Modern fungicidal substances (a review)

Biopharmaceutical profile of a clotrimazole nanoemulsion: Evaluation on skin and mucosae as anticandidal agent

Clotrimazole (CLT) was formulated in a nanoemulsion (NE) for the topical treatment of candidiasis consisting of 10% labrafac^® lipophile, 60% labrasol^®:capryol^® 90 mixture (ratio 4:1) and 30% propylene glycol. Physicochemical properties, stability, rheology, in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation through human skin and porcine buccal, sublingual and vaginal mucosae, antifungal efficacy, as well as in vivo skin tolerance were evaluated. 1% CLT-NE (CLT-NE1) and 2% CLT-NE (CLT-NE2) exhibited 153 ± 17.25 and 186 ± 15.38 nm droplet sizes, low polydispersity indexes, negative zeta potentials and biocompatible pH values. The CLT-NEs exhibited typical Newtonian profiles with viscosities of 42.14 ± 0.037 mPa·s and 41.35 ± 0.041 mPa·s, respectively and higher extensibility properties than commercial counterparts retaining their physicochemical properties for 180 days. NEs provided a sustained release of drug according to the first order model. Similar skin permeation properties were observed between CLT-NE1 and commercial reference. However, significant higher CLT amounts retained in mucosae were provided by CLT-NE2 when compared with references. Antifungal efficacies were also higher than commercial references, and the in vivo tolerance study confirmed the suitability for topical application, making CLT-NEs a great tool for clinical investigation of topical candidiasis treatments.