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Morgan SR, Paletto L, Rumney B, Malik FT, White N, Lewis PN, Parker AR, Holden S, Meek KM, Albon J. Establishment of long-term ostracod epidermal culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:760-772. [PMID: 33034828 PMCID: PMC7658072 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary crustacean cell culture was introduced in the 1960s, but to date limited cell lines have been established. Skogsbergia lerneri is a myodocopid ostracod, which has a body enclosed within a thin, durable, transparent bivalved carapace, through which the eye can see. The epidermal layer lines the inner surface of the carapace and is responsible for carapace synthesis. The purpose of the present study was to develop an in vitro epidermal tissue and cell culture method for S. lerneri. First, an optimal environment for the viability of this epidermal tissue was ascertained, while maintaining its cell proliferative capacity. Next, a microdissection technique to remove the epidermal layer for explant culture was established and finally, a cell dissociation method for epidermal cell culture was determined. Maintenance of sterility, cell viability and proliferation were key throughout these processes. This novel approach for viable S. lerneri epidermal tissue and cell culture augments our understanding of crustacean cell biology and the complex biosynthesis of the ostracod carapace. In addition, these techniques have great potential in the fields of biomaterial manufacture, the military and fisheries, for example, in vitro toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân R Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Laura Paletto
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Rumney
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Farhana T Malik
- Lifescaped, Somerset House, London, WC2R 1LA, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HD, UK
| | - Nick White
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Philip N Lewis
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Andrew R Parker
- Lifescaped, Somerset House, London, WC2R 1LA, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6HD, UK
| | - Simon Holden
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Keith M Meek
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Julie Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Rousseau GF, Giarratana MC, Douay L. Large-scale production of red blood cells from stem cells: what are the technical challenges ahead? Biotechnol J 2013; 9:28-38. [PMID: 24408610 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-transfusion centers regularly face the challenge of donor blood shortages, especially for rare blood groups. The possibility of producing universal red blood cells from stem cells industrially has become a possible alternative since the successful injection of blood generated in vitro into a human being in 2011. Although there remains many biological and regulatory issues concerning the efficacy and safety of this new product, the major challenge today for future clinical applications is switching from the current limited 2-dimensional production techniques to large-scale 3-dimensional bioreactors. In addition to requiring technological breakthroughs, the whole process also has to become at least five-fold more cost-efficient to match the current prices of high-quality blood products. The current review sums up the main biological advances of the past decade, outlines the key biotechnological challenges for the large-scale cost-effective production of red blood cells, proposes solutions based on strategies used in the bioindustry and presents the state-of-the-art of large-scale blood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume F Rousseau
- UPMC University Paris 6, UMR_S938, Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S938, Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Imamoto Y, Tanaka H, Takahashi K, Konno Y, Suzawa T. Advantages of AlaGln as an additive to cell culture medium: use with anti-CD20 chimeric antibody-producing POTELLIGENT™ CHO cell lines. Cytotechnology 2013; 65:135-43. [PMID: 22695857 PMCID: PMC3536879 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-alanyl-L-glutamine (AlaGln) is dipeptide that has better solubility and stability than Glutamine (Gln). In this study, we evaluated the utility of this dipeptide during culture of POTELLIGENT™ Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing anti-CD20 chimeric antibody. Although AlaGln in the culture medium lowered the specific growth rate, the MAb titer was maximized when Gln was completely replaced by AlaGln in both the basal and feed media. Moreover, AlaGln augmented production of antibody not only at flask scale but also at spinner scale, although the extent of this effect was dependent on the cell clone. To explore the mechanism responsible for the effect of AlaGln on cell growth, we measured apoptosis in the early phase of cell culture on days 8, 9, and 10. The apoptotic ratio was reduced in medium containing AlaGln. Ammonia was generated in medium containing Gln when it was maintained at 37 °C, which impeded the growth and productivity of the cells. In contrast, AlaGln produced less ammonia under these conditions, which may have been one of the properties associated with its beneficial effects. We conclude that certain dipeptides can serve as superior alternative sources of amino acids in cell culture and antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Imamoto
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan,
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Broadhurst ER, Butler M. The inhibitory effect of glutamate on the growth of a murine hybridoma is caused by competitive inhibition of the x(-) (C) transport system required for cystine utilization. Cytotechnology 2011; 32:31-43. [PMID: 19002965 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008143716374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid was found to be growth inhibitory to a murinelymphocyte hybridoma in a concentration-dependent manner from 3to 12 mM glutamate. At 12 mM glutamate there was a 70% decreasein the specific growth rate of the cells. Attempts to alleviateinhibition or adapt cells to growth in glutamate-based mediawere unsuccessful. It is proposed that elevated glutamate levelsimpair adequate uptake of cystine, a critical amino acid for thesynthesis of glutathione. Glutathione is required by cells toprevent intracellular oxidative stress. The measured rate ofuptake of U-(14)C L-cystine into the cells was found to havethe following parameters: K(m) = 0.87 mM, V(max) = 0.9nmole/mg cell protein per min. The uptake was sodiumindependent and resembled the previously described x(-) (c)transport system, with elevated glutamate levels causingextensive inhibition. Glutamate at a concentration of 1.4 mMcaused a 50% decrease in cystine uptake from the serum-freegrowth medium. Glutamate was taken up from the external medium(K(m) = 20 mM and V(max) = 12.5 nmole/mg cell protein permin) by the same transport system in a stereo specific, sodiumindependent manner. Of the amino acids examined, it was foundthat cystine and homocysteic acid were the most extensiveinhibitors of glutamate uptake and that inhibition was competitive. Metabolic profiles of the cells grown in culturescontaining enhanced glutamate levels revealed an overallincrease in net production of alanine, serine, asparagine andaspartate. A substantially increased specific consumption ofglutamate was accompanied by a decreased consumption of cystine,valine and phenylalanine.The combined kinetic and metabolic results indicate thatglutamate and cystine are taken up by the anionic transportsystem x(-) (c). The increasing levels of glutamate in themedium result in a decreased transport of cystine by this systemdue to competitive inhibition by glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Broadhurst
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Janke R, Genzel Y, Händel N, Wahl A, Reichl U. Metabolic adaptation of MDCK cells to different growth conditions: effects on catalytic activities of central metabolic enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2691-704. [PMID: 21618469 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lactate and ammonia are the most important waste products of central carbon metabolism in mammalian cell cultures. In particular during batch and fed-batch cultivations these toxic by-products are excreted into the medium in large amounts, and not only affect cell viability and productivity but often also prevent growth to high cell densities. The most promising approach to overcome such a metabolic imbalance is the replacement of one or several components in the culture medium. It has been previously shown that pyruvate can be substituted for glutamine in cultures of adherent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. As a consequence, the cells not only released no ammonia but glucose consumption and lactate production were also reduced significantly. In this work, the impact of media changes on glucose and glutamine metabolism was further elucidated by using a high-throughput platform for enzyme activity measurements of mammalian cells. Adherent MDCK cells were grown to stationary and exponential phase in six-well plates in serum-containing GMEM supplemented with glutamine or pyruvate. A total number of 28 key metabolic enzyme activities of cell extracts were analyzed. The overall activity of the pentose phosphate pathway was up-regulated during exponential cell growth in pyruvate-containing medium suggesting that more glucose-6-phosphate was channeled into the oxidative branch. Furthermore, the anaplerotic enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase showed higher cell specific activities with pyruvate. An increase in cell specific activity was also found for NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutamine synthetase in MDCK cells grown with pyruvate. It can be assumed that the increase in enzyme activities was required to compensate for the energy demand and to replenish the glutamine pool. On the other hand, the activities of glutaminolytic enzymes (e.g., alanine and aspartate transaminase) were decreased in cells grown with pyruvate, which seems to be related to a decreased glutamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Janke
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering Group, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Jen A, Madörin K, Vosbeck K, Arvinte T, Merkle HP. Transforming growth factor beta-3 crystals as reservoirs for slow release of active TGF-beta3. J Control Release 2002; 78:25-34. [PMID: 11772446 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-betas) play critical roles in many diseased states and injury repair processes. Exogenous delivery of TGF-beta may thus have therapeutic applications. Here, crystals of TGF-beta3 (TGF-beta3) are being evaluated as protected reservoirs for sustained local release. A sensitive Mv1Lu cell growth inhibition assay established that in vitro, active TGF-beta3 can be delivered from physically stable crystals. Non-sink release experiments revealed that crystal solubility at pH 7.4 was higher in cell culture medium (2.7+/-0.1 microg/ml) than in saline buffers (approximately 1-1.5 microg/ml, P<0.05). Addition of serum induced a five-fold delay in equilibration of soluble-crystal TGF-beta3. Semi-sink experiments cumulated in higher TGF-beta3 release than under non-sink conditions; the observed steady states correlated with crystal solubility and the frequency of buffer exchange. Release of TGF-beta3 from crystals was also strongly dependent on solubility changes as affected by pH. At neutral pH the solubilities were the lowest, and increased with both higher and lower pH. The results indicate that TGF-beta3 crystals may have promising features for local pH-triggered sustained-release applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jen
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Galenische Pharmazie ETH, Irchel Campus, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Paredes C, Prats E, Cairó JJ, Azorín F, Cornudella L, Gòdia F. Modification of glucose and glutamine metabolism in hybridoma cells through metabolic engineering. Cytotechnology 1999; 30:85-93. [PMID: 19003358 PMCID: PMC3449941 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008012518961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the genetic modification of a hybridoma cell line with the aim to change its metabolic behaviour, particularly reducing the amounts of ammonia and lactate produced by the cells. The cellular excretion of ammonia was eliminated by transfection of a cloned glutamine synthetase gene. The metabolic characterisation of the transformed cell line includes the analysis of the changes introduced in its intracellular metabolic fluxes by means of a stoichiometric model. Furthermore, the reduction of lactate accumulation was attempted through an antisense mRNA approach, aiming to generate a rate limiting step in the glycolytic pathway, thus lowering the glucose consumption rate. The physiological results obtained with the transformed cells are discussed. A maximum reduction of about 47% in the glucose consumption rate was obtained for one of the transformations. However a main drawback was the lack of stability of the transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Paredes
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Sinacore MS, Charlebois TS, Harrison S, Brennan S, Richards T, Hamilton M, Scott S, Brodeur S, Oakes P, Leonard M, Switzer M, Anagnostopoulos A, Foster B, Harris A, Jankowski M, Bond M, Martin S, Adamson SR. CHO DUKX cell lineages preadapted to growth in serum-free suspension culture enable rapid development of cell culture processes for the manufacture of recombinant proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 1996; 52:518-28. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19961120)52:4<518::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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