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Meglič A, Ilić M, Pirih P, Škorjanc A, Wehling MF, Kreft M, Belušič G. Horsefly object-directed polarotaxis is mediated by a stochastically distributed ommatidial subtype in the ventral retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21843-21853. [PMID: 31591223 PMCID: PMC6815168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910807116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral compound eye of many insects contains polarization-sensitive photoreceptors, but little is known about how they are integrated into visual functions. In female horseflies, polarized reflections from animal fur are a key stimulus for host detection. To understand how polarization vision is mediated by the ventral compound eye, we investigated the band-eyed brown horsefly Tabanus bromius using anatomical, physiological, and behavioral approaches. Serial electron microscopic sectioning of the retina and single-cell recordings were used to determine the spectral and polarization sensitivity (PS) of photoreceptors. We found 2 stochastically distributed subtypes of ommatidia, analogous to pale and yellow of other flies. Importantly, the pale analog contains an orthogonal analyzer receptor pair with high PS, formed by an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive R7 and a UV- and blue-sensitive R8, while the UV-sensitive R7 and green-sensitive R8 in the yellow analog always have low PS. We tested horsefly polarotaxis in the field, using lures with controlled spectral and polarization composition. Polarized reflections without UV and blue components rendered the lures unattractive, while reflections without the green component increased their attractiveness. This is consistent with polarotaxis being guided by a differential signal from polarization analyzers in the pale analogs, and with an inhibitory role of the yellow analogs. Our results reveal how stochastically distributed sensory units with modality-specific division of labor serve as separate and opposing input channels for visual guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Meglič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Ilić
- Laboratory of Neuroethology, Sokendai - The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 240-0193 Hayama, Japan
| | - Primož Pirih
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Škorjanc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin F Wehling
- Nature-inspired Team, Sensor and Imaging Sciences Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL 32542
| | - Marko Kreft
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Belušič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Stavenga DG, Wehling MF, Belušič G. Functional interplay of visual, sensitizing and screening pigments in the eyes of Drosophila and other red-eyed dipteran flies. J Physiol 2017; 595:5481-5494. [PMID: 28295348 DOI: 10.1113/jp273674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fly species have distinctly red-coloured eyes, meaning that the screening pigments that provide a restricted angular sensitivity of the photoreceptors may perform poorly in the longer wavelength range. The functional reasons for the red transparency and possible negative visual effects of the spectral properties of the eye-colouring screening pigments are discussed within the context of the photochemistry, arrestin binding and turnover of the visual pigments located in the various photoreceptor types. A phylogenetic survey of the spectral properties of the main photoreceptors of the Diptera indicates that the transition of the brown eye colour of the Nematocera and lower Brachycera to a much redder eye colour of the higher Brachycera occurred around the emergence of the Tabanidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, NL9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - M F Wehling
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Eglin Air Force Base, FL, 32542-6810, USA
| | - G Belušič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Photoreceptor spectral tuning by colorful, multilayered facet lenses in long-legged fly eyes (Dolichopodidae). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 203:23-33. [PMID: 27873005 PMCID: PMC5263225 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The facet lenses of the compound eyes of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) feature a striking, interlaced coloration pattern, existing of alternating rows of green-yellow and orange-red reflecting facets, due to dielectric multilayers located distally in the facet lenses (Bernard and Miller. Invest Ophthalmol 7:416–434 (1968). We investigated this phenomenon in the dolichopodid Dolichopus nitidus by applying microspectrophotometry, electron microscopy and optical modeling. The measured narrow-band reflectance spectra, peaking at ~540 and ~590 nm with bandwidth ~105 nm, are well explained by a refractive index oscillating sinusoidally in six periods around a mean value of about 1.44 with amplitude 0.6. The facet lens reflectance spectra are associated with a spectrally restricted, reduced transmittance, which causes modified spectral sensitivities of the underlying photoreceptors. Based on the modeling and electroretinography of the dolichopodid Condylostylus japonicus we conjecture that the green and orange facets narrow the spectral bandwidths of blue and green central photoreceptors, respectively, thus possibly improving color and/or polarization vision.
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Maksimovic S, Layne JE, Buschbeck EK. Spectral sensitivity of the principal eyes of sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 214:3524-31. [PMID: 21993780 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The principal eyes of sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus, larvae are among the most unusual eyes in the animal kingdom. They are composed of long tubes connecting bifocal lenses with two retinas: a distal retina situated a few hundred micrometers behind the lens, and a proximal retina that is situated directly beneath. A recent molecular study on first instar larvae suggests that the distal retina expresses a long-wavelength-sensitive opsin (TmLW), whereas the proximal retina predominantly expresses an ultraviolet-sensitive opsin (TmUV II). Using cloning and in situ hybridization we here confirm that this opsin distribution is, for the most part, maintained in third instar larvae (with the exception of the TmUV I that is weakly expressed only in proximal retinas of first instar larvae). We furthermore use intracellular electrophysiological recordings and neurobiotin injections to determine the spectral sensitivity of individual photoreceptor cells. We find that photoreceptors of the proximal retina have a sensitivity curve that peaks at 374-375 nm. The shape of the curve is consistent with the predicted absorbance of a single-opsin template. The spectral response of photoreceptors from the distal retina confirms their maximum sensitivity to green light with the dominant λ-peak between 520 and 540 nm, and the secondary β-peak between 340 and 360 nm. These physiological measurements support molecular predictions and represent important steps towards understanding the functional organization of the unusual stemmata of T. marmoratus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Maksimovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006, USA
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Warrant E. Vision in the dimmest habitats on earth. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2004; 190:765-89. [PMID: 15375626 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-004-0546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A very large proportion of the world's animal species are active in dim light, either under the cover of night or in the depths of the sea. The worlds they see can be dim and extended, with light reaching the eyes from all directions at once, or they can be composed of bright point sources, like the multitudes of stars seen in a clear night sky or the rare sparks of bioluminescence that are visible in the deep sea. The eye designs of nocturnal and deep-sea animals have evolved in response to these two very different types of habitats, being optimised for maximum sensitivity to extended scenes, or to point sources, or to both. After describing the many visual adaptations that have evolved across the animal kingdom for maximising sensitivity to extended and point-source scenes, I then use case studies from the recent literature to show how these adaptations have endowed nocturnal animals with excellent vision. Nocturnal animals can see colour and negotiate dimly illuminated obstacles during flight. They can also navigate using learned terrestrial landmarks, the constellations of stars or the dim pattern of polarised light formed around the moon. The conclusion from these studies is clear: nocturnal habitats are just as rich in visual details as diurnal habitats are, and nocturnal animals have evolved visual systems capable of exploiting them. The same is certainly true of deep-sea animals, as future research will no doubt reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Warrant
- Vision Group, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, University of Lund, Helgonavägen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden.
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Arikawa K, Mizuno S, Scholten DG, Kinoshita M, Seki T, Kitamoto J, Stavenga DG. An ultraviolet absorbing pigment causes a narrow-band violet receptor and a single-peaked green receptor in the eye of the butterfly Papilio. Vision Res 1999; 39:1-8. [PMID: 10211390 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The distal photoreceptors in the tiered retina of Papilio exhibit different spectral sensitivities. There are at least two types of short-wavelength sensitive receptors: an ultraviolet receptor with a normal spectral shape and a violet receptor with a very narrow spectral bandwidth. Furthermore, a blue receptor, a double-peaked green receptor and a single-peaked green receptor exist. The violet receptor and single-peaked green receptor are only found in ommatidia that fluoresce under ultraviolet illumination. About 28% of the ommatidia in the ventral half of the retina exhibit the UV-induced fluorescence. The fluorescence originates from an ultraviolet-absorbing pigment, located in the most distal 70 microns of the ommatidium, that acts as an absorption filter, both for a UV visual pigment, causing the narrow spectral sensitivity of the violet receptor, and for a green visual pigment, causing a single-peaked green receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arikawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, Japan.
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Abstract
The fraction F of incident light absorbed by a photoreceptor of length l has traditionally been given by F = 1 - e-kl, where k is the absorption coefficient of the photoreceptor. Unfortunately, this widely-used expression is incorrect for absorption of the type of light most common in natural scenes--broad spectrum "white" light--and significantly over-estimates absorption. This is because the measured values of k are only valid at the absorbance peak wavelength of rhodopsin, whereas at other wavelengths (which the eye may also see) k is lower. We have accounted for the wavelength dependence of k and calculated the absorption of white light from four different natural radiant sources: the quantal irradiances of natural daylight and a patch of very blue sky, and the quantal reflections of soil and green foliage irradiated by natural daylight. Based on these results, a simple averaged correction for white light stimulation is derived, F = kl/(2.3 + kl), which is valid for a wide range of k and l, and therefore applicable to both vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Warrant
- Department of Zoology, University of Lund, Sweden.
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Interpreting patterns of resource utilization: randomness and selectivity in pollen feeding by adult hoverflies. Oecologia 1989; 78:433-442. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00378732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1988] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tinbergen J, Stavenga DG. Photoreceptor redox state monitored in vivo by transmission and fluorescence microspectrophotometry in blowfly compound eyes. Vision Res 1986; 26:239-43. [PMID: 3716217 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(86)90018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transmission and fluorescence of the compound eye of living, intact blowflies Calliphora erythrocephala, mutant chalky, were studied microspectrophotometrically. Transmission spectra were recorded under four conditions. The fly was either in the normal air environment or in a nitrogen atmosphere, and in both cases the investigated eye was adapted to red and blue light, respectively. The absorbance difference spectra obtained from the two chromatic adapted conditions showed the clear characteristics of the main visual pigment; the difference spectra for the air and the N2 case were virtually identical. The absorbance difference spectrum obtained from the air vs N2 case was very similar to the redox difference spectrum of the pigments in the mitochondrial chain. The redox difference spectra obtained for the two photosteady states were essentially the same. The fluorescence emission spectra induced by UV and blue excitation were measured with the fly in air and in a nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. The UV-induced blue emission under hypoxia, whereas the blue-induced green emission dropped. The changes are typical for a reduction of mitochondrial NADH and flavoproteins, respectively. The transmission and fluorescence measurements corroborates each other and demonstrate mitochondrial activity in photoreceptors in vivo and non-invasively.
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Smakman JG, Stavenga DG. Spectral sensitivity of blowfly photoreceptors: dependence on waveguide effects and pigment concentration. Vision Res 1986; 26:1019-25. [PMID: 3798739 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(86)90036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectral and polarization sensitivities of blowfly R1-6 photoreceptor cells were measured by intracellular recordings in cells which differed in visual pigment content. The spectral sensitivity in the visible wavelength range can be quantitatively explained from the absorption spectrum of blowfly visual pigment when the waveguide properties of the rhabdomere are taken into account. The peak wavelengths of absorption and sensitivity spectrum are 490 and 487 nm respectively. At low visual pigment content a sensitizing pigment can enhance the relative U.V. sensitivity from 0.3 to 2.0. In flies with a high visual pigment content selfscreening substantially broadens the visible band of the spectral sensitivity and lowers the relative U.V. sensitivity. The gain of the electrical response appears to be independent of the visual pigment content.
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Mimura K. The dependence of photoexcitation on the region of a single photoreceptor in the fly compound eye. NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH. SUPPLEMENT : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN NEUROSCIENCE SOCIETY 1985; 2:S51-64. [PMID: 3866156 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8696(85)90006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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14
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Light dependence of oxidative metabolism in fly compound eyes studied in vivo by microspectrofluorometry. Naturwissenschaften 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00377410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Laser induced visual pigment conversions in fly photoreceptors measured in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cronin TW, Goldsmith TH. Quantum efficiency and photosensitivity of the rhodopsin equilibrium metarhodopsin conversion in crayfish photoreceptors. Photochem Photobiol 1982; 36:447-54. [PMID: 7146115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Spatial Vision in Arthropods. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF VISION IN INVERTEBRATES 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67868-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Microspectrophotometry ofDrosophila visual pigments: Determinations of conversion efficiency in R1?6 receptors. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00606268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stavenga DG. Short Wavelength Light in Invertebrate Visual Sense Cells — Pigments, Potentials and Problems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67648-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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22
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STARK WS, STAVENGA DG, KRUIZINGA B. Fly photoreceptor fluorescence is related to UV sensitivity. Nature 1979. [DOI: 10.1038/280581a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Stavenga DG. Visual pigment processes and prolonged pupillary responses in insect photoreceptor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 5:175-85. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bernard GD, Stavenga DG. Spectral sensitivities of retinular cells measured in intact, living flies by an optical method. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00610467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The Physiology of Invertebrate Visual Pigments. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF VISION IN INVERTEBRATES 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66999-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hamdorf K, Razmjoo S. Photoconvertible pigment states and excitation in Calliphora; the induction and properties of the prolonged depolarising afterpotential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 5:137-61. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Photopigment and receptor properties in Drosophila compound eye and ocellar receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 5:197-209. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Hardie RC, Franceschini N, McIntyre PD. Electrophysiological analysis of fly retina. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00663107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Pseudopupils of Compound Eyes. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF VISION IN INVERTEBRATES 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66999-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Rapid photopigment conversions in blowfly visual sense cells consequences for receptor potential and pupillary response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 5:187-96. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00535447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Laughlin SB, Hardie RC. Common strategies for light adaptation in the peripheral visual systems of fly and dragonfly. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00657606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goldsmith TH. The effects of screening pigments on the spectral sensitivity of some crustacea with scotopic (superposition) eyes. Vision Res 1978; 18:475-82. [PMID: 664326 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kirschfeld K, Franceschini N, Minke B. Evidence for a sensitising pigment in fly photoreceptors. Nature 1977; 269:386-90. [PMID: 909585 DOI: 10.1038/269386a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many photoreceptor cells in invertebrates have a dual-peak spectral sensitivity. Evidence is presented that in fly photoreceptors the ultraviolet peak is due to a photostable pigment that absorbs light quanta and transfers the energy to the blue-absorbing visual pigment.
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35
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Sensitivity and photopigments of R1-6, a two-peaked photoreceptor, inDrosophila, Calliphora andMusca. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00613010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Visual pigment spectra from sensitivity measurements after chromatic adaptation of single dronefly retinula cells. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00657321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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38
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Single photon signals and transduction in an insect eye. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00611889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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