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Jedal JYB, Malmendal A, Ramløv H. Metabolites, ions, and the mechanisms behind seasonal cold hardening of Pyrochroa coccinea (Pyrochroidae) larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 153:104610. [PMID: 38145824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of the black headed cardinal beetle Pyrochroa coccinea, overwinters under the bark of dead logs in northern European dioecious forests, and are thus exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their bodily fluids. Here we explore the mechanisms behind their seasonal cold hardening by characterising field samples collected monthly throughout the year. Both the lower lethal temperature and supercooling point dropped as much as 10℃ in the second half of November, reaching values around -15℃ by the beginning of December. This change was accompanied by a 320 mosmol/kg increase in hemolymph osmolality, which is a doubling compared to the summer levels. We used NMR metabolomics to identify and measure the absolute concentrations of the responsible cryoprotective C-H containing metabolites in the hemolymph. The largest increase was found to be in either glucose or trehalose, with an average total increase of 120 mM. Proline, alanine, and choline concentrations were found to increase by around 10 mM each. Contrarily, phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine were halved, resulting in a total decrease of around 50 mM. These measurements were complemented with ion exchange chromatography measurements. This allowed us to account for all the osmotic pressure in the summer hemolymph, and the measured concentration changes explained as much as 40 % of the observed osmolality increase upon cold hardening. Preliminary results indicate that the remainder may be explained by non-colligative protein contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y B Jedal
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Anders Malmendal
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Hans Ramløv
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
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2
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Yadav K, Arya M, Prakash S, Jha BS, Manchanda P, Kumar A, Deswal R. Brassica juncea leaf cuticle contains xylose and mannose (xylomannan) which inhibit ice recrystallization on the leaf surface. PLANTA 2023; 258:44. [PMID: 37460860 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Conjugated sugars showed antifreeze activity in the cuticle by ice recrystallization inhibition rather than thermal hysteresis, enhancing freezing capacity at the surface of B. juncea leaves. Antifreeze biomolecules play a crucial role in mitigating the physical damage from frost by controlling extracellular ice crystal growth in plants. Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are reported from the apoplast of different plants. Interestingly, there is no report about antifreeze properties of the cuticle. Here, we report the potential antifreeze activity in the Brassica juncea (BJ) leaf cuticle. Nano LC-MS/MS analysis of a cuticle protein enriched fraction (CPE) predicted over 30 putative AFPs using CryoProtect server and literature survey. Ice crystal morphology (ICM) and ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) analysis of ABC supernatant showed heat and pronase-resistant, non-protein antifreeze activities as well as hexagonal ice crystals with TH of 0.17 °C and IRI 46%. The ZipTip processed ABC supernatant (without peptides) had no effect on TH activity, confirming a non-protein antifreeze molecule contributing to activity. To understand the origin and to confirm the source of antifreeze activity, cuticular membranes were isolated by pectinase and cellulase hydrolysis. FTIR analysis of the intact cuticle showed xylose, mannose, cellulose, and glucose. Xylanase and cellulase treatments of the ZipTip processed ABC supernatant led to an increase in sugar content and 50% loss in antifreeze activity. UV spectroscopy and NMR analysis supported the finding of FTIR and enzyme hydrolysis suggesting the contribution of xylose and mannose to antifreeze activity. By TLC analysis, conjugated sugars were found in the cuticle. This work has opened up a new research area where the antifreeze capacity needs to be established with regard to complete characterization and mechanism of action of the antifreeze carbohydrates (conjugated sugars) on the leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Yadav
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Meenakshi Arya
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Bhavana Sharma Jha
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110049, India
| | - Preet Manchanda
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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3
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Toxopeus J, Sinclair BJ. Mechanisms underlying insect freeze tolerance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1891-1914. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
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4
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Vu HM, Duman JG. Upper lethal temperatures in three cold-tolerant insects are higher in winter than in summer. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2726-2732. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Upper lethal temperatures (ULTs) of cold-adapted insect species in winter have not been previously examined. We anticipated that as the lower lethal temperatures (LLTs) decreased (by 20–30°C) with the onset of winter, the ULTs would also decrease accordingly. Consequently, given the recent increases in winter freeze–thaw cycles and warmer winters due to climate change, it became of interest to determine whether ambient temperatures during thaws were approaching ULTs during the cold seasons. However, beetle Dendroides canadensis (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae) larvae had higher 24 and 48 h ULT50 (the temperature at which 50% mortality occurred) in winter than in summer. The 24 and 48 h ULT50 for D. canadensis in winter were 40.9 and 38.7°C, respectively. For D. canadensis in summer, the 24 and 48 h ULT50 were 36.7 and 36.4°C. During the transition periods of spring and autumn, the 24 h ULT50 was 37.3 and 38.5°C, respectively. While D. canadensis in winter had a 24 h LT50 range between LLT and ULT of 64°C, the summer range was only 41°C. Additionally, larvae of the beetle Cucujus clavipes clavipes (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) and the cranefly Tipula trivittata (Diptera: Tipulidae) also had higher ULTs in winter than in summer. This unexpected phenomenon of increased temperature survivorship at both lower and higher temperatures in the winter compared with that in the summer has not been previously documented. With the decreased high temperature tolerance as the season progresses from winter to summer, it was observed that environmental temperatures are closest to upper lethal temperatures in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - John G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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5
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Antifreeze proteins govern the precipitation of trehalose in a freezing-avoiding insect at low temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6683-8. [PMID: 27226297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601519113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable adaptive strategies of insects to extreme environments are linked to the biochemical compounds in their body fluids. Trehalose, a versatile sugar molecule, can accumulate to high levels in freeze-tolerant and freeze-avoiding insects, functioning as a cryoprotectant and a supercooling agent. Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), known to protect organisms from freezing by lowering the freezing temperature and deferring the growth of ice, are present at high levels in some freeze-avoiding insects in winter, and yet, paradoxically are found in some freeze-tolerant insects. Here, we report a previously unidentified role for AFPs in effectively inhibiting trehalose precipitation in the hemolymph (or blood) of overwintering beetle larvae. We determine the trehalose level (29.6 ± 0.6 mg/mL) in the larval hemolymph of a beetle, Dendroides canadensis, and demonstrate that the hemolymph AFPs are crucial for inhibiting trehalose crystallization, whereas the presence of trehalose also enhances the antifreeze activity of AFPs. To dissect the molecular mechanism, we examine the molecular recognition between AFP and trehalose crystal interfaces using molecular dynamics simulations. The theory corroborates the experiments and shows preferential strong binding of the AFP to the fast growing surfaces of the sugar crystal. This newly uncovered role for AFPs may help explain the long-speculated role of AFPs in freeze-tolerant species. We propose that the presence of high levels of molecules important for survival but prone to precipitation in poikilotherms (their body temperature can vary considerably) needs a companion mechanism to prevent the precipitation and here present, to our knowledge, the first example. Such a combination of trehalose and AFPs also provides a novel approach for cold protection and for trehalose crystallization inhibition in industrial applications.
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6
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Guz N, Toprak U, Dageri A, Oktay Gurkan M, Denlinger DL. Identification of a putative antifreeze protein gene that is highly expressed during preparation for winter in the sunn pest, Eurygaster maura. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 68:30-35. [PMID: 25010548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library generated from the fat body of field-collected, diapausing adults of the sunn pest, Eurygaster maura revealed the presence of a transcript that encodes a protein that shares the distinct physiochemical and structural features of an insect antifreeze protein. The transcript, which is most abundant in the midgut, accumulates in adults as they leave the fields in late summer and migrate to surrounding mountainous areas to overwinter. Transcript abundance again declines when adults return to the fields the following spring. This winter pattern of abundance suggests that this protein may be critical for winter survival in the cold regions where the bug enters its obligatory diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurper Guz
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asli Dageri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Oktay Gurkan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, USA
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7
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Kristiansen E, Wilkens C, Vincents B, Friis D, Lorentzen AB, Jenssen H, Løbner-Olesen A, Ramløv H. Hyperactive antifreeze proteins from longhorn beetles: some structural insights. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1502-1510. [PMID: 23000739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on structural characteristics of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from two species of longhorn beetles. In Rhagium mordax, eight unique mRNAs coding for five different mature AFPs were identified from cold-hardy individuals. These AFPs are apparently homologues to a previously characterized AFP from the closely related species Rhagium inquisitor, and consist of six identifiable repeats of a putative ice binding motif TxTxTxT spaced irregularly apart by segments varying in length from 13 to 20 residues. Circular dichroism spectra show that the AFPs from both species have a high content of β-sheet and low levels of α-helix and random coil. Theoretical predictions of residue-specific secondary structure locate these β-sheets within the putative ice-binding motifs and the central parts of the segments separating them, consistent with an overall β-helical structure with the ice-binding motifs stacked in a β-sheet on one side of the coil. Molecular dynamics models based on these findings show that these AFPs would be energetically stable in a β-helical conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Kristiansen
- Institute of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University Center, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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8
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Amornwittawat N, Wang S, Duman JG, Wen X. Polycarboxylates enhance beetle antifreeze protein activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1784:1942-8. [PMID: 18620083 PMCID: PMC2632549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) lower the noncolligative freezing point of water in the presence of ice below the ice melting point. The temperature difference between the melting point and the noncolligative freezing point is termed thermal hysteresis (TH). The magnitude of the TH depends on the specific activity and the concentration of AFP, and the concentration of enhancers in the solution. Known enhancers are certain low molecular mass molecules and proteins. Here, we investigated a series of polycarboxylates that enhance the TH activity of an AFP from the beetle Dendroides canadensis (DAFP) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Triethylenetetramine-N,N,N',N'',N''',N'''-hexaacetate, the most efficient enhancer identified in this work, can increase the TH of DAFP by nearly 1.5 fold over than that of the published best enhancer, citrate. The Zn(2+) coordinated carboxylate results in loss of the enhancement ability of the carboxylate on antifreeze activity. There is not an additional increase in TH when a weaker enhancer is added to a stronger enhancer solution. These observations suggest that the more carboxylate groups per enhancer molecule the better the efficiency of the enhancer and that the freedom of motion of these molecules is necessary for them to serve as enhancers for AFP. The hydroxyl groups in the enhancer molecules can also positively affect their TH enhancement efficiency, though not as strongly as carboxylate groups. Mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Amornwittawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Sen Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program, 318 Campus Drive, Clark E 150, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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9
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Lundheim R. Physiological and ecological significance of biological ice nucleators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:937-43. [PMID: 12171657 PMCID: PMC1693005 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When a pure water sample is cooled it can remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below its melting point (0 degrees C). The initiation of the transition from the liquid state to ice is called nucleation. Substances that facilitate this transition so that it takes place at a relatively high sub-zero temperature are called ice nucleators. Many living organisms produce ice nucleators. In some cases, plausible reasons for their production have been suggested. In bacteria, they could induce frost damage to their hosts, giving the bacteria access to nutrients. In freeze-tolerant animals, it has been suggested that ice nucleators help to control the ice formation so that it is tolerable to the animal. Such ice nucleators can be called adaptive ice nucleators. There are, however, also examples of ice nucleators in living organisms where the adaptive value is difficult to understand. These ice nucleators might be structures with functions other than facilitating ice formation. These structures might be called incidental ice nucleators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolv Lundheim
- Allforsk Biology, Queen Maud College, Thonning Owesensgt 18, 7044 Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Duman JG, Serianni AS. The role of endogenous antifreeze protein enhancers in the hemolymph thermal hysteresis activity of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 48:103-111. [PMID: 12770137 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(01)00150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) lower the freezing point of water by a non-colligative mechanism, but do not lower the melting point, therefore producing a difference between the freezing and melting points termed thermal hysteresis. Thermal hysteresis activity (THA) of AFPs from overwintering larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis is dependent upon AFP concentration and the presence of enhancers of THA which may be either other proteins or low molecular mass enhancers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contributions of endogenous enhancers in winter D. canadensis hemolymph.Winter hemolymph collected over four successive winters (1997-1998 to 2000-2001) was tested. The first three of these winters were the warmest on record in this area, while December of the final year was the coldest on record. Protein and low molecular mass enhancers raised hemolymph THA 60-97% and 35-55%, respectively, based on hemolymph with peak THA for each year collected over the four successive winters. However, the hemolymph AFPs were not maximally enhanced since addition of the potent enhancer citrate (at non-physiologically high levels) resulted in large increases in THA. (13)NMR showed that glycerol was the only low molecular mass solute present in sufficiently high concentrations in the hemolymph to function as an enhancer. Maximum THA appears to be approximately 8.5 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 46556, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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11
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Abstract
Terrestrial arthropods survive subzero temperatures by becoming either freeze tolerant (survive body fluid freezing) or freeze avoiding (prevent body fluid freezing). Protein ice nucleators (PINs), which limit supercooling and induce freezing, and antifreeze proteins (AFPs), which function to prevent freezing, can have roles in both freeze tolerance and avoidance. Many freeze-tolerant insects produce hemolymph PINs, which induce freezing at high subzero temperatures thereby inhibiting lethal intracellular freezing. Some freeze-tolerant species have AFPs that function as cryoprotectants to prevent freeze damage. Although the mechanism of this cryoprotection is not known, it may involve recrystallization inhibition and perhaps stabilization of the cell membrane. Freeze-avoiding species must prevent inoculative freezing initiated by external ice across the cuticle and extend supercooling abilities. Some insects remove PINs in the winter to promote supercooling, whereas others have selected against surfaces with ice-nucleating abilities on an evolutionary time scale. However, many freeze-avoiding species do have proteins with ice-nucleating activity, and these proteins must be masked in winter. In the beetle Dendroides canadensis, AFPs in the hemolymph and gut inhibit ice nucleators. Also, hemolymph AFPs and those associated with the layer of epidermal cells under the cuticle inhibit inoculative freezing. Two different insect AFPs have been characterized. One type from the beetles D. canadensis and Tenebrio molitor consists of 12- and 13-mer repeating units with disulfide bridges occurring at least every six residues. The spruce budworm AFP lacks regular repeat units. Both have much higher activities than any known AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Duman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Plants and ectothermic animals use a variety of substances and mechanisms to survive exposure to subfreezing temperatures. Proteinaceous ice nucleators trigger freezing at high subzero temperatures, either to provide cold protection from released heat of fusion or to establish a protective extracellular freezing in freeze-tolerant species. Freeze-avoiding species increase their supercooling potential by removing ice nucleators and accumulating polyols. Terrestrial invertebrates and polar marine fish stabilize their supercooled state by means of noncolligatively acting antifreeze proteins. Some organisms also depress their body fluid melting point to ambient temperature by evaporation and/or solute accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Zachariassen
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Andorfer CA, Duman JG. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding antifreeze proteins of the pyrochroid beetle Dendroides canadensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 46:365-372. [PMID: 12770241 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temporal differences in the expression of Dendroides canadensis antifreeze protein (DAFP) are indicated from seasonal comparison of dafp-1 transcript level, thermal hysteresis activity and temperature changes. DAFP-1 transcript abundance correlates with the thermal hysteresis activity level in late fall/early winter and appears to follow overall seasonal temperature changes with peak transcript levels occurring in December. A cDNA library created from December larvae yielded clones encoding a set of novel putative DAFPs. Some of the cDNA clones isolated display significant divergence at the primary amino acid level, yet, maintain conservation of key residues that are presumably important for structure and function of antifreeze proteins in this cold-hardy organism. Seasonal analysis of two dafps (dafp-1 and dafp-7) revealed differences on the transcriptional level, suggesting that DAFPs may serve somewhat different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A. Andorfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Box 369, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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14
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Tursman D, Duman JG. Cryoprotective effects of thermal hysteresis protein on survivorship of frozen gut cells from the freeze-tolerant centipedeLithobius forficatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402720402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Tanaka K. Seasonal change in glycogen and inositol/sorbitol contents of the house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum (Araneae: Theridiidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00183-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Storey KB, Baust JG, Wolanczyk JP. Biochemical modification of plasma ice nucleating activity in a freeze-tolerant frog. Cryobiology 1992; 29:374-84. [PMID: 1499322 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(92)90038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the presence of ice nucleating activity, apparently proteinaceous, in the plasma of a freeze-tolerant frog, Rana sylvatica, collected in autumn and spring. Although this protein has not been purified, its ice nucleating behavior can act as an internal reference for tests that attempt to modify its ability to nucleate ice formation. If the addition of a chemical reagent alters the temperature of ice crystallization compared with the control, it can be assumed that protein modification may have occurred. The ice nucleating protein in R. sylvatica showed resistance to proteolysis with four different proteases although there was a significant reduction in the temperatures of nucleation with these treatments (ANOVA P less than 0.001). However, ice nucleating activity was lost when plasma was treated with the addition of urea or N-bromosuccinimide. Modification of protein sulphydryl groups with iodoacetamide did not affect the crystallization temperature (Tc) but treatment with iodoacetic acid resulted in a significant increase in Tc of plasma. An abrupt loss of ice nucleating ability was observed in plasma samples after heating above 87 degrees C. Anomalous potentiation of ice nucleating activity occurred when the plasma was heated to and held at temperatures between 67-75 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Xu L, Duman JG, Wen Wu D, Goodman WG. A role for juvenile hormone in the induction of antifreeze protein production by the fat body in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90165-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Activation of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. J Comp Physiol B 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00262309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Wu DW, Duman JG, Cheng CHC, Castellino FJ. Purification and characterization of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis. J Comp Physiol B 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00262308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Xu L, Duman JG. Involvement of juvenile hormone in the induction of antifreeze protein production by the fat body of larvae of the beetleDendroides canadensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402580303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Brown TA, DeLuca HF. Photoaffinity labeling of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:324-8. [PMID: 1849006 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Underivatized 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D-3 was successfully used to photoaffinity label the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. The covalent incorporation of tritium into the receptor protein was induced by ultraviolet irradiation of the receptor-1,25-dihydroxy[26,27-3H]vitamin D-3 complex in crude pig intestinal nuclear extract. The amount of incorporated label increased with increasing time of irradiation and was dependent on light of wavelengths 220-280 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography were used to demonstrate that label was incorporated primarily into the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. In addition, the label incorporation was eliminated by competition with a 100-fold excess nonradioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, indicating that the label was specific for the steroid binding site. Since 1,25-(OH)2[26,27-3H]vitamin D-3 is readily available and requires no special precautions for its preparation and handling, it should be a useful photoaffinity label for future studies of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Enhancement of insect antifreeze protein activity by antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1076:416-20. [PMID: 2001390 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90485-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins, produced by many cold water marine teleost fish and terrestrial arthropods (insects, spiders, etc.), inhibit ice crystal growth by a non-colligative mechanism, probably by adsorbing onto the surface of potential seed ice crystals and thereby blocking growth at preferred growth sites. In this study it is demonstrated that the activity of two insect antifreeze proteins is greatly increased by the addition of specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the antifreezes. A model is presented which suggests that the enhancement occurs because the antifreeze-antibody complex, being much larger than the antifreeze protein alone (a minimal 7-8-fold increase in size), blocks a larger area of the ice crystal surface and extends further above the surface, thus requiring the temperature to be further lowered before crystal growth proceeds. This idea is further supported by the finding that addition of goat anti-rabbit IgG to the antifreeze protein + anti-antifreeze protein antibody complexes further enhanced activity.
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23
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Wolanczyk JP, Storey KB, Baust JG. Ice nucleating activity in the blood of the freeze-tolerant frog, Rana sylvatica. Cryobiology 1990; 27:328-35. [PMID: 2379418 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(90)90032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of antifreeze and ice nucleating agents in the hemolymph of insects has been well documented, there have been no reports of either of these types of agent in vertebrates. The technique of differential scanning calorimetry was used to examine the blood, serum, and plasma of a freeze-tolerant frog, Rana sylvatica, for the presence of antifreeze protein activity. Results demonstrate the absence of antifreeze protein but the presence of an ice nucleating agent that may serve as a functional component of the overwintering strategy of this species. Ice nucleating activity was detected in samples of cell-free blood, serum, and plasma, suggesting that the agent is a soluble component and possibly plasma protein. To our knowledge, the identification of ice nucleating activity in this freeze-tolerant vertebrate is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wolanczyk
- Center for Cryobiological Research, State University of New York, University Center, Binghamton 13901
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24
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Storey KB, Storey JM. Freeze Tolerance and Freeze Avoidance in Ectotherms. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74078-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Knight CA, Weinheimer AJ. Nucleation on cylindrical nuclei. J Colloid Interface Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(87)90310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Inhibition of recrystallization of ice by insect thermal hysteresis proteins: A possible cryoprotective role. Cryobiology 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(86)90051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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A mild winter delays supercooling point elevation in freeze tolerantChymomyza amoena larvae (Diptera: Drosophilidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01952012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Duman JG. Thermal hysteresis antifreeze proteins in the midgut fluid of overwintering larvae of the beetleDendroides canadensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Band HT, Band RN, Ives PT. The existence of LSP-1 beta S in Drosophila melanogaster natural populations in two northern states. Biochem Genet 1984; 22:551-66. [PMID: 6431966 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
LSP-1 beta S is present in Michigan and Massachusetts Drosophila melanogaster natural populations. Its frequency, 10%, is significantly higher in an East Jordan, Mich. (latitude, 45.10 degrees N), population than in East Lansing, Mich. (latitude 42.44 degrees N), or Hadley, Mass. (latitude, 42.21 degrees N), populations, where it averages 3% at each location. The average frequency of LSP-2S is more comparable, 6, 5, and 7% at East Jordan, East Lansing, and Hadley, respectively. LSP-1 gamma F variants are also present. A total of 342 single third-instar larvae was scored for LSP-1 autosomal variants, and 323 for LSP-2 variants. Each larva represented a newly established isofemale line from collections at East Jordan in 1981 and 1983, East Lansing in 1982, and Hadley in 1981, 1982, and 1983. Within localities, frequencies of hemolymph protein variants did not differ significantly between years. Proteins 9, 10, 11, and 15 correspond to the LSP-1 gamma, beta, and alpha triplet and LSP-2 polypeptide in D. melanogaster. Our results together with those of Singh and Coulthart [(1982). Genetics 102:437] indicate that D. melanogaster populations in north temperate climates maintain considerable genetic heterogeneity for the larval hemolymph proteins.
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30
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Abstract
The exogenous cues to overwintering adaptations vary not just between components of hardening but between species. One species, P. brevicornis, initiates glycerol synthesis in response to 0 degree C exposures while a second species, E. solidaginis, increases glycerol levels not in response to temperature but in apparent association with changes in total body mass. This species maintains a constant annual percentage of water while occupying a hibernaculum that dries considerably. During overwintering, E. solidaginis losses approximately 50% of its total body mass. In addition to the changes described, this species (northern populations) increases the amount of water bound to both protein and low-molecular-weight compounds during hardening. The increase in binding exceeds threefold between 25 and -30 degrees C (0.193 to 0.633 g/g dry wt) (29). These data do not unequivocally demonstrate the existence of a hydration trigger to glycerol synthesis but are adequate to put forth such a hypothesis. A decrease in total bulk water levels due to both wet weight loss and increases in bound water may provide conditions of functionally reduced intracellular metabolic water. Since polyol production necessitates the disruption of carbon flow between glucose-6-phosphate and pyruvate, one or more enzymes may be sensitive to water reductions. Pyruvate kinase is sensitive to available water levels. Inhibition of this enzyme would likely cause a shunting of carbon metabolism to glycerol production. This hypothesis becomes attractive in light of the observation that in a variety of species, glycerol accumulations have been correlated with dehydration and hyperosmotic conditions. A common adaptative mechanism may exist in response to apparently different environmental perturbations.
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31
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Induction of antifreeze protein production by juvenile hormone in larvae of the beetle,Dendroides canadensis. J Comp Physiol B 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Horwath KL, Duman JG. Preparatory adaptations for winter survival in the cold hardy beetles,Dendroides canadensis andDendroides concolor. J Comp Physiol B 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Aunaas T. Nucleating agents in the haemolymph of an intertidal mollusc tolerant to freezing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01955768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zachariassen KE, Baust JG, Lee RE. A method for quantitative determination of ice nucleating agents in insect hemolymph. Cryobiology 1982; 19:180-4. [PMID: 7083885 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(82)90139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Patterson JL, Duman JG. Purification and composition of protein antifreezes with high cysteine contents from larvae of the beetle,Tenebrio molitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402190314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Horwath KL, Duman JG. Involvement of the circadian system in photoperiodic regulation of insect antifreeze proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402190215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Duman JG, Horwarth KL, Tomchaney A, Patterson JL. Antifreeze agents of terrestrial arthropods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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van der Laak S. Physiological adaptations to low temperature in freezing-tolerant Phyllodecta laticollis beetles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(82)90268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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