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Wang H, Fu J, Wu X, Wang Y, Li W, Huang Y, Zhong J, Peng Z. Effects of Dietary Protein Level and Rumen-Protected Methionine and Lysine on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Serum Indexes for Yaks. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1751. [PMID: 38929369 PMCID: PMC11201000 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the dietary protein level and rumen-protected methionine and lysine (RPML) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and serum indexes of yaks. Thirty-six male yaks were randomly assigned to a two by three factorial experiment with two protein levels, 15.05% and 16.51%, and three RPML levels: 0% RPML; 0.05% RPMet and 0.15% RPLys; and 0.1% RPMet and 0.3% RPLys. The trial lasted for sixty days. The results showed that the low-protein diet increased the DMI and feed conversion ratio of yaks. The diet supplemented with RPML increased the activities of IGF1 and INS and nutrient digestibility. The high-protein diet decreased the rumen butyrate concentration and increased the rumen isovalerate concentration. The low-protein diet supplemented with RPML increased the rumen pH and the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and NH3-N; the high-protein diet supplemented with a high level of RPML decreased the rumen pH and the concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, propionate and NH3-N. The low-protein diet supplemented with RPML increased the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentrations of malondialdehyde and amino acids such as aspartic acid, lysine, cysteine, etc. In conclusion, a low-protein diet supplemented with RPML is beneficial for rumen and body health, physiological response, and metabolic status in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanling Huang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jincheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.W.); (J.F.); (X.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Science of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongli Peng
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
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Effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine supplementation on milk yields and components, rumen fermentation, and the rumen microbiome in lactating yaks (Bos grunniens). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Inhibition of enteric methanogenesis in dairy cows induces changes in plasma metabolome highlighting metabolic shifts and potential markers of emission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15591. [PMID: 32973203 PMCID: PMC7515923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is scarce information on whether inhibition of rumen methanogenesis induces metabolic changes on the host ruminant. Understanding these possible changes is important for the acceptance of methane-reducing practices by producers. In this study we explored the changes in plasma profiles associated with the reduction of methane emissions. Plasma samples were collected from lactating primiparous Holstein cows fed the same diet with (Treated, n = 12) or without (Control, n = 13) an anti-methanogenic feed additive for six weeks. Daily methane emissions (CH4, g/d) were reduced by 23% in the Treated group with no changes in milk production, feed intake, body weight, and biochemical indicators of health status. Plasma metabolome analyses were performed using untargeted [nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS)] and targeted (LC–MS/MS) approaches. We identified 48 discriminant metabolites. Some metabolites mainly of microbial origin such as dimethylsulfone, formic acid and metabolites containing methylated groups like stachydrine, can be related to rumen methanogenesis and can potentially be used as markers. The other discriminant metabolites are produced by the host or have a mixed microbial-host origin. These metabolites, which increased in treated cows, belong to general pathways of amino acids and energy metabolism suggesting a systemic non-negative effect on the animal.
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Kong F, Gao Y, Tang M, Fu T, Diao Q, Bi Y, Tu Y. Effects of dietary rumen-protected Lys levels on rumen fermentation and bacterial community composition in Holstein heifers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6623-6634. [PMID: 32519120 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial reducing rumen-protected Lys (RPLys) on rumen fermentation and microbial composition in heifers. Three ruminal fistulated Holstein Friesian bulls were used to determine the effective degradability of RPLys using an in situ method at incubation times of 0, 2, 6, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h. Thereafter, 36 Holstein heifers at 90 days of age were assigned to one of two dietary treatments: a theoretically balanced amino acid diet (PC group; 1.21% Lys, 0.4% Met) or a 30% Lys-reduced diet (PCLys group, 0.85% Lys, 0.4% Met). Rumen fluid samples from five heifers in each group were extracted using esophageal tubing on day 90 to determine pH, microprotein, ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and microbial communities. Results showed that the effective ruminal degradability was 25.76%. Furthermore, differences in rumen fermentation parameters and alpha diversity of the microbiota between the two groups were not significant, but beta diversity was significant. Based upon relative abundance analysis, short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, including Sharpea, Syntrophococcus, [Ruminococcus]_gauvreauii_group, Acetitomaculum, and [Eubacterium]_nadotum_group belonging to Firmicutes, were significantly decreased in the PCLys group. Spearman's analysis revealed a positive correlation between the butyrate molar proportion and the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria such as [Eubacterium]_nadotum_group, Coprococcus_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013, Pseudoramibacter, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States analysis further validated that RPLys deduction influenced energy metabolism. Together, our findings highlight the role of RPLys or Lys in butyrate-producing bacteria. However, the number of bacteria affected by Lys was very limited and insufficient to alter rumen fermentation. Key Points • Reducing 30% Lys via rumen-protected Lys did not affect rumen fermentation parameters and alpha diversity of microbiota of Holstein heifers. It meant that the ruminal fermentation pattern was not changed. • Reducing 30% Lys via rumen-protected lysine significantly decreased relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria belonging to Firmicutes. • Functions of microorganisms were changed by reducing 30% Lys via rumen-protected Lys, especially amino acid metabolism. It may affect the amino acid composition of microprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanlin Kong
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Mengqi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tong Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanliang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Firkins JL, Fowler CM, Devillard E, Bequette BJ. Kinetics of microbial methionine metabolism in continuous cultures administered different methionine sources. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:1178-94. [PMID: 25497802 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Met precursor 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB) is expected to be more extensively degraded in the rumen than its isopropyl ester (HMBi). A control and 3 isomolar treatments-0.097% dl-methionine, 0.11% HMBi (HMBi), and 0.055% HMBi plus 0.048% Met (Met + HMBi)-were dosed every 8h simultaneously with 3-times-daily feeding into continuous cultures. Starting on d 9, for 6 consecutive doses, both [1-(13)C]-l-Met and [methyl-(2)H3]-l-Met replaced part of the unlabeled dl-Met, [(13)C5]-dl-HMBi replaced a portion of the unlabeled dl-HMBi, and [1-(13)C]-l-Met plus [(13)C5]-dl-HMBi replaced a portion of the respective unlabeled doses for the Met + HMBi treatment. After the sixth dose (d 11), unlabeled Met or HMBi provided 100% of the doses to follow elimination kinetics of the labels in HMBi, free Met, and bacterial Met compartments. The free [1-(13)C]-l-Met recycled more and was recovered in bacterial Met to a lesser extent than was the free [methyl-(2)H3]-l-Met recycling and that was recovered in bacterial Met. Increasing HMBi inclusion (0, 50, and 100% substitution of the exogenously dosed Met on a molar equivalent basis) tended to increase HMBi escape from 54.7 to 71.3% for the 50 and 100% HMBi treatments, respectively. Despite HMBi substituting for and decreasing the dosage of Met, increasing HMBi increased accumulation of free Met in fermenter fluid. The HMBi (after de-esterification of the isopropyl group) presumably produces Met through the intermediate α-ketomethylthyiobutyrate with an aminotransferase that also has high affinity for branched-chain AA. We provide evidence that the HMBi-derived Met is likely released from bacterial cells and accumulates rather than being degraded, potentially as a result of lagging d-stereoisomer metabolism. More research is needed to evaluate racemization and metabolism of stereoisomers of HMBi, Met, and other AA in ruminal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
| | - C M Fowler
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | | | - B J Bequette
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of concentrated liquid L‐lysine (base), concentrated liquid L‐lysine monohydrochloride and L‐lysine monohydrochloride technically pure produced using Escherichia coli (FERM BP‐11355) for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by Ajinomoto Eurolysine S.A.S. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of L‐methionine produced by Escherichia coli (KCCM 11252P) and Escherichia coli (KCCM 11340P) for all animal species. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Soltan M, Mujalli A, Mandour M, Abeer MES. Effect of Dietary Rumen Protected Methionine and/or Choline Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Productive Performance of Early Lactating Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.221.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Russell JB. Enrichment of fusobacteria from the rumen that can utilize lysine as an energy source for growth. Anaerobe 2005; 11:177-84. [PMID: 16701548 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal lysine degradation is a wasteful process that deprives the animal of an essential amino acid. Mixed ruminal bacteria did not deaminate lysine (50 mM) at a rapid rate, but lysine degrading bacteria could be enriched if Trypticase (5 mg/mL) was also added. Lysine degrading isolates produced acetate, butyrate and ammonia, were non-motile, stained Gram-negative and could also utilize lactate, glucose, maltose or galactose as an energy source for growth. Lactate was converted to acetate and propionate, and 16S rDNA indicated that their closest relatives were Fusobacterium necrophorum. Growing cultures produced ammonia at rates as high as 2400 nmol/mg protein/mL/min. Washed cell suspensions took up (14)C lysine (3 microM) at an initial rate of 6 nmol/mg protein/min, and glucose addition did not affect the transport. Cells washed aerobically had the same transport rate as those handled anaerobically, but only if the transport buffer contained sodium. The affinity constant for sodium was 8 mM, and sodium could not be replaced by lithium. Cells treated with the sodium/proton antiporter, monensin (5 microM), did not take up lysine, but a protonophore that inhibited growth (tetrachlorosalicylanilide, 10 microM) had no effect. An artificial membrane potential created by potassium diffusion did not increase the rate of lysine transport, and an Eadie-Hofstee plot indicated the transport rate was directly proportional to the lysine concentration. Decreasing the pH from 6.7 to 5.5 caused an 85% decrease in the rate of lysine transport. The addition of F. necrophorum JB2 (130 microg protein/mL) to mixed ruminal bacteria increased lysine degradation 10-fold, but only if the pH was 6.7 and monensin was not present. Further work will be needed to see if dietary lysine enriches fusobacteria in vivo.
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Mbanzamihigo L, Vandycke E, Demeyer D. Degradation of methionine by rumen contents in vitro and efficiency of its protection. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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