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Husnik F, Hypsa V, Darby A. Insect-Symbiont Gene Expression in the Midgut Bacteriocytes of a Blood-Sucking Parasite. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:429-442. [PMID: 32068830 PMCID: PMC7197495 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals interact with a diverse array of both beneficial and detrimental microorganisms. In insects, these symbioses in many cases allow feeding on nutritionally unbalanced diets. It is, however, still not clear how are obligate symbioses maintained at the cellular level for up to several hundred million years. Exact mechanisms driving host-symbiont interactions are only understood for a handful of model species and data on blood-feeding hosts with intracellular bacteria are particularly scarce. Here, we analyzed interactions between an obligately blood-sucking parasite of sheep, the louse fly Melophagus ovinus, and its obligate endosymbiont, Arsenophonus melophagi. We assembled a reference transcriptome for the insect host and used dual RNA-Seq with five biological replicates to compare expression in the midgut cells specialized for housing symbiotic bacteria (bacteriocytes) to the rest of the gut (foregut-hindgut). We found strong evidence for the importance of zinc in the system likely caused by symbionts using zinc-dependent proteases when acquiring amino acids, and for different immunity mechanisms controlling the symbionts than in closely related tsetse flies. Our results show that cellular and nutritional interactions between this blood-sucking insect and its symbionts are less intimate than what was previously found in most plant-sap sucking insects. This finding is likely interconnected to several features observed in symbionts in blood-sucking arthropods, particularly their midgut intracellular localization, intracytoplasmic presence, less severe genome reduction, and relatively recent associations caused by frequent evolutionary losses and replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Husnik
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Vaclav Hypsa
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alistair Darby
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Dynamics in the Companion Bacterial Symbionts of the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Cicadellidae: Homalodisca vitripennis) Reveal Differential Gene Expression in Bacteria Occupying Multiple Host Organs. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3073-3082. [PMID: 28705905 PMCID: PMC5592932 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.044255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural pest known as the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) or Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) harbors two bacterial symbionts, “Candidatus Sulcia muelleri” and “Ca. Baumannia cicadellinicola,” which provide the 10 essential amino acids (EAAs) that are limited in the host plant-sap diet. Although they differ in origin and symbiotic age, both bacteria have experienced extensive genome degradation resulting from their ancient restriction to specialized host organs (bacteriomes) that provide cellular support and ensure vertical transmission. GWSS bacteriomes are of different origins and distinctly colored red and yellow. While Sulcia occupies the yellow bacteriome, Baumannia inhabits both. Aside from genomic predictions, little is currently known about the cellular functions of these bacterial symbionts, particularly whether Baumannia in different bacteriomes perform different roles in the symbiosis. To address these questions, we conducted a replicated, strand-specific RNA-seq experiment to assay global gene expression patterns in Sulcia and Baumannia. Despite differences in genomic capabilities, the symbionts exhibit similar profiles of their most highly expressed genes, including those involved in nutrition synthesis and protein stability (chaperonins dnaK and groESL) that likely aid impaired proteins. Baumannia populations in separate bacteriomes differentially express genes enriched in essential nutrient synthesis, including EAAs (histidine and methionine) and B vitamins (biotin and thiamine). Patterns of differential gene expression further reveal complexity in methionine synthesis. Baumannia’s capability to differentially express genes is unusual, as ancient symbionts lose the capability to independently regulate transcription. Combined with previous microscopy, our results suggest that the GWSS may rely on distinct Baumannia populations for essential nutrition and vertical transmission.
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Manzano‐Marín A, Szabó G, Simon J, Horn M, Latorre A. Happens in the best of subfamilies: establishment and repeated replacements of co‐obligate secondary endosymbionts within Lachninae aphids. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:393-408. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manzano‐Marín
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat de València, Paterna Comunitat Valenciana Spain
| | - Gitta Szabó
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem ScienceUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Jean‐Christophe Simon
- UMR1349 Institut de GénétiqueEnvironnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Le Rheu Bretagne France
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem ScienceUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat de València, Paterna Comunitat Valenciana Spain
- Área de Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)‐Salud PúblicaValència Comunitat Valenciana Spain
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4
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Alkhedir H, Karlovsky P, Mashaly AMA, Vidal S. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Symbiotic Bacteria in the Aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1358-1366. [PMID: 26314016 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphids have developed symbiotic associations with different bacterial species, and some morphological and molecular analyses have provided evidence of the host relationship between the primary symbiotic bacteria (Buchnera aphidicola) and the aphid while the contrary with the secondary symbiotic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the bacterial endosymbionts in the aphid Sitobion avenae (F.). We characterized all bacterial endosymbionts in 10 genetically defined S. avenae clones by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and, from these clones, sequenced the 16S rRNA genes of both the primary endosymbiont, B. aphidicola (for the first time), and the secondary endosymbionts, Regiella insecticola and Hamiltonella defensa (for the first time). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Buchnera from Sitobion related to those in Macrosiphoni. The analysis of the secondary endosymbionts indicated that there is no host relationship between H. defensa and R. insecticola from Sitobion and those from other aphid species. In this study, therefore, we identified further evidence for the relationship between Buchnera and its host and reported a relationship within the secondary endosymbionts of S. avenae from the same country, even though there were no relationships between the secondary bacteria and their host. We also discussed the diversity within the symbiotic bacteria in S. avenae clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Alkhedir
- Agricultural Entomology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ashraf Mohamed Ali Mashaly
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 El Minia, Egypt
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Agricultural Entomology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Nováková E, Hypša V, Klein J, Foottit RG, von Dohlen CD, Moran NA. Reconstructing the phylogeny of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using DNA of the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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2-D difference gel electrophoresis approach to assess protein expression profiles in Bathymodiolus azoricus from Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2909-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Goto S, Anbutsu H, Fukatsu T. Asymmetrical interactions between Wolbachia and Spiroplasma endosymbionts coexisting in the same insect host. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4805-10. [PMID: 16820474 PMCID: PMC1489378 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00416-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interactions between the endosymbionts Wolbachia pipientis strain wMel and Spiroplasma sp. strain NSRO coinfecting the host insect Drosophila melanogaster. By making use of antibiotic therapy, temperature stress, and hemolymph microinjection, we established the following strains in the same host genetic background: the SW strain, infected with both Spiroplasma and Wolbachia; the S strain, infected with Spiroplasma only; and the W strain, infected with Wolbachia only. The infection dynamics of the symbionts in these strains were monitored by quantitative PCR during host development. The infection densities of Spiroplasma exhibited no significant differences between the SW and S strains throughout the developmental course. In contrast, the infection densities of Wolbachia were significantly lower in the SW strain than in the W strain at the pupal and young adult stages. These results indicated that the interactions between the coinfecting symbionts were asymmetrical, i.e., Spiroplasma organisms negatively affected the population of Wolbachia organisms, while Wolbachia organisms did not influence the population of Spiroplasma organisms. In the host body, the symbionts exhibited their own tissue tropisms: among the tissues examined, Spiroplasma was the most abundant in the ovaries, while Wolbachia showed the highest density in Malpighian tubules. Strikingly, basically no Wolbachia organisms were detected in hemolymph, the principal location of Spiroplasma. These results suggest that different host tissues act as distinct microhabitats for the symbionts and that the lytic process in host metamorphosis might be involved in the asymmetrical interactions between the coinfecting symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Goto
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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8
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Tsuchida T, Koga R, Meng XY, Matsumoto T, Fukatsu T. Characterization of a facultative endosymbiotic bacterium of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2005; 49:126-133. [PMID: 15690225 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-004-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid U-type symbiont (PAUS) was investigated to characterize its microbiological properties. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and electron microscopy revealed that PAUS was a rod-shaped bacterium found in three different locations in the body of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum: sheath cells, secondary mycetocytes, and hemolymph. Artificial transfer experiments revealed that PAUS could establish stable infection and vertical transmission when introduced into uninfected pea aphids. When 28 aphid species collected in Japan were subjected to a diagnostic PCR assay, four species of the subfamily Aphidinae (Aphis citricola, Aphis nerii, Macrosiphum avenae, and Uroleucon giganteus) and a species of the subfamily Pemphiginae (Colopha kansugei) were identified to be PAUS-positive. The sporadic incidences of PAUS infection without reflecting the aphid phylogeny can be best explained by occasional horizontal transfers of the symbiont across aphid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuchida
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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9
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Wilkinson TL, Fukatsu T, Ishikawa H. Transmission of symbiotic bacteria Buchnera to parthenogenetic embryos in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2003; 32:241-245. [PMID: 18089009 DOI: 10.1016/s1467-8039(03)00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2003] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All phloem-feeding aphids have an absolute requirement for their primary bacterial symbionts Buchnera sp. The bacteria are transmitted vertically to either embryos in the viviparous morph or to eggs in the oviparous morph, with the implication that the symbiont population regularly passes through a genetic 'bottleneck', i.e. only a small proportion of the maternal symbiont population is transmitted to offspring. In this paper, we visualise this process in viviparous aphids using a specific immunolabelling technique for Buchnera. The images show a stream of bacteria originating from a single mycetocyte and entering the embryo, possibly via a membranous conduit, and individual bacterial cells free in the haemocoel of the aphid. Staining within the embryo blastoderm suggests over expression of antigen, perhaps indicative of rapid bacterial division immediately following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Wilkinson
- Department of Zoology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Oliver KM, Russell JA, Moran NA, Hunter MS. Facultative bacterial symbionts in aphids confer resistance to parasitic wasps. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1803-7. [PMID: 12563031 PMCID: PMC149914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0335320100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships between animals and microorganisms are common in nature, yet the factors controlling the abundance and distributions of symbionts are mostly unknown. Aphids have an obligate association with the bacterium Buchnera aphidicola (the primary symbiont) that has been shown to contribute directly to aphid fitness. In addition, aphids sometimes harbor other vertically transmitted bacteria (secondary symbionts), for which few benefits of infection have been previously documented. We carried out experiments to determine the consequences of these facultative symbioses in Acyrthosiphon pisum (the pea aphid) for vulnerability of the aphid host to a hymenopteran parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, a major natural enemy in field populations. Our results show that, in a controlled genetic background, infection confers resistance to parasitoid attack by causing high mortality of developing parasitoid larvae. Compared with uninfected controls, experimentally infected aphids were as likely to be attacked by ovipositing parasitoids but less likely to support parasitoid development. This strong interaction between a symbiotic bacterium and a host natural enemy provides a mechanism for the persistence and spread of symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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12
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Tsuchida T, Koga R, Shibao H, Matsumoto T, Fukatsu T. Diversity and geographic distribution of secondary endosymbiotic bacteria in natural populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Mol Ecol 2002; 11:2123-35. [PMID: 12296954 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the essential intracellular symbiotic bacterium Buchnera, several facultative endosymbiotic bacteria called collectively secondary symbionts (S-symbionts) have been identified from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. We conducted an extensive and systematic survey of S-symbionts in Japanese local populations of A. pisum using a specific PCR detection technique. Five S-symbionts of A. pisum, PASS, PAUS, PABS, Rickettsia and Spiroplasma, and two facultative endosymbionts universally found in various insects, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, were targeted. Of 119 isofemale strains originating from 81 localities, 66.4% of the strains possessed either of four S-symbionts: PASS (38.7%); PAUS (16.0%); Rickettsia (8.4%); and Spiroplasma (3.4%), while 33.6% of the strains contained only Buchnera. PABS, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus were not detected from the Japanese strains of A. pisum. In order to understand intra- and interpopulational diversity of S-symbiont microbiota in detail, 858 insects collected from 43 localities were examined for infection with the four S-symbionts. It was demonstrated that different S-symbionts coexist commonly in the same local populations, but double infections with two S-symbionts were rarely detected. Notably, the S-symbionts exhibited characteristic geographical distribution patterns: PASS at high frequencies all over Japan; PAUS at high frequencies mainly in the northeastern part of Japan; and Rickettsia and Spiroplasma at low frequencies sporadically in the southwestern part of Japan. These results indicate that the geographical distribution and infection frequency of the S-symbionts, in particular PAUS, might be affected by environmental and/or historical factors. Statistical analyses suggested that the distribution of PAUS infection might be related to host plant species, temperature and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Shibao H, Kutsukake M, Lee JM, Fukatsu T. Maintenance of soldier-producing aphids on an artificial diet. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 48:495-505. [PMID: 12770099 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In our efforts to understand the biology of soldier-producing aphids, we attempted to maintain them in the laboratory using a chemically defined artificial diet. The ability of 16 species from the subfamilies Eriosomatinae and Hormaphidinae, most of which are soldier-producing species, to survive on the artificial diet was examined. Some species neither fed nor grew on the diet, whereas other species accepted the diet, grew to some extent, and managed to produce a small number of short-lived offspring. Although they performed poorly on the diet in general, aphid performance was correlated with the stage in the life cycle and the developmental stadium in that aphids of the gall generation tended to accept the diet and survive on it, whereas aphids of the non-gall generation did not. Also, old insects tended to perform better on the diet than young nymphs. Notably, only one species, Tuberaphis styraci, a gall-forming aphid that produces 2nd instar sterile soldier, showed good performance on the diet. Insects collected from galls (generation G0) survived on the diet, grew well, and produced many progeny. Three successive generations (G1, G2 and G3) were produced on the diet. Developmental period, adult body size, and age of first reproduction were almost constant through G0, G1 and G2 whereas fecundity, adult longevity and daily offspring production declined as the generations proceeded. These results are comparable to previous studies in which pest aphids have been maintained on similar artificial diets for several generations. Therefore, it is suggested that the artificial-diet rearing system will provide a useful tool to investigate various biological aspects of the soldier-producing eusocial aphid, T. styraci.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shibao
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute of Biological Resources, 1-1-1 Higashi, Ibaraki 305-8566, Tsukuba, Japan
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Fukatsu T. Secondary intracellular symbiotic bacteria in aphids of the genus Yamatocallis (Homoptera: Aphididae: Drepanosiphinae). Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5315-20. [PMID: 11679361 PMCID: PMC93306 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.11.5315-5320.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel secondary intracellular symbiotic bacterium from aphids of the genus Yamatocallis (subfamily Drepanosiphinae) was characterized by using molecular phylogenetic analysis, in situ hybridization, and diagnostic PCR detection. In the aphid tissues, this bacterium (tentatively designated YSMS [Yamatocallis secondary mycetocyte symbiont]) was found specifically in large cells surrounded by primary mycetocytes harboring Buchnera cells. Of nine drepanosiphine aphids examined, YSMS was detected in only two species of the same genus, Yamatocallis tokyoensis and Yamatocallis hirayamae. In natural populations of these aphids, YSMS was present in 100% of the individuals. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences demonstrated that YSMS of Y. tokyoensis and Y. hirayamae constitute a distinct and isolated clade in the gamma subdivision of the class Proteobacteria. No 16S rDNA sequences of secondary endosymbionts characterized so far from other aphids showed phylogenetic affinity to YSMS. Based on these results, I suggest that YSMS was acquired by an ancestor of the genus Yamatocallis and has been conserved throughout the evolution of the lineage. By using the nucleotide substitution rate for 16S rDNA of Buchnera spp., the time of acquisition of YSMS was estimated to be about 13 to 26 million years ago, in the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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15
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Fukatsu T, Tsuchida T, Nikoh N, Koga R. Spiroplasma symbiont of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: Homoptera). Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1284-91. [PMID: 11229923 PMCID: PMC92726 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.3.1284-1291.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2000] [Accepted: 01/02/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From a laboratory strain of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, we discovered a previously unknown facultative endosymbiotic bacterium. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA revealed that the bacterium is a member of the genus Spiroplasma. The Spiroplasma organism showed stable vertical transmission through successive generations of the host. Injection of hemolymph from infected insects into uninfected insects established a stable infection in the recipients. The Spiroplasma symbiont exhibited negative effects on growth, reproduction, and longevity of the host, particularly in older adults. Of 58 clonal strains of A. pisum established from natural populations in central Japan, 4 strains possessed the Spiroplasma organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan.
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16
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Spaulding AW, von Dohlen CD. Psyllid endosymbionts exhibit patterns of co-speciation with hosts and destabilizing substitutions in ribosomal RNA. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 10:57-67. [PMID: 11240637 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2001.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Eubacterial 16S rDNAs were sequenced from endosymbionts of seven psyllids (Psylloidea) and one whitefly (Aleyrodoidea), to investigate the evolution of endosymbionts and their hosts. Primary endosymbionts from all psyllids formed a highly supported clade, tentatively placed as the sister to whitefly primary endosymbionts, and showing several points of congruence with the host morphological phylogeny. Almost all host taxa yielded an additional eubacterial sequence, related either to known psyllid secondary endosymbionts or to other insect endosymbionts or parasites. The relationships of some secondary endosymbionts also suggested cospeciation with psyllid hosts, or ancient horizontal transfers. All primary endosymbionts, and some secondary endosymbionts, exhibited molecular genetic effects of a long-term, intracellular existence in their biased nucleotide content and decreased stability of rRNA secondary structure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/classification
- DNA, Complementary
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/classification
- Eubacterium/classification
- Eubacterium/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Hemiptera/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal/classification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/classification
- Symbiosis
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Spaulding
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 USA
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Ishikawa H. Symbiotic microoiganisms in aphids (Homoptera, Insecta): A secret of one thriving insect group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/12265071.2001.9647599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Sandström JP, Russell JA, White JP, Moran NA. Independent origins and horizontal transfer of bacterial symbionts of aphids. Mol Ecol 2001; 10:217-28. [PMID: 11251800 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many insect groups have obligate associations with primary endosymbionts: mutualistic bacteria that are maternally transmitted and derived from an ancient infection. Often, the same insects are hosts to 'secondary' bacterial symbionts which are maternally transmitted but relatively labile within host lineages. To explore the dynamics of secondary symbiont associations in aphids, we characterized bacteria infecting 15 species of macrosiphine aphids using DNA sequencing, diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR), diagnostic restriction digests, phylogenetic analyses, and electron microscopy to examine aphids from nature and from laboratory colonies. Three types of bacteria besides Buchnera were found repeatedly; all three fall within the Enterobacteriaceae. The R-type has a 16S rDNA less than 0.1% different from that of the secondary symbiont previously reported from Acyrthosiphon pisum and is related to Serratia species. The T-type includes a symbiont previously reported from a whitefly; the U-type comprises a new cluster near the T-type. The T-type was found in every one of 40 Uroleucon ambrosiae clones collected throughout the United States. In contrast, A. pisum individuals were infected by any combination of the three symbiont types. Secondary symbionts were maternally transmitted for 11 months within laboratory-reared A. pisum clones and were present in sexually produced eggs. PCR screens for a bacteriophage, APSE-1, indicated its presence in both A. pisum and U. ambrosiae containing secondary symbionts. Electron microscopy of R-type and T-type bacteria in A. pisum and in U. ambrosiae revealed rod-shaped organisms that attain extremely high densities within a few bacteriocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sandström
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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Fukatsu T, Nikoh N, Kawai R, Koga R. The secondary endosymbiotic bacterium of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Insecta: homoptera). Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2748-58. [PMID: 10877764 PMCID: PMC92069 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.7.2748-2758.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary intracellular symbiotic bacterium (S-symbiont) of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum was investigated to determine its prevalence among strains, its phylogenetic position, its localization in the host insect, its ultrastructure, and the cytology of the endosymbiotic system. A total of 14 aphid strains were examined, and the S-symbiont was detected in 4 Japanese strains by diagnostic PCR. Two types of eubacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences were identified in disymbiotic strains; one of these types was obtained from the primary symbiont Buchnera sp., and the other was obtained from the S-symbiont. In situ hybridization and electron microscopy revealed that the S-symbiont was localized not only in the sheath cells but also in a novel type of cells, the secondary mycetocytes (S-mycetocytes), which have not been found previously in A. pisum. The size and shape of the S-symbiont cells were different when we compared the symbionts in the sheath cells and the symbionts in the S-mycetocytes, indicating that the S-symbiont is pleomorphic under different endosymbiotic conditions. Light microscopy, electron microscopy, and diagnostic PCR revealed unequivocally that the hemocoel is also a normal location for the S-symbiont. Occasional disordered localization of S-symbionts was also observed in adult aphids, suggesting that there has been imperfect host-symbiont coadaptation over the short history of coevolution of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan.
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Fukatsu T, Nikoh N. Endosymbiotic microbiota of the bamboo pseudococcid Antonina crawii (Insecta, Homoptera). Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:643-50. [PMID: 10653730 PMCID: PMC91875 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.2.643-650.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the intracellular symbiotic microbiota of the bamboo pseudococcid Antonina crawii by performing a molecular phylogenetic analysis in combination with in situ hybridization. Almost the entire length of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and cloned from A. crawii whole DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the clones obtained included three distinct types of sequences. Nucleotide sequences of the three types were determined and subjected to a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The first sequence was a member of the gamma subdivision of the division Proteobacteria (gamma-Proteobacteria) to which no sequences in the database were closely related, although the sequences of endosymbionts of other homopterans, such as psyllids and aphids, were distantly related. The second sequence was a beta-Proteobacteria sequence and formed a monophyletic group with the sequences of endosymbionts from other pseudococcids. The third sequence exhibited a high level of similarity to sequences of Spiroplasma spp. from ladybird beetles and a tick. Localization of the endosymbionts was determined by using tissue sections of A. crawii and in situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes. The gamma- and beta-Proteobacteria symbionts were packed in the cytoplasm of the same mycetocytes (or bacteriocytes) and formed a large mycetome (or bacteriome) in the abdomen. The spiroplasma symbionts were also present intracellularly in various tissues at a low density. We observed that the anterior poles of developing eggs in the ovaries were infected by the gamma- and beta-Proteobacteria symbionts in a systematic way, which ensured vertical transmission. Five representative pseudococcids were examined by performing diagnostic PCR experiments with specific primers; the beta-Proteobacteria symbiont was detected in all five pseudococcids, the gamma-Proteobacteria symbiont was found in three, and the spiroplasma symbiont was detected only in A. crawii.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan.
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Abstract
In attempts to establish a convenient and reliable method for field collection and archival preservation of insects and their endosymbiotic microorganisms for molecular analysis, acetone, ethanol, and other organic solvents were tested for DNA preservability of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and its intracellular symbiotic bacterium Buchnera sp. After 6 months' storage, not only the band of high-molecular-size DNA but also the bands of rRNA were well preserved in acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays confirmed that the DNA of both the insects and their symbionts was well preserved in these solvents. In contrast, methanol and chloroform showed poor DNA preservability. When water-containing series of acetone and ethanol were examined for DNA preservability, acetone was apparently more robust against water contamination than ethanol. Considering that most biological materials contain high amounts of water, acetone may be a more recommendable preservative for DNA analysis than ethanol which has been widely used for this purpose. The DNA of various insects could be preserved in acetone at room temperature in good condition for several years. In addition to the DNA of the host insects, the DNA of their endosymbionts, including Buchnera and other mycetocyte symbionts, Wolbachia, and gut bacteria, was amplified by PCR after several years of acetone storage. The RNA and protein of the pea aphid and its endosymbiont were also preserved for several years in acetone. After 2 years' storage in acetone, proteins of A. pisum could be analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting, and the endosymbiotic bacteria were successfully detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on the tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Fukatsu T, Nikoh N. Two intracellular symbiotic bacteria from the mulberry psyllid Anomoneura mori (Insecta, Homoptera). Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3599-606. [PMID: 9758773 PMCID: PMC106470 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.10.3599-3606.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the intracellular symbiotic bacteria of the mulberry psyllid Anomoneura mori by performing a molecular phylogenetic analysis combined with in situ hybridization. In its abdomen, the psyllid has a large, yellow, bilobed mycetome (or bacteriome) which consists of many round uninucleated mycetocytes (or bacteriocytes) enclosing syncytial tissue. The mycetocytes and syncytium harbor specific intracellular bacteria, the X-symbionts and Y-symbionts, respectively. Almost the entire length of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified and cloned from the whole DNA of A. mori, and two clones, the A-type and B-type clones, were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes demonstrated that the A-type and B-type 16S rDNAs were derived from the X-symbionts and Y-symbionts, respectively. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences showed that these symbionts belong to distinct lineages in the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. No 16S rDNA sequences in the databases were closely related to the 16S rDNA sequences of the X- and Y-symbionts. However, the sequences that were relatively closely related to them were the sequences of endosymbionts of other insects. The nucleotide compositions of the 16S rDNAs of the X- and Y-symbionts were highly AT biased, and the sequence of the X-symbiont was the most AT-rich bacterial 16S rDNA sequence reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- National Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Dohra H, Fujishima M, Ishikawa H. Structure and expression of a GroE-homologous operon of a macronucleus-specific symbiont Holospora obtusa of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998; 45:71-9. [PMID: 9495035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive form of a macronucleus-specific symbiont Holospora obtusa, when harbored by the macronucleus of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum, selectively synthesized a 63-kDa protein which is immunologically related to GroEL, or HSP60, of Escherichia coli. Heat shock treatment of isolated cells of the reproductive and infectious form of the bacterium also induced the synthesis of the GroEL homolog. Immunoblotting showed that the amount of this protein per cell, whether the reproductive or infectious form, is roughly constant. Cloning and sequencing of a gene coding for the GroEL homolog suggested that the protein is 55.2% identical to GroEL of E. coli at the amino acid sequence level, and that the gene is preceded by an open reading frame which encodes a protein 39.6% identical to GroES of E. coli. Northern blot hybridization showed that the groEL homologous gene is highly expressed in the reproductive form, but only in a trace amount in the intermediate and infectious form. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the GroEL homolog is localized in the cytoplasm of the reproductive and infectious form.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dohra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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van Ham RC, Moya A, Latorre A. Putative evolutionary origin of plasmids carrying the genes involved in leucine biosynthesis in Buchnera aphidicola (endosymbiont of aphids). J Bacteriol 1997; 179:4768-77. [PMID: 9244264 PMCID: PMC179323 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.15.4768-4777.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An 8.5-kb plasmid encoding genes (leuABCD) involved in leucine biosynthesis and a small plasmid of 1.74 kb of yet unknown function were found in the intracellular symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, of two divergent aphid species, Thelaxes suberi and Tetraneura caerulescens, respectively. The leuABCD-carrying plasmid (pBTs1) was amplified from total aphid DNA by inverse long PCR, using outwardly oriented oligonucleotide primers specific to leuA. The resulting 8.2-kb PCR fragment as well as the 1.74-kb plasmid (pBTc1) were cloned and sequenced. pBTs1 differed from a previously described B. aphidicola plasmid (pRPE) of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi by the presence of a small heat shock gene (ibp) and in the order of the leuABCD and repA genes. Comparison of both leucine plasmids to the small plasmid pBTc1 revealed extensive similarity with respect to putative replication functions as well as in the presence of a highly conserved open reading frame that was found to be homologous to Escherichia coli YqhA and Haemophilus influenzae HI0507 and which may encode an integral membrane protein. The three B. aphidicola plasmids most likely evolved from a common ancestral replicon, which in turn may be distantly related to IncFII plasmids. Phylogenetic affiliations of the B. aphidicola strains of the two aphid species were assessed by sequencing of their 16S rRNA genes. Evaluation of the distribution of the leuABCD-encoding plasmids within a phylogenetic framework suggests independent origins for pBTs1 and pRPE from an ancestral replicon resembling pBTc1. The implications for symbiotic essential amino acid biosynthesis and provisioning are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C van Ham
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Spain
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Fukatsu T, Ishikawa H. Phylogenetic position of yeast-like symbiont of Hamiltonaphis styraci (Homoptera, Aphididae) based on 18S rDNA sequence. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 26:383-8. [PMID: 8814785 DOI: 10.1016/0965-1748(95)00105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Almost all aphids harbor bacterial intracellular symbionts in mycetocytes. However, some Cerataphidini aphids do not harbor them but possess yeast-like extracellular symbionts in the abdominal hemocoel, suggesting that in a lineage of this group replacement of symbiont occurred from an intracellular bacterium to an extracellular fungus. To investigate the origin of the newly-acquired symbiont, the 18S rDNA sequence of the yeast-like symbiont of Hamiltonaphis styraci was determined by PCR direct sequencing. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the symbiont belongs to the subphylum Ascomycotina, the class Pyrenomycetes. It was also suggested that the yeast-like symbiont of H. styraci and that of planthoppers are phylogenetically very closely related to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fukatsu
- Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Moran N, Baumann P. Phylogenetics of cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms of arthropods. Trends Ecol Evol 1994; 9:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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