1
|
Zamali I, Elbini I, Rekik R, Neili NE, Ben Hamouda W, Ben Hmid A, Doghri R, Ben Ahmed M. Advancing understanding of the role of IL-22 in myelination: insights from the Cuprizone mouse model. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1411143. [PMID: 39040539 PMCID: PMC11260746 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1411143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field, the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains partially understood, with limited therapeutic options available for this debilitating condition. The precise impact of Interleukin-22 (IL-22) in the context of MS is still incompletely elucidated with some evidence suggesting its protective role. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role of IL-22, we investigated its effect on remyelination in a mouse model of demyelination induced by Cuprizone. Mice underwent a 6 week regimen of Cuprizone or vehicle, followed or not by intraperitoneal administration of IL-22. Behavioral assessments including tail suspension and inverted screen tests were conducted, alongside histological, histochemical, and quantitative PCR analyses. In Cuprizone-treated mice, IL-22 significantly improved motor and behavioral performance and robustly promoted remyelination in the corpus callosum. Additionally, IL-22 administration led to a significant elevation in MBP transcription in brain biopsies of treated mice. These findings collectively suggest a crucial role for IL-22 in the pathophysiology of MS, particularly in supporting the process of remyelination. These results offer potential avenues for expanding therapeutic strategies for MS treatment. Ongoing experiments aim to further unravel the underlying mechanisms of IL-22 action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Zamali
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Elbini
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications (LR20IPT01), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Rekik
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nour-Elhouda Neili
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications (LR20IPT01), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Ben Hamouda
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Ben Hmid
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Doghri
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Personalized Medicine and Oncology Investigation (LR21SP01), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mélika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infection, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nefodov OO, Belenichev IF, Fedchenko MP, Popazova OO, Ryzhenko VP, Morozova OV. Evaluation of methods of modeling and formation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.77361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by intradermal injection of homogenate of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve with Freund’s stimulator, refers to a true autoimmune disease of the nervous system.
Materials and methods: Experimental studies were conducted on white nonlinear rats. To induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), homologous brain homogenates was used, which leads among other drugs (homologous, heterogeneous brain and spinal cord homogenates) by encephalitogenity. The connective tissue of the animal’s tail base was injected with a mixture of encephalitogenic suspension of 0.1 ml per 100 g of the body weight.
Results and discussion: According to the results, in the rats, there was weight loss, and the abnormal neurological symptoms were found on an average of 10–12th days. Our experimental studies on the formation of EAE were confirmed morphologically by electron microscopy.
Conclusion: Thus, the use of this technique allowed us to obtain a simulated pathologic condition of multiple sclerosis in the form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and can be used in future studies to identify appropriate laws, the extent and nature of changes in the immune and nervous systems of the body when inducing experimental pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Healthy Properties of a New Formulation of Pomegranate-Peel Extract in Mice Suffering from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030914. [PMID: 35164175 PMCID: PMC8838218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new formulation of a pomegranate-peel extract (PEm) obtained by PUAE (Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) and titrated in both ellagic acid (EA) and punicalagin is proposed, characterized and then analyzed for potential health properties in mice suffering from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). PEm effects were compared to those elicited by a formulation containing EA (EAm). Control and EAE mice were chronically administered EAm and Pem dissolved in the drinking water, starting from the day 10 post-immunization (d.p.i.), with a “therapeutic” protocol to deliver daily 50 mg/kg of EA. Treated EAE mice did not limit their daily access to the beverage, nor did they show changes in body weight, but they displayed a significant amelioration of “in vivo” clinical symptoms. “Ex vivo” histochemical analysis showed that spinal-cord demyelination and inflammation in PEm and EAm-treated EAE mice at 23 ± 1 d.p.i. were comparable to those in the untreated EAE animals, while microglia activation (measured as Ionized Calcium Binding Adaptor 1, Iba1 staining) and astrocytosis (quantified as glial fibrillar acid protein, GFAP immunopositivity) significantly recovered, particularly in the gray matter. EAm and PEm displayed comparable efficiencies in controlling the spinal pathological cellular hallmarks in EAE mice, and this would support their delivery as dietary supplementation in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS).
Collapse
|
4
|
Mirabelli E, Elkabes S. Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models: Focus on Mechanisms, Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. Front Neurol 2022; 12:793745. [PMID: 34975739 PMCID: PMC8716468 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.793745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted, complex and chronic neurological disease that leads to motor, sensory and cognitive deficits. MS symptoms are unpredictable and exceedingly variable. Pain is a frequent symptom of MS and manifests as nociceptive or neuropathic pain, even at early disease stages. Neuropathic pain is one of the most debilitating symptoms that reduces quality of life and interferes with daily activities, particularly because conventional pharmacotherapies do not adequately alleviate neuropathic pain. Despite advances, the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain in MS remain elusive. The majority of the studies investigating the pathophysiology of MS-associated neuropathic pain have been performed in animal models that replicate some of the clinical and neuropathological features of MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of the best-characterized and most commonly used animal models of MS. As in the case of individuals with MS, rodents affected by EAE manifest increased sensitivity to pain which can be assessed by well-established assays. Investigations on EAE provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, additional investigations are warranted to better understand the events that lead to the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain in order to identify targets that can facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic interventions. The goal of the present review is to provide an overview of several mechanisms implicated in neuropathic pain in EAE by summarizing published reports. We discuss current knowledge gaps and future research directions, especially based on information obtained by use of other animal models of neuropathic pain such as nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Mirabelli
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sen MK, Almuslehi MSM, Shortland PJ, Coorssen JR, Mahns DA. Revisiting the Pathoetiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Has the Tail Been Wagging the Mouse? Front Immunol 2020; 11:572186. [PMID: 33117365 PMCID: PMC7553052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is traditionally considered an autoimmune-mediated demyelinating disease, the pathoetiology of which is unknown. However, the key question remains whether autoimmunity is the initiator of the disease (outside-in) or the consequence of a slow and as yet uncharacterized cytodegeneration (oligodendrocytosis), which leads to a subsequent immune response (inside-out). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been used to model the later stages of MS during which the autoimmune involvement predominates. In contrast, the cuprizone (CPZ) model is used to model early stages of the disease during which oligodendrocytosis and demyelination predominate and are hypothesized to precede subsequent immune involvement in MS. Recent studies combining a boost, or protection, to the immune system with disruption of the blood brain barrier have shown CPZ-induced oligodendrocytosis with a subsequent immune response. In this Perspective, we review these recent advances and discuss the likelihood of an inside-out vs. an outside-in pathoetiology of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammed S M Almuslehi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Peter J Shortland
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Teixeira NB, Picolo G, Giardini AC, Boumezbeur F, Pottier G, Kuhnast B, Servent D, Benoit E. Alterations of peripheral nerve excitability in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:266. [PMID: 32894170 PMCID: PMC7487851 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used and clinically relevant murine model for human multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of the present study was to appraise the alterations, poorly documented in the literature, which may occur at the peripheral nervous system (PNS) level. Methods To this purpose, a multiple evaluation of peripheral nerve excitability was undertaken, by means of a minimally invasive electrophysiological method, in EAE mice immunized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 peptide, an experimental model for MS that reproduces, in animals, the anatomical and behavioral alterations observed in humans with MS, including CNS inflammation, demyelination of neurons, and motor abnormalities. Additionally, the myelin sheath thickness of mouse sciatic nerves was evaluated using transmission electronic microscopy. Results As expected, the mean clinical score of mice, daily determined to describe the symptoms associated to the EAE progression, increased within about 18 days after immunization for EAE mice while it remained null for all control animals. The multiple evaluation of peripheral nerve excitability, performed in vivo 2 and 4 weeks after immunization, reveals that the main modifications of EAE mice, compared to control animals, are a decrease of the maximal compound action potential (CAP) amplitude and of the stimulation intensity necessary to generate a CAP with a 50% maximum amplitude. In addition, and in contrast to control mice, at least 2 CAPs were recorded following a single stimulation in EAE animals, reflecting various populations of sensory and motor nerve fibers having different CAP conduction speeds, as expected if a demyelinating process occurred in the PNS of these animals. In contrast, single CAPs were always recorded from the sensory and motor nerve fibers of control mice having more homogeneous CAP conduction speeds. Finally, the myelin sheath thickness of sciatic nerves of EAE mice was decreased 4 weeks after immunization when compared to control animals. Conclusions In conclusion, the loss of immunological self-tolerance to MOG in EAE mice or in MS patients may not be only attributed to the restricted expression of this antigen in the immunologically privileged environment of the CNS but also of the PNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Bernardes Teixeira
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), ERL CNRS 9004, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, NeuroSpin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Denis Servent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), ERL CNRS 9004, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé (SIMoS), ERL CNRS 9004, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Glatigny S, Bettelli E. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a028977. [PMID: 29311122 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding axons. It can present with variable clinical and pathological manifestations, which might reflect the involvement of distinct pathogenic processes. Although the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease are not fully understood, numerous evidences indicate that MS is an autoimmune disease, the initiation and progression of which are dependent on an autoimmune response against myelin antigens. In addition, genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers likely contribute to the initiation of the disease. At this time, there is no cure for MS, but several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to control and slow down disease progression. A good number of these DMTs were identified and tested using animal models of MS referred to as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will recapitulate the characteristics of EAE models and discuss how they help shed light on MS pathogenesis and help test new treatments for MS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Glatigny
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Estelle Bettelli
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Busto R, Serna J, Perianes-Cachero A, Quintana-Portillo R, García-Seisdedos D, Canfrán-Duque A, Paino CL, Lerma M, Casado ME, Martín-Hidalgo A, Arilla-Ferreiro E, Lasunción MA, Pastor Ó. Ellagic acid protects from myelin-associated sphingolipid loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:958-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pitarokoili K, Ambrosius B, Gold R. Lewis Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 81:9.61.1-9.61.20. [PMID: 29058769 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this unit, we describe in detail the most common methods used to break immunological tolerance for central myelin antigens and induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats as an animal model of multiple sclerosis. The resulting disease course ranges from an acute monophasic disease to a chronic relapsing or chronic progressive course, which strongly resembles the human disease. These models enable the study of cellular and humoral autoimmunity against major antigenic epitopes of the myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, or proteolipid protein. We provide an overview of common immunization protocols for induction of active and passive EAE, assessment and analysis of clinical score, preparation and purification of myelin basic protein, and derivation of neuroantigen-specific rat T cell lines. Finally, we describe the major clinical characteristics of these models. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bjoern Ambrosius
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghareghani M, Dokoohaki S, Ghanbari A, Farhadi N, Zibara K, Khodadoust S, Parishani M, Ghavamizadeh M, Sadeghi H. Melatonin exacerbates acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by enhancing the serum levels of lactate: A potential biomarker of multiple sclerosis progression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 44:52-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Shima Dokoohaki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Naser Farhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045; Laboratory of Stem Cells; EDST; Biology Department; Faculty of Sciences; Lebanese University; Beirut Lebanon
| | - Saeid Khodadoust
- Department of Chemistry; Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology; Behbahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Parishani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghavamizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Gerash Research center; Gerash University of Medical Science; Gerash Iran
| | - Heibatollah Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Medicine; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shin T, Ahn M, Matsumoto Y. Mechanism of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: recent insights from macrophages. Anat Cell Biol 2012; 45:141-8. [PMID: 23094201 PMCID: PMC3472139 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute monophasic paralytic central nervous system disease, in which most rats spontaneously recover from paralysis. EAE in Lewis rats is induced by encephalitogenic antigens, including myelin basic protein. EAE is mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells, which secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, and spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells. Recently, it was established that classically activated macrophages (M1 phenotype) play an important role in the initiation of EAE, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2 phenotype) contribute to spontaneous recovery from rat EAE. This review will summarize the neuroimmunological aspects of active monophasic EAE, which manifests as neuroinflammation followed by neuroimmunomodulation and/or neuroprotection, with a focus on the role of alternatively activated macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. ; Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hamza N, Bos NA, Kallenberg CG. B-cell populations and sub-populations in Sjögren's syndrome. Presse Med 2012; 41:e475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
14
|
Thibault K, Calvino B, Pezetl S. Characterisation of sensory abnormalities observed in an animal model of multiple sclerosis: A behavioural and pharmacological study. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:231.e1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Autoreactive T cell responses have a crucial role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Recent data indicate that CNS autoimmunity can be mediated by two distinct lineages of CD4+ T cells that are defined by the production of either interferon-gamma or interleukin-17. The activity of these CD4+ T cell subsets within the CNS influences the pathology and clinical course of disease. New animal models show that myelin-specific CD8+ T cells can also mediate CNS autoimmunity. This Review focuses on recent progress in delineating the pathogenic mechanisms, regulation and interplay between these different T cell subsets in CNS autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Goverman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mannie M, Swanborg RH, Stepaniak JA. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 15:15.2.1-15.2.15. [PMID: 19347844 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1502s85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There are several diverse rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis and regulation of autoimmunity against CNS myelin. The disease course of these models ranges from an acute monophasic disease with limited demyelination to a chronic relapsing or chronic progressive course marked by severe demyelination. These models enable the study of encephalitogenic T cells and demyelinating antibody specific for major neuroantigens such as myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), or proteolipid protein (PLP), among other important CNS autoantigens. Overall, this unit provides an overview of common methods for induction of active and passive EAE, assessment and analysis of clinical disease, preparation and purification of myelin basic protein, and derivation of neuroantigen-specific rat T cell lines. This unit also provides a brief discussion of the basic characteristics of these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Greer JM, Csurhes PA, Muller DM, Pender MP. Correlation of blood T cell and antibody reactivity to myelin proteins with HLA type and lesion localization in multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6402-10. [PMID: 18424764 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. The numbers of autoimmune T cells and Abs specific for proteins of CNS myelin are increased in the blood in some patients with MS. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are correlations between the specificity of the autoimmune responses in the blood, the HLA molecules carried by the patient, and the clinical features of MS, because studies on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, indicate that autoimmune responses targeting particular myelin proteins and the genetic background of the animal play a role in determining the pattern of lesion distribution. We tested blood T cell immunoreactivity to myelin proteins in 100 MS patients, 70 healthy controls, and 48 patients with other neurological disorders. Forty MS patients had strongly increased T cell reactivity to one or more myelin Ags. In these 40 patients, the most robust correlation was between CD4(+) T cell reactivity to myelin proteolipid protein residues 184-209 (PLP(184-209)) and development of lesions in the brainstem and cerebellum. Furthermore, carriage of HLA-DR4, -DR7, or -DR13 molecules by MS patients correlated with increased blood T cell immunoreactivity to PLP(184-209), as well as the development of lesions in the brainstem and cerebellum. Levels of PLP(190-209)-specific Abs in the blood also correlated with the presence of cerebellar lesions. These findings show that circulating T cells and Abs reactive against specific myelin Ags can correlate with lesion distribution in MS and suggest that they are of pathogenic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Greer
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huh J, Yao K, Quigley L, Ludwin SK, McFarland HF, Muraro PA, Martin R, Ito K. Limited repertoire of HLA-DRB1*0401-restricted MBP111–129-specific T cells in HLA-DRB1*0401 Tg mice and their pathogenic potential. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:94-102. [PMID: 15145608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since myelin basic protein (MBP)111-129 is an immunodominant epitope in humans carrying HLA-DRB1*0401, we investigated the encephalitogenic potential of HLA-DRB1*0401-restricted MBP111-129-specific T cells using HLA-DRB1*0401/DRA*0101 transgenic (Tg) mice. Although we could not detect the primary recall response to MBP111-129 peptide after immunization of HLA-DRB1*0401/DRA*0101 Tg mice with human MBP, V beta 10(+) and V beta 2(+) HLA-DRB1*0401-restricted MBP111-129-specific T cells proliferated after restimulation of the lymph node cells with human MBP111-129 in vitro. The V beta 2(+) T cell line recognized only human MBP111-129 in the context of HLA-DRB1*0401, while the V beta 10(+) T cell line recognized both the human and murine MBP111-129 epitopes. Therefore, we examined the encephalitogenic potential of the V beta 10(+) T cell line in HLA-DRB1*0401/DRA*0101 Tg mice by adoptive transfer experiments. The V beta 10(+) T cell line induced mild EAE and inflammatory lesions were observed in the spinal cord and the brainstem. In the spinal cord, the inflammation was observed in the peripheral nerve roots as well as in the CNS. These data suggest the pathogenic potential of HLA-DRB1*0401-restricted MBP111-129-specific T cells in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaebong Huh
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10-5B16, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gordon FL, Nguyen KB, White CA, Pender MP. Rapid entry and downregulation of T cells in the central nervous system during the reinduction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 112:15-27. [PMID: 11108929 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms whereby a previous attack of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) modifies a subsequent attack in the Lewis rat. Active immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) and complete Freund's adjuvant 28 days after the passive transfer of MBP-sensitized spleen cells induced a second episode of EAE, which occurred earlier than in naive control animals, but was less severe overall. The pattern of neurological signs was also different in rechallenged rats, which had less severe tail and hindlimb weakness but more severe forelimb weakness. In rechallenged rats, inflammation was more severe in the cervical spinal cord, cerebellum, brainstem and cerebrum, but less severe in the lumbar spinal cord, than in controls. The early onset of EAE in rechallenged rats was explained by a memory T cell response to MBP(72-89) in the draining lymph node and spleen, and by the enhanced entry of T cells into the central nervous system (CNS). However, the number of alphabeta T cells in the spinal cord of rechallenged rats declined faster than in controls, especially in the lumbosacral cord, where the number of Vbeta8.2(+) T cells and the frequency of T cells reactive to MBP(72-89) rapidly decreased, indicating rapid downregulation of the immune response in the previously inflamed spinal cord. Apoptosis of inflammatory cells in the CNS was increased in the rechallenged rats and is likely to contribute to this downregulation. Furthermore, during the disease course the generation of encephalitogenic T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs was limited compared with controls. Thus, a previous attack of EAE modifies a subsequent attack through the interaction of the following processes: a memory T cell response to MBP; facilitated T cell entry into the CNS; downregulation of the immune response in the CNS, including increased apoptosis of inflammatory cells; and a limited generation of encephalitogenic T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L Gordon
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Qld 4029, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sobel RA. Genetic and epigenetic influence on EAE phenotypes induced with different encephalitogenic peptides. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 108:45-52. [PMID: 10900336 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different encephalitogenic peptides can induce two distinct experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) phenotypes in different mouse strains. To determine whether different peptides induce distinct phenotypes in genetically identical mice, parental strain and (SJLXC3H/HeJ)F1 mice were sensitized with myelin proteolipid protein peptide p139-151 or p215-232. p139-151 was non-encephalitogenic in C3H/HeJ mice and p215-232 was non-encephalitogenic in SJL mice. p139-151 induced typical acute EAE in SJL and F1 mice with most CNS inflammatory/demyelinating lesions located in the spinal cord. p215-232 induced mild clinical disease in only two of 10 C3H/HeJ mice; in 11 of 13 F1 mice (85%) it induced a disease spectrum that included typical paralytic acute EAE with a predominance of spinal cord lesions and later-onset mild EAE with predominance of brain stem/cerebellar lesions. Thus, the EAE phenotype induced in F1 mice by one encephalitogen, e.g. p139-151, can be the same as that induced in the susceptible parent. However, other encephalitogenic peptides, e.g. p215-232, may induce a broad range of heterogeneous EAE phenotypes in syngeneic mice. These data indicate that in some encephalitogenic responses, epigenetic factors influence EAE incidence, time of onset, severity, neurological signs and CNS lesion distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Sobel
- Pathology and Laboratory Services (113), Palo Alto Veterans Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|