Ketone bodies promote a rapid rise in glutamate efflux from the isolated perfused rat liver without altering the rate of glutamine production

Lithium and Not Acetoacetate Influences the Growth of Cells Treated with Lithium Acetoacetate

The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat/low-carbohydrate/adequate-protein diet, has been proposed as a treatment for a variety of diseases, including cancer. KD leads to generation of ketone bodies (KBs), predominantly acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-hydroxy-butyrate, as a result of fatty acid oxidation. Several studies investigated the antiproliferative effects of lithium acetoacetate (LiAcAc) and sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate on cancer cells in vitro. However, a critical point missed in some studies using LiAcAc is that Li ions have pleiotropic effects on cell growth and cell signaling. Thus, we tested whether Li ions per se contribute to the antiproliferative effects of LiAcAc in vitro. Cell proliferation was analyzed on neuroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, and human embryonic kidney cell lines. Cells were treated for 5 days with 2.5, 5, and 10 mM LiAcAc and with equimolar concentrations of lithium chloride (LiCl) or sodium chloride (NaCl). LiAcAc affected the growth of all cell lines, either negatively or positively. However, the effects of LiAcAc were always similar to those of LiCl. In contrast, NaCl showed no effects, indicating that the Li ion impacts cell proliferation. As Li ions have significant effects on cell growth, it is important for future studies to include sources of Li ions as a control.