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Debeljak N, Solár P, Sytkowski AJ. Erythropoietin and cancer: the unintended consequences of anemia correction. Front Immunol 2014; 5:563. [PMID: 25426117 PMCID: PMC4227521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Until 1990, erythropoietin (EPO) was considered to have a single biological purpose and action, the stimulation of red blood cell growth and differentiation. Slowly, scientific and medical opinion evolved, beginning with the discovery of an effect on endothelial cell growth in vitro and the identification of EPO receptors (EPORs) on neuronal cells. We now know that EPO is a pleiotropic growth factor that exhibits an anti-apoptotic action on numerous cells and tissues, including malignant ones. In this article, we present a short discussion of EPO, receptors involved in EPO signal transduction, and their action on non-hematopoietic cells. This is followed by a more detailed presentation of both pre-clinical and clinical data that demonstrate EPO’s action on cancer cells, as well as tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Clinical trials with reported adverse effects of chronic erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) treatment as well as clinical studies exploring the prognostic significance of EPO and EPOR expression in cancer patients are reviewed. Finally, we address the use of EPO and other ESAs in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Debeljak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Peter Solár
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University , Košice , Slovakia
| | - Arthur J Sytkowski
- Oncology Therapeutic Area, Quintiles Transnational , Arlington, MA , USA
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Datta P, Meli L, Li L, Migliore N, Schaefer E, Sharfstein ST, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Microarray platform affords improved product analysis in mammalian cell growth studies. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:386-395. [PMID: 24227746 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High throughput (HT) platforms serve as a cost-efficient and rapid screening method for evaluating the effect of cell-culture conditions and screening of chemicals. We report the development of a HT cell-based microarray platform to assess the effect of culture conditions on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Specifically, growth, transgene expression and metabolism of a GS/methionine sulphoximine (MSX) CHO cell line, which produces a therapeutic monoclonal antibody, was examined using a microarray system in conjunction with a conventional shake flask platform in a non-proprietary medium. The microarray system consists of 60-nL spots of cells encapsulated in alginate and separated in groups via an 8-well chamber system attached to the chip. Results show the non-proprietary medium developed allows cell growth, production, and normal glycosylation of recombinant antibody and metabolism of the recombinant CHO cells in both the microarray and shake flask platforms. In addition, 10.3 mM glutamate addition to the defined base medium results in lactate metabolism shift in the recombinant GS/MSX CHO cells in the shake flask platform. Ultimately, the results demonstrate that the HT microarray platform has the potential to be utilized for evaluating the impact of media additives on cellular processes, such as cell growth, metabolism, and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Luciana Meli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | | | | | - Susan T Sharfstein
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, Albany, NY
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
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Pizzato M, Merten OW, Blair ED, Takeuchi Y. Development of a suspension packaging cell line for production of high titre, serum-resistant murine leukemia virus vectors. Gene Ther 2001; 8:737-45. [PMID: 11420637 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2000] [Accepted: 02/26/2001] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To date, only adherent cell lines have been used for the generation of packaging cells for the production of type C retrovirus vectors. The large-scale production of high titre retrovirus vectors could benefit from the development of packaging cells growing in suspension. Here, we describe the ability of two different lymphoid cell lines, one B- and one T-lymphoblastoid cell line (Namalwa and CEM, respectively), to produce MLV-based vectors. Upon transfection with a third generation packaging construct, the virus particle production by Namalwa cells was characterised by low RT-activity, and by CEM cells as high RT activity as previously established adherent packaging cells. An amphotropic packaging cell line (CEMFLYA) was therefore established from CEM cells. Upon introduction of a lacZ vector genome, the novel packaging cell line produced vector particles routinely in the region of 10(7) infectious units/ml. The vectors were helper-free and highly stable in fresh human serum. The potential for scaled up vector production was demonstrated by continuous culture of the new packaging cells for 14 days in a 250 ml spinner flask. These suspension packaging cells should be applicable to large bioreactor systems to bulk produce high titre, complement-resistant retrovirus vectors for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pizzato
- Wohl Virion Centre, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, UK
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Satoh M, Miyaji H, Nishi T, Mizukami T, Sato S, Itoh S, Hasegawa M. Efficient expression of pro-urokinase by human lymphoblastoid Namalwa KJM-1 cells using moloney retroviral promoter. Cytotechnology 1996; 18:167-72. [PMID: 8920107 DOI: 10.1007/bf00767764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have compared the level of expression of several enhancer/promoters in human lymphoblastoid Namalwa KJM-1 cells when fused to a common reporter gene. A cassette containing the pro-urokinase (pro-UK) coding sequence followed by the rabbit beta-globin and simian virus 40 (SV40) 3' nontranslated region was used for evaluation of the enhancer activity. Cells containing Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) promoter had an average of 10-20 fold higher expression levels of pro-UK than those containing other promoters, such as SV40 early gene promoter, human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) major immediate-early gene promoter, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter, and chicken beta-actin gene promoter. The expression level of pro-UK under the control of Mo-MuLV promoter was 2-3 micrograms/10(6) cells/day and was constant for more than 6 months. Furthermore, the production of a high producer clone, obtained by using dhfr gene coamplification, reached 30-40 micrograms/10(6) cells/day. Thus, Mo-MuLV promoter showed the desired characteristics for efficient expression of foreign genes in Namalwa KJM-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Satoh
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Tokyo, Japan
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Sasaki K, Kurata K, Funayama K, Nagata M, Watanabe E, Ohta S, Hanai N, Nishi T. Expression cloning of a novel alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase that is involved in biosynthesis of the sialyl Lewis x carbohydrate determinants in leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Sasaki K, Watanabe E, Kawashima K, Sekine S, Dohi T, Oshima M, Hanai N, Nishi T, Hasegawa M. Expression cloning of a novel Gal beta (1-3/1-4) GlcNAc alpha 2,3-sialyltransferase using lectin resistance selection. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Satoh M, Hosoi S, Miyaji H, Itoh S, Sato S. Stable production of recombinant pro-urokinase by human lymphoblastoid Namalwa KJM-1 cells: host-cell dependency of the expressed-protein stability. Cytotechnology 1993; 13:79-88. [PMID: 7764581 DOI: 10.1007/bf00749934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pro-urokinase (pro-UK) gene was engineered for expression in mammalian cells. The stability of recombinant pro-UKs produced by two kinds of cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human lymphoblastoid Namalwa KJM-1 cells, were compared. The pro-UK expressed in CHO cells in serum-free medium was degraded by cysteine endopeptidase secreted by CHO cells. This endopeptidase was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzonate (PCMB) and leupeptin more efficiently than by aprotinin. On the other hand, the pro-UK expressed in Namalwa KJM-1 cells was not degraded, resulting in the stable production of pro-UK at a rate of 2-3 micrograms/10(6) cells/day by use of a gene amplification method with dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in serum-free medium. Thus, Namalwa KJM-1 cells showed the desired characteristics as a host cell for the production of recombinant proteins. The stability of recombinant proteins in heterologous systems may vary depending on the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Satoh
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Co., Ltd., Japan
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Tokashiki M, Takamatsu H. Perfusion culture apparatus for suspended mammalian cells. Cytotechnology 1993; 13:149-59. [PMID: 7764658 DOI: 10.1007/bf00749811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of processes have been proposed for mammalian cell culture in the commercial production of useful substances (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, therapeutic and diagnostic proteins). Among them, the perfusion culture of suspended non-immobilized cells is the most advantageous. Perfusion culture can be classified by the separation process of suspended cells from the culture mixture into three types, namely filtration, gravitational settling and centrifugation. From a commercial point of view, the present situation and technical problems of suspended cell perfusion culture will be reviewed based on the three types. The recent development of perfusion culture has been carried out mainly on the filtration separation process, but the centrifugation process seems to have a promising future because of operation stability and scale-up feasibility. The reasons will be explained in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tokashiki
- Tokyo Research Center, Teijin Limited, Japan
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Abstract
Over the past year, mammalian cell culture research has been aimed at investigating the influence of culture conditions on viability, productivity and the consistency of post-translational modifications. Studies of the effect of medium conditions and the development of kinetic models are being made in relation to current efforts to develop fed-batch strategies that will optimize recombinant protein production processes. Recent advances have included novel biosensor and bioreactor developments. New technologies have also been applied to investigate high cell density bioreactor and culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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