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Pacheco R, Quezada SA, Kalergis AM, Becker MI, Ferreira J, De Ioannes AE. Allergens of the urushiol family promote mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting the electron transport at the level of cytochromes b and chemically modify cytochrome c 1. Biol Res 2021; 54:35. [PMID: 34711292 PMCID: PMC8554850 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urushiols are pro-electrophilic haptens that cause severe contact dermatitis mediated by CD8+ effector T-cells and downregulated by CD4+ T-cells. However, the molecular mechanism by which urushiols stimulate innate immunity in the initial stages of this allergic reaction is poorly understood. Here we explore the sub-cellular mechanisms by which urushiols initiate the allergic response. Results Electron microscopy observations of mouse ears exposed to litreol (3-n-pentadecyl-10-enyl-catechol]) showed keratinocytes containing swollen mitochondria with round electron-dense inclusion bodies in the matrix. Biochemical analyses of sub-mitochondrial fractions revealed an inhibitory effect of urushiols on electron flow through the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which requires both the aliphatic and catecholic moieties of these allergens. Moreover, urushiols extracted from poison ivy/oak (mixtures of 3-n-pentadecyl-8,11,13 enyl/3-n-heptadecyl-8,11 enyl catechol) exerted a higher inhibitory effect on mitochondrial respiration than did pentadecyl catechol or litreol, indicating that the higher number of unsaturations in the aliphatic chain, stronger the allergenicity of urushiols. Furthermore, the analysis of radioactive proteins isolated from mitochondria incubated with 3H-litreol, indicated that this urushiol was bound to cytochrome c1. According to the proximity of cytochromes c1 and b, functional evidence indicated the site of electron flow inhibition was within complex III, in between cytochromes bL (cyt b566) and bH (cyt b562). Conclusion Our data provide functional and molecular evidence indicating that the interruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain constitutes an important mechanism by which urushiols initiates the allergic response. Thus, mitochondria may constitute a source of cellular targets for generating neoantigens involved in the T-cell mediated allergy induced by urushiols. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-021-00357-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile. .,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile.,Department of Research and Development, Biosonda Corporation, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo E De Ioannes
- Department of Research and Development, Biosonda Corporation, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Seyda A, Newbold RF, Hudson TJ, Verner A, MacKay N, Winter S, Feigenbaum A, Malaney S, Gonzalez-Halphen D, Cuthbert AP, Robinson BH. A novel syndrome affecting multiple mitochondrial functions, located by microcell-mediated transfer to chromosome 2p14-2p13. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:386-96. [PMID: 11156534 PMCID: PMC1235272 DOI: 10.1086/318196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2000] [Accepted: 11/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied cultured skin fibroblasts from three siblings and one unrelated individual, all of whom had fatal mitochondrial disease manifesting soon after birth. After incubation with 1 mM glucose, these four cell strains exhibited lactate/pyruvate ratios that were six times greater than those of controls. On further analysis, enzymatic activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, NADH cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and succinate cytochrome c reductase were severely deficient. In two of the siblings the enzymatic activity of cytochrome oxidase was mildly decreased (by approximately 50%). Metabolite analysis performed on urine samples taken from these patients revealed high levels of glycine, leucine, valine, and isoleucine, indicating abnormalities of both the glycine-cleavage system and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase. In contrast, the activities of fibroblast pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial aconitase, and citrate synthase were normal. Immunoblot analysis of selected complex III subunits (core 1, cyt c(1), and iron-sulfur protein) and of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex subunits revealed no visible changes in the levels of all examined proteins, decreasing the possibility that an import and/or assembly factor is involved. To elucidate the underlying molecular defect, analysis of microcell-mediated chromosome-fusion was performed between the present study's fibroblasts (recipients) and a panel of A9 mouse:human hybrids (donors) developed by Cuthbert et al. (1995). Complementation was observed between the recipient cells from both families and the mouse:human hybrid clone carrying human chromosome 2. These results indicate that the underlying defect in our patients is under the control of a nuclear gene, the locus of which is on chromosome 2. A 5-cM interval has been identified as potentially containing the critical region for the unknown gene. This interval maps to region 2p14-2p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Seyda
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Robert F. Newbold
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Thomas J. Hudson
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Andrei Verner
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Neviana MacKay
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Susan Winter
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Annette Feigenbaum
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Suzann Malaney
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Diego Gonzalez-Halphen
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Andrew P. Cuthbert
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
| | - Brian H. Robinson
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute and Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal; Medical Genetics/Metabolism, Valley Children’s Hospital, Fresno, CA; Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; Departamento de Bioenergetica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City; and Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London
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