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Nguyen M, Litra F, Kamil A, Ergun-Longmire B. Intractable Vomiting in an 11-Month-Old Boy With Trisomy 21: A Case Report on Abnormal Calcium/Calcinosis/Creatinine in Down Syndrome. Cureus 2021; 13:e16827. [PMID: 34522483 PMCID: PMC8425108 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal calcium/calcinosis/creatinine in Down syndrome (ABCD syndrome) is a very rare condition with no clear etiology. In this paper, we describe our clinical encounter with this disease. We report the case of an 11-month-old male infant with Down syndrome (DS) who presented to the hospital with intractable vomiting and decreased oral intake and urine output. The evaluation revealed an acute kidney injury (AKI) and hypercalcemia. Although his AKI improved with intravenous hydration, his hypercalcemia persisted. Extensive studies were notable for an elevated urinary excretion of calcium and bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis seen on renal ultrasound (US). As a result, he was diagnosed with ABCD syndrome. Dietary calcium restriction was implemented. During his follow-up visit with a pediatric endocrinologist, his serum calcium was found to be normalized. To our knowledge, this is only the seventh case report on ABCD syndrome in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen
- Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
| | - Florentina Litra
- Pediatrics, University of Florida, Pensacola, USA.,Pediatrics, Ascension Sacred Heart, Pensacola, USA
| | - Ammar Kamil
- Pediatrics, Sacred Heart Hospital, Pensacola, USA
| | - Berrin Ergun-Longmire
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, USA
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Spahiu L, Jashari H, Mulliqi-Kotori V, Elezi-Rugova B, Merovci B. Hashimoto Thyroiditis and Nephrocalcinosis in a Child with Down Syndrome. Acta Inform Med 2016; 24:143-5. [PMID: 27147809 PMCID: PMC4851541 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2016.24.143-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypothyroidism has been reported to affect renal function and structure. However, the association of hypothyroidism with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is rarely reported in children. Case Presentation: We present a 6-year-boy with Down syndrome admitted in our department due to vomiting, weakness, polyuria, polydipsia, irritability and weight loss in the last few weeks. Investigations revealed features of hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis and alkaline urine consistent with dTRA. Abdominal ultrasound found nephrocalcinosis. In addition, Antithyroid peroxidase antibodies were positive, suggesting an autoimmune background for the pathogenesis of the tubular dysfunction. Treatment for dRTA and hypothyroidism was started and symptomatic improve was noticed. Conclusion: dRTA should be excluded in children with autoimmune disorders who develop weakness, polyuria, polydipsia or growth failure. Early diagnosis would reduce long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidvana Spahiu
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Haki Jashari
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Vjosa Mulliqi-Kotori
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Blerta Elezi-Rugova
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Besart Merovci
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Republic of Kosovo
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Koltin D, Rachmiel M, Wong BYL, Cole DEC, Harvey E, Sochett E. Mild infantile hypercalcemia: diagnostic tests and outcomes. J Pediatr 2011; 159:215-21.e1. [PMID: 21414629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess outcome in a cohort of patients with infantile hypercalcemia followed over 3 years. STUDY DESIGN Patients (n = 32) presenting to the calcium clinic between July 2002 and September 2008 were studied. In addition to tests of calcium phosphate metabolism, serum insulin-like growth factor-1, calcitonin, urine citrate, and calcium-sensing receptor gene analysis were obtained. RESULTS Mean age at presentation was 6.0 ± 6.3 months. Mean calcium level was 11.4 ± 0.7 mg/dL (2.84 ± 0.17 mmol/L). A recognized cause was found in 14% and a probable cause in 14% of the cohort. Those with nephrocalcinosis (n = 11) had significantly lower mean weight SDS and higher mean calcium levels. The biochemical profile of those in whom no cause could be determined included nonsuppressed parathyroid hormone with either normal or increased 1,25(OH)(2)D. Hypercalcemia resolved in 20 patients. However, in approximately a third, there was persistence in hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, or nephrocalcinosis. CONCLUSIONS The addition of 1,25(OH)(2)D and calcium-sensing receptor mutation analysis to a panel of investigations may improve diagnostic yield. Clinical outcome is overall good, however, one-third need ongoing follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Koltin
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yamato F, Takaya J, Yasuhara A, Teraguchi M, Ikemoto Y, Kaneko K. Elevated intracellular calcium in neutrophils in patients with Down syndrome. Pediatr Int 2009; 51:474-7. [PMID: 19400826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils of patients with Down syndrome (DS) are known to have numerous abnormalities associated with diminished resistance to infection. The intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)i) acts as a second messenger and regulates diverse functions in many cell types. The purpose of the present study was to compare the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) at baseline and stimulated conditions in DS patients and in normal subjects to investigate [Ca(2+)]i regulation in neutrophils. METHODS The study group consisted of 27 subjects with DS (age, 8.6 +/- 4.6 years) and 14 healthy subjects (age, 12.0 +/- 3.9 years). Using a fluorescent probe, fura-2, the baseline levels and changes in [Ca(2+)]i were examined after stimulation of neutrophils with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). RESULTS At baseline, the [Ca(2+)]i of neutrophils from DS subjects was significantly higher than that of the controls (70.6 +/- 28.0 nmol/L vs 44.4 +/- 16.0 nmol/L, P < 0.01). The absolute [Ca(2+)]i after addition of fMLP in the DS subjects was also significantly higher than that of the control group (250 +/- 91 nmol/L vs 167 +/- 60 nmol/L, respectively: P < 0.01). The neutrophils from the DS subjects had a consistently and significantly prolonged response to fMLP as compared to the neutrophils of control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The higher [Ca(2+)]i and the prolonged response of [Ca(2+)]i to fMLP appear to be phenotypic traits of neutrophils in subjects with DS. This suggests intrinsic cellular defects in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Yamato
- Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.
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Tran HA, Song S, Crock PA, Mattes J, Howard K. The A, B, C, D of hypercalcaemia in Down syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr06.2008.0232. [PMID: 21686893 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.06.2008.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercalcaemia in infants with Down syndrome is an uncommon condition with only five previous case reports. The patients often present in the toddler years with the classical triad of Down syndrome, biochemical hypercalcaemia, and nephrocalcinosis. We present the sixth case and second male with this condition and further review the clinical details of this under-recognised condition and stratify the diagnostic criteria. The management mandates a reduction in calcium intake as a first step. The natural history of the various aspects of this condition is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy A Tran
- Hunter Area Pathology Service, Clinical Chemistry, Locked Bag 1, HRMC, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2310, Australia
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Manai A, Tsigga M, Tsiligiroglou-Fachantidou A, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Zakas A. Nutrient intake and anthropometry in children and adolescents with Down syndrome--a preliminary study. Dev Neurorehabil 2008; 11:260-7. [PMID: 19031198 DOI: 10.1080/17518420802525526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess nutrient intake and anthropometrical characteristics of children and adolescents with DS, in Northern Greece. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 34 youngsters with DS. The sample was divided into two age groups, children aged 2-9 years and adolescents aged 10-18 years old. A 3-day food record was used to assess dietary intake. Body weight, height, WHR,% body fat, BMI, FMI, FFMI and z-scores were recorded for each participant. RESULTS All participants exhibited a high CHO and low fat diet. More than half of the participants reported having five meals daily and the majority exercised twice a week. A great majority was stunted and overweight according to general population growth charts and 22% of the adolescents were also obese. %Body fat, BMI, FMI and FFMI was higher in adolescents. Generally, younger participants presented lower overweight rates and consumed a diet more sufficient in micronutrients; however, WHR was similar in both age-groups, indicating a constant trend in weight distribution of DS patients. CONCLUSIONS Although children with DS are born with a genetic predisposition to become overweight, obesity is actually nurtured throughout childhood when they develop food choices and become more independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Grammatikopoulou
- Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
Hypercalciuria is an important, identifiable, and reversible risk factor in stone formation. The foremost and most fundamental step in dissecting the genetics of hypercalciuria is understanding its pathophysiology. Hypercalciuria is a complex trait. This article outlines the various factors that compromise the attempt to dissect the genetics of hypercalciuria, summarizes the clinical and experimental monogenic causes of hypercalciuria, and outlines the initial results from attempts in studying polygenic hypercalciuria. Finally, the problem is set in perspective of the current database, technologic advances and limitations are highlighted, and prospects of further advances in the field are speculated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8855, USA.
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Ramage IJ, Durkan A, Walker K, Beattie TJ. Hypercalcaemia in association with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). J Clin Pathol 2002; 55:543-4. [PMID: 12101206 PMCID: PMC1769700 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.55.7.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The combination of hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis with and without renal impairment is rare in paediatric clinical practice. However, this constellation of findings has been reported in three children with trisomy 21, but the absence of detailed nutritional data has failed to clarify the underlying pathogenesis. This report describes a 4 year old girl with trisomy 21 who was found coincidentally to have hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and renal impairment in the absence of metabolic alkalosis, following a prolonged period of excessive calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Ramage
- The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
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Gusmano R, Basile GC, Perfumo F, Ginevri F, Verrina E, Famularo L, Corbetta G. Pharmacokinetics of oral cyclosporine microemulsion formulation (Neoral) in children awaiting renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:1985-7. [PMID: 9723362 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Gusmano
- Department of Nephrology, G. Gaslini Children's Institute, Origgio, Italy
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Manz F. A toddler with Down syndrome, hypercalcaemia, hypercalciuria, medullary nephrocalcinosis and renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1996; 10:251. [PMID: 8703726 DOI: 10.1007/bf00862098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Andreoli SP, Revkees S, Bull M. Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, medullar nephrocalcinosis, and renal insufficiency in a toddler with Down syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1995; 9:673. [PMID: 8580039 DOI: 10.1007/bf00860972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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