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Zhang X, Karim H, Feng X, Lan J, Tang H, Guzmán C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Qi P, Deng M, Ma J, Wang J, Chen G, Lan X, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. A single base change at exon of Wx-A1 caused gene inactivation and starch properties modified in a wheat EMS mutant line. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2012-2022. [PMID: 34558070 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is an essential source of starch. The GBSS or waxy genes are responsible for synthesizing amylose in cereals. The present study identified a novel Wx-A1 null mutant line from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of common wheat cv. SM126 using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and agarose gel analyses. RESULTS The alignment of the Wx-A1 gene sequences from the mutant and parental SM126 lines showed only one single nucleotide polymorphism causing the appearance of a premature stop codon and Wx-A1 inactivation. The lack of Wx-A1 protein resulted in decreased amylose, total starch and resistant starch. The starch morphology assessment revealed that starch from mutant seeds was more wrinkled, increasing its susceptibility to digestion. Regarding the starch thermodynamic properties, the gelatinization temperature was remarkably reduced in the mutant compared to parental line SM126. The digestibility of native, gelatinized, and retrograded starches was analyzed for mutant M4-627 and the parental SM126 line. In the M4-627 line, rapidly digestible starch contents were increased, whereas resistant starch was decreased in the three types of starch. CONCLUSION Waxy protein is essential for starch synthesis. The thermodynamic characteristics were decreased in the Wx-A1 mutant line. The digestibility properties of starch were also affected. Therefore, the partial waxy mutant M3-627 might play a significant role in food improvement. Furthermore, it might also be used to produce high-quality noodles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuteng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hassan Karim
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuqin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Carlos Guzmán
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Guzmán C, Alvarez JB. Wheat waxy proteins: polymorphism, molecular characterization and effects on starch properties. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1-16. [PMID: 26276148 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The starch fraction, comprising about 70% of the total dry matter in the wheat grain, can greatly affect the end-use quality of products made from wheat kernels, especially Asian noodles. Starch is associated with the shelf life and nutritional value (glycaemic index) of different wheat products. Starch quality is closely associated with the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, the two main macromolecules forming starch. In this review, we briefly summarise the discovery of waxy proteins-shown to be the sole enzymes responsible for amylose synthesis in wheat. The review particularly focuses on the different variants of these proteins, together with their molecular characterisation and evaluation of their effects on starch composition. There have been 19 different waxy protein variants described using protein electrophoresis; and at a molecular level 19, 15 and seven alleles described for Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1, respectively. This large variability, found in modern wheat and genetic resources such as wheat ancestors and wild relatives, is in some cases not properly ordered. The proper ordering of all the data generated is the key to enhancing use in breeding programmes of the current variability described, and thus generating wheat with novel starch properties to satisfy the demand of industry and consumers for novel high-quality processed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guzmán
- CIMMYT. Global Wheat Program, Km 45 Carretera México-Veracruz, El Batán, C.P. 56237, Texcoco, Estado De México, Mexico.
| | - Juan B Alvarez
- Departamento de Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica y de Montes, Edificio Gregor Mendel, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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Cornejo-Ramírez YI, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Ramírez-Reyes F, Rosas-Burgos EC, Osuna-Amarillas PS, Wong-Corral FJ, Borboa-Flores J, Cota-Gastélum AG. Physicochemical characterization of starch from hexaploid triticale (X TriticosecaleWittmack) genotypes. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.994565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rakszegi M, Kisgyörgy BN, Kiss T, Sestili F, Láng L, Lafiandra D, Bedő Z. Development and characterization of high-amylose wheat lines. STARCH-STARKE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Rakszegi
- Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Martonvasar Hungary
| | - Boglárka N. Kisgyörgy
- Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Martonvasar Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Martonvasar Hungary
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE); University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - László Láng
- Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Martonvasar Hungary
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE); University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Zoltán Bedő
- Centre for Agricultural Research; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Martonvasar Hungary
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Jonnala RS, MacRitchie F, Smail VW, Seabourn BW, Tilley M, Lafiandra D, Urbano M. Protein and Quality Characterization of Complete and Partial Near-Isogenic Lines of Waxy Wheat. Cereal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-07-09-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakanth S. Jonnala
- Kansas State University, Dept. of Grain Science and Industry, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Corresponding author. Phone: +01 (405)-880-2684. E-mail:
| | - Finlay MacRitchie
- Kansas State University, Dept. of Grain Science and Industry, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Virgil W. Smail
- Kansas State University, Dept. of Grain Science and Industry, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Bradford W. Seabourn
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain & Animal Health Research, Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory, Manhattan, KS 66502. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - Michael Tilley
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain & Animal Health Research, Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory, Manhattan, KS 66502. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Dept. of Agrobiology and Agrochemistry, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Xu J, Frick M, Laroche A, Ni ZF, Li BY, Lu ZX. Isolation and characterization of the rye Waxy gene. Genome 2009; 52:658-64. [PMID: 19767896 DOI: 10.1139/g09-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complete genomic and cDNA sequences of the Waxy gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) were isolated from the rye genome and characterized. The full-length rye Waxy genomic DNA and cDNA are 2767 bp and 1815 bp, respectively. The genomic sequence has 11 exons interrupted by 10 introns. The rye Waxy gene is GC-rich, with a higher GC frequency in the coding region, especially in the third position of the codons. Exon regions of the rye Waxy gene are more conserved than intron regions when compared with the homologous sequences of other cereals. The mature rye GBSSI proteins share more than 95% sequence identity with their homologs in wheat and barley. A phylogenetic tree based on sequence comparisons of available plant GBSSI proteins shows the evolutionary relationship among Waxy genes from rye and other plant genomes. The identification of the rye Waxy gene will enable the manipulation of starch metabolism in rye and triticale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement, College of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Hung PV, Yasui T, Maeda T, Morita N. Physicochemical Characteristics of Starches of Two Sets of Near-isogenic Wheat Lines with Different Amylose Content. STARCH-STARKE 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200700668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Waxy and high-amylose wheat starches and flours—characteristics, functionality and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fujita N, Hasegawa H, Taira T. The isolation and characterization of a waxy mutant of diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:595-602. [PMID: 11448734 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A waxy mutant of diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) was isolated by screening M(3) seeds derived from 1% ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized materials with KI-I(2) staining of endosperm starch. This mutant was controlled by a single waxy gene that completely lacked amylose, the 59-kDa waxy protein and the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) activity in the endosperm. Moreover, the T. monococcum exhibited the gene dosage effects in terms of amylose content, the amount of waxy protein and the GBSS activity. The chain length distribution of amylopectin of the waxy mutant endosperm starch slightly differed from that of the wild type; the long chains of DP>==19 were more enriched in the waxy amylopectin than those in the wild type. The mutant can be an important material for studies on starch metabolism and breeding in Triticum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Genes and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
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Yan L, Bhave M, Fairclough R, Konik C, Rahman S, Appels R. The genes encoding granule-bound starch synthases at the waxy loci of the A, B, and D progenitors of common wheat. Genome 2000; 43:264-72. [PMID: 10791814 DOI: 10.1139/g99-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase (wx-TmA, wx-TsB, and wx-TtD) have been isolated from Triticum monococcum (AA), and Triticum speltoides (BB), by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach, and from Triticum tauschii (DD), by screening a genomic DNA library. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the wx-TmA, wx-TsB, and wx-TtD genes had the same extron and (or) intron structure as the previously reported waxy gene from barley. The lengths of the three wx-TmA, wx-TsB, and wx-TtD genes were 2834 bp, 2826 bp, and 2893 bp, respectively, each covering 31 bp in the untranslated leader and the entire coding region consisting of 11 exons and 10 introns. The three genes had identical lengths of exons, except exonl, and shared over 95% identity with each other within the exon regions. The majority of introns were significantly variable in length and sequence, differing mainly in length (1-57 bp) as a result of insertion and (or) deletion events. The deduced amino acid sequence from these three genes indicated that the mature WX-TMA, -TSB, and -TTD proteins contained the same number of amino acids, but differed in predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI) due to amino acid substitutions (13-18). The predicted physical characteristics of the WX proteins matched the respective proteins in wheat very closely, but the match was not perfect. Furthermore the exon5 sequences of the wx-TmA, wx-TsB, and wx-TtD genes were different from a cDNA encoding a waxy gene of common wheat previously reported. The striking difference was that an insertion of 11 amino acids occurred in the cDNA sequence that could not be observed in the exons of the A, B, and D genes. It was noted, however, that the 3' end of intron4 of these genes could account for the additional 11 amino acids. The sequence information from the available waxy genes identified the intron4-exon5-intron5 region as being diagnostic for sequence variation in waxy. The sequence variation in the waxy genes provides the basis for primer design to distinguish the respective genes in common wheat, and its progenitors, using PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Demeke T, Hucl P, Abdel-Aal ESM, Båga M, Chibbar RN. Biochemical Characterization of the Wheat Waxy A Protein and Its Effect on Starch Properties. Cereal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.1999.76.5.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Demeke
- National Research Council, Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N OW9, Canada
- USDA/ARS, Western Wheat Quality Lab, E-202 Food Quality Building, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6394
| | - P. Hucl
- University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B1, Canada
| | - E.-S. M. Abdel-Aal
- University of Saskatchewan, Crop Development Centre, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B1, Canada
| | - M. Båga
- National Research Council, Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N OW9, Canada
| | - R. N. Chibbar
- National Research Council, Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N OW9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Phone: 306-975-5574. Fax: 306-975-4839. E-mail:
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Murai J, Taira T, Ohta D. Isolation and characterization of the three Waxy genes encoding the granule-bound starch synthase in hexaploid wheat. Gene 1999; 234:71-9. [PMID: 10393240 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complete genomic DNA sequences of three homoeologous Waxy structural genes, located on the chromosomes 7A, 4A, and 7D in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring), were separately determined and analyzed. Those structural genes in lengths from start to stop codon were 2781bp in Wx-7A, 2794bp in Wx-4A, and 2862bp in Wx-7D, each of which consisted of 11 exons and ten introns. They were closely similar to one another in the nucleotide sequences, with 95.6-96.3% homology in mature protein regions, 88. 7-93.0% in transit-peptide regions, and 70.5-75.2% in the introns. These wheat Waxy genes were GC-rich when compared with standard values for plant genomes reported so far. This was reflected in the extremely high G/C occupation frequency at the third position of the codons in the coding regions. The sequence divergence in the exon regions was mostly due to the substitution of nucleotides, whereas that found in the introns was attributed to substitution, insertion and/or deletion of nucleotides. Only the Wx-4A gene contained a trinucleotide insertion (CAA) in the region encoding the transit peptide. Most of the substitutions observed in the exon regions were categorized as synonymous, and higher sequence similarities (96.5-97. 4%) were conserved at the protein level. The phylogenetic tree obtained in terms of the amino acid sequence variations showed a well-resolved phylogenetic relationship among wheat Waxy genes and those from other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murai
- Laboratory of Plant Genes and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Graybosch R. Waxy wheats: Origin, properties, and prospects 11Joint contribution of the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and the Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln as Journal Series Paper No 12125. Mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the USDA or the University of Nebraska over other firms or products not mentioned. Trends Food Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(98)00034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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