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Fruttero LL, Leyria J, Canavoso LE. Lipids in Insect Oocytes: From the Storage Pathways to Their Multiple Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 63:403-434. [PMID: 28779328 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In insect physiology, the mechanisms involved in the buildup and regulation of yolk proteins in developing oocytes have been thoroughly researched during the last three decades. Comparatively, the study of lipid metabolism in oocytes had received less attention. The importance of this issue lies in the fact that lipids make up to 40% of the dry weight of an insect egg, being the most important supply of energy for the developing embryo. Since the oocyte has a very limited capacity to synthesize lipids de novo, most of the lipids in the mature eggs arise from the circulation. The main lipid carriers in the insect circulatory system are the lipoproteins lipophorin and vitellogenin. In some species, the endocytosis of lipophorin and vitellogenin may account for about 10% of the lipids present in mature eggs. Thus, most of the lipids are transferred by a lipophorin-mediated pathway, in which the lipoprotein unloads its lipid cargo at the surface of oocytes without internalization. This chapter recapitulates the current status on lipid storage and its utilization in insect oocytes and discusses the participation of key factors including lipoproteins, transfer proteins, lipolytic enzymes, and dynamic organelles such as lipid droplets. The new findings in the field of lipophorin receptors are presented in the context of lipid accumulation during egg maturation, and the roles of lipids beyond energy source are summarized from the perspective of oogenesis and embryogenesis. Finally, prospective and fruitful areas of future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo L Fruttero
- Instituto do Cerebro (InsCer). Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jimena Leyria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina
| | - Lilián E Canavoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
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Telfer WH. Egg formation in lepidoptera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2009; 9:1-21. [PMID: 20050770 PMCID: PMC3011924 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive biology in the Twentieth Century produced comprehensive descriptions of the mechanisms of egg formation in most of the major orders of insects. While many general principles of ovarian development and physiology emerged, every order turned out to have a set of its own special motifs. Discovery of the lepidopteran motifs is summarized in this essay. The emphasis is on developmental mechanisms, beginning with the early growth and differentiation of female germ cells and ending, after many turns in morphogenesis, physiology and biosynthesis, with eggs that are filled with yolk and encased in chorions. Examples of uniquely lepidopteran traits include the cellular composition of ovarian follicles, the number of tubular ovarioles in which they mature, the functions of cell-to-cell junctional complexes in their maturation, their use of glycosaminoglycans to maintain intercellular patency during vitellogenesis, the role of proton and calcium pumps in their ion physiology, a separate postvitellogenic period of water and inorganic ion uptake, and the fine structure and protein composition of their chorions. Discovery of this combination of idiosyncracies was based on advances in the general concepts and techniques of cell and molecular biology and on insights borrowed from studies on other insects. The lepidopteran ovary in turn has contributed much to the understanding of egg formation in insects generally.
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Giorgi F, Cecchettini A, Falleni A, Masetti M, Gremigni V. Vitellogenin is glycosylated in the fat body of the stick insect Carausius morosus and not further modified upon transfer to the ovarian follicle. Micron 1998; 29:451-60. [PMID: 10071869 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-4328(98)00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin (Vg) polypeptides were studied in egg-laying females of the stick insect Carausius morosus following in vivo exposure to [35S]-methionine and acetyl-N-[3H]-glucosamine. The specificity of radioisotope incorporation was assessed by in vitro inhibition with tunicamycin and carbohydrate extraction with endo-glycosidase H. Vg polypeptides change in molecular weight during synthesis in the fat body and are not further modified upon transfer to the haemolymph or to the oocyte, suggesting that they are already fully glycosylated prior to secretion. Radioactivity in the fat body was initially distributed over cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and gradually transferred to the Golgi apparatus. Within an hour of exposure, electron-dense granules budding from the trans-Golgi network became preferentially labeled. Radioactivity in the ovarian follicle was restricted to the yolk granules of the cortical ooplasm and to the amorphous material lying within the intercellular channels of the follicular epithelium. This amorphous material was also shown to react positively when tested with a monoclonal antibody raised specifically against a Vg polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giorgi
- Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Italy.
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BRADLEY JAMEST, ESTRIDGE BARBARAH. Vitellogenin uptake and vitellin localization in insect follicles examined using monoclonal antibodies and confocal scanning microscopy. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Telfer WH, Wang Y. cAMP-stimulated termination of vitellogenesis in Hyalophora cecropia: formation of a diffusion barrier and the loss of patency. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 43:675-684. [PMID: 12769979 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(97)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by cell-permeable analogs of cAMP causes early and mid-vitellogenic follicles of Hyalophora cecropia to terminate vitellogenin uptake [[Wang and Telfer, 1996], Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26, 85-94 (1996)]. The response is shown here to entail the formation of an epithelial diffusion barrier. Follicle cells that have been loosely organized to provide intercellular pathways for the movement of vitellogenin to the oocyte surface transform into a tight epithelium within 1-2h of exposure to PKA activators. The follicle cells can now prevent the escape of Lucifer yellow CH that has been iontophoresed into the space surrounding the oocyte, and the entry of labeled vitellogenin from the medium. As they form this functional equivalent of a tight junction, the follicle cells further reduce the intercellular spaces by enlarging and pressing against each other, and by slowing the secretion of the sulfated glycosaminoglycan matrix that separates them during vitellogenesis. The activation of PKA in early and mid-vitellogenic follicles thus appears to trigger prematurely a set of changes that do not normally occur until the follicle has grown to a length of about 2.0mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H. Telfer
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U.S.A
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Giorgi F, Cecchettini A, Lucchesi P, Mazzini M. Oocyte growth, follicle cell differentiation and vitellin processing in the stick insect, Carausius morosus br. (Phasmatodea). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7322(93)90015-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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GIORGI F, Yin CM, STOFFOLANO JG. Permeability barriers and anionic sites of the ovarian basal laminae in the black blowflyPhormia regina(Meigen) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1991.9672154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dennis JC, Bradley JT. Ovarian follicle development during vitellogenesis in the house cricketAcheta domesticus. J Morphol 1989; 200:185-198. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Röhrkasten A, Ferenz HJ. Properties of the vitellogenin receptor of isolated locust oocyte membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/01688170.1986.10510236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mazzini M, Giorgi F. The follicle cell-oocyte interaction in ovarian follicles of the stick insectBacillus rossius (Rossi): (Insecta: Phasmatodea). J Morphol 1985; 185:37-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051850103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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R�hrkasten A, Ferenz HJ. In vitro study of selective endocytosis of vitellogenin by locust oocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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König R, Lanzrein B. Binding of vitellogenin to specific receptors in oocyte membrane preparations of the ovoviviparous cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(85)90102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lauverjat S, Szollosi A, Marcaillou C. Permeability of the ovarian follicle during oogenesis in Locusta migratoria L. (Insecta, Orthoptera). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(84)80060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chu HM, Norris DM, Rao KDP. Sorbic acid-induced differences in the ultrastructural development of oocytes in the microbially ectosymbiotic female ofXyleborus ferrugineus (fabr.) (coleoptera, scolytidae). J Morphol 1982; 173:313-324. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051730308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brennan MD, Weiner AJ, Goralski TJ, Mahowald AP. The follicle cells are a major site of vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 1982; 89:225-36. [PMID: 6172303 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Glass H, Emmerich H. Properties of two follicle proteins and their possible role for vitellogenesis in the African Locust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981; 190:22-26. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00868699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1979] [Accepted: 10/20/1980] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gutzeit HO, Gehring WJ. Localized synthesis of specific proteins during oogenesis and early embryogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979; 187:151-165. [PMID: 28304927 DOI: 10.1007/bf00848268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1979] [Accepted: 06/20/1979] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S-methionine and cut with tungsten needles into an anterior fragment containing the nurse cells and a posterior fragment containing the oocyte and follicle cells. The nurse cells were found to synthesize a complex pattern of proteins. At least two proteins were detected only in nurse cells but not in the oocyte even after a one hour labelling period. Nurse cells isolated from stages 9, 10 and 12 follicles were shown to synthesize stage specific patterns of proteins. Several proteins are synthesized in posterior fragments of stage 10 follicles but not in anterior fragments. These proteins are only found in follicle cells. No oocyte specific proteins have been detected. Striking differences between the protein patterns of anterior and posterior fragments persist until the nurse cells degenerate. In mature stage 14 follicles, labelled in vivo, no significant differences in the protein patterns of isolated anterior and posterior fragments could be detected; this may be due to technical limitations. At the blastoderm stage localized synthesis of specific proteins becomes detectable again. When blastoderm embryos, labelled in vivo, are cut with tungsten needles and the cells are isolated from anterior and posterior halves, differences become apparent. The pole cells located at the posterior pole are highly active in protein synthesis and contribute several specific proteins which are found exclusively in the posterior region of the embryo. In this study synthesis of specific proteins could only be demonstrated at those developmental stages which are characterized by the presence of different cell types within the egg chamber, while no differences were detected when stage 14 follicles were cut and anterior and posterior fragments analyzed separately. The differences in the pattern of protein synthesis by pole cells and blastoderm cells indicate that even the earliest stages of determination are reflected by marked changes at the biochemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig O Gutzeit
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstraße 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter J Gehring
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstraße 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Kelly TJ, Telfer WH. The function of the follicular epithelium in vitellogenic Oncopeltus follicles. Tissue Cell 1979; 11:663-72. [PMID: 524343 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(79)90023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoradiographic and electrophoretic methods that have detected an endogenously synthesized protein yolk component in Hyalophora cecropia follicles failed to reveal such a protein in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Similarly, neither sulfate nor glucosamine was incorporated into the intercellular matrix of vitellogenic follicles, though both label these regions intensely in Hyalophora. While both insects produce yolk from hemolymph vitellogenin, their follicles thus appear to support the process by very different synthetic means.
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