [PMID: 229417 DOI: 10.1038/282743a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current immunocytochemical techniques detect all antibodies that react with tissue. Unfortunately, some of these antibodies may react with antigens other than those intended. Such problems are minimised by using sets of antibodies detecting different regions of the desired antigen. However, as immunocytochemical methods can now detect very low antibody concentrations, the purity of antisera is critical. Furthermore, although antisers may be purified by affinity chromatography, difficulties in recovering high-avidity antibodies cause most affinity-purified antisera to be enriched in low-avidity antibodies, which may be dislodged during staining. We have therefore developed, and describe here, a new ultrastructural post-embedding staining technique, based on the divalency of IgG molecules and using antigen-coated colloidal gold granules. Previously, colloidal gold-labelled antibodies have been used for post-embedding staining. Unlike our gold-labelled antigen detection (GLAD) technique, however, these methods do not differentiate between specific and nonspecific antibodies. The GLAD method detects only specific antibodies and does not select against high-avidity antibodies, and in this it resembles the radioimmunocytochemical method. However, the GLAD method differs from the latter in that it is useful for ultrastructural studies, does not require autoradiography and allows simultaneous detection of multiple antigens. Moreover, specific activity compared with background may be quantitated.
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