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Maslov LN, Naryzhnaya NV, Popov SV, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Derkachev IA, Kurbatov BK, Krylatov AV, Fu F, Pei J, Ryabov VV, Vyshlov EV, Gusakova SV, Boshchenko AA, Sarybaev A. A historical literature review of coronary microvascular obstruction and intra-myocardial hemorrhage as functional/structural phenomena. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:281-302. [PMID: 37503711 PMCID: PMC10387746 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of experimental data demonstrates that platelets and neutrophils are involved in the no-reflow phenomenon, also known as microvascular obstruction (MVO). However, studies performed in the isolated perfused hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) do not suggest the involvement of microembolization and microthrombi in this phenomenon. The intracoronary administration of alteplase has been found to have no effect on the occurrence of MVO in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Consequently, the major events preceding the appearance of MVO in coronary arteries are independent of microthrombi, platelets, and neutrophils. Endothelial cells appear to be the target where ischemia can disrupt the endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary arteries. However, reperfusion triggers more pronounced damage, possibly mediated by pyroptosis. MVO and intra-myocardial hemorrhage contribute to the adverse post-infarction myocardial remodeling. Therefore, pharmacological agents used to treat MVO should prevent endothelial injury and induce relaxation of smooth muscles. Ischemic conditioning protocols have been shown to prevent MVO, with L-type Ca 2+ channel blockers appearing the most effective in treating MVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid N Maslov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Natalia V Naryzhnaya
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Sergey V Popov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Mukhomedzyanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Ivan A Derkachev
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Boris K Kurbatov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Andrey V Krylatov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Vyacheslav V Ryabov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Evgenii V Vyshlov
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | | | - Alla A Boshchenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region 634012, Russia
| | - Akpay Sarybaev
- National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
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Takahashi T, Tanikawa S, Ota T, Takahashi K. Effects of CD-832, a new calcium antagonist, on intracranial pressure in anesthetized dogs. Life Sci 1998; 62:PL283-8. [PMID: 9585114 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of a new calcium antagonist, CD-832, on intracranial pressure (ICP), vertebral blood flow (VBF) and common carotid blood flow (CCBF) were investigated in dogs and the results were compared with findings for nifedipine and diltiaem. Dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and a 20-gauge needle was inserted into the cisterna magna for ICP determination. Mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), CP, VBF and CCBF were measured before and during the continuous intravenous infusion of CD-832 (0.3, 1 and 3 microg/kg/min), nifedipine (0.1, 0.3 and 1 microg/kg/min) or diltiazem (1, 3 and 10 microg/kg/min). Although the three drugs caused a comparable hypotension, differences were evident in effects of these agents on ICP, VBF and CCBF. Nifedipine and diltiazem but not CD-832 significantly increased ICP, VBF and CCBF. These results suggest that CD-832 is a unique calcium antagonist which does not increase ICP during hypotension. Because the most evident side effects of calcium antagonists are caused by vasodilation and include headache and flushing, CD-832 may possibly be useful to treat subjects with hypertension or angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ohmiya, Saitama, Japan.
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Noguchi K, Shijuku T, Nakasone C, Takahashi K, Higuchi S, Tanaka Y, Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. Possible involvement of nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in the negative chronotropic effect of CD-832, a novel dihydropyridine derivative. Life Sci 1998; 62:897-903. [PMID: 9496712 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effects of zaprinast, an inhibitor of guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase, and methylene blue, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, on the negative chronotropic response to CD-832, a novel dihydropyridine derivative with a nitrate moiety, and nifedipine were examined with isolated guinea-pig right atria in the presence and absence of isoproterenol. CD-832 and nifedipine produced concentration-dependent negative chronotropic effects both in the absence and presence of isoproterenol. In the absence of isoproterenol, the concentration-response curves for CD-832 and nifedipine were neither potentiated by zaprinast nor inhibited by methylene blue. In the presence of isoproterenol (10[-8] M), zaprinast produced a three-fold leftward shift of the concentration-response curve for CD-832, while methylene blue produced a three-fold rightward shift. The concentration-response curve for nifedipine was not affected by these agents. SIN-1, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, had no chronotropic effect in the absence of isoproterenol, but had a concentration-dependent negative chronotropic effect in the presence of isoproterenol: the beating rate decreased to values close to that in the absence of isoproterenol. These findings suggest that NO-cGMP mediated pathway is involved in the negative chronotropic actions of CD-832 under beta-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ohmiya, Saitama, Japan.
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Noguchi K, Takahashi K, Higuchi S. In-vitro negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of a novel dihydropyridine derivative, CD-832, in the guinea-pig: comparison with calcium-channel antagonists. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50:329-34. [PMID: 9600727 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb06869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of CD-832 (4R-(-)-2-(nicotinoylamino)ethyl-3-nitroxypropyl-1,4-dihydro -2,6-dimethyl-4,3-nitrophenyl, 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate) , a novel dihydropyridine derivative, on guinea-pig isolated myocardial preparations have been compared with those of Ca2+-channel antagonists. All ten compounds induced concentration-dependent negative chronotropic effects on preparations of isolated right atria and negative inotropic effects on isolated right ventricular papillary muscles. The order of potency for the negative chronotropic effect was CD-832 > nicardipine = gallopamil > clentiazem > nifedipine = efonidipine > amlodipine = semotiadil > verapamil > diltiazem; that for the negative inotropic effect was nicardipine = gallopamil > nifedipine > verapamil > CD-832 > diltiazem > clentiazem > efonidipine = semotiadil > amlodipine. The ratio of the EC50 (the concentration of Ca2+ antagonist having 50% of the maximum effect) for the negative inotropic effect divided by the EC50 for the negative chronotropic effect, considered to be an index of selectivity for negative chronotropic effect, was higher for CD-832, amlodipine, efonidipine and semotiadil than for the other Ca2+ antagonists. The ratio for CD-832, nifedipine, nicardipine, efonidipine, amlodipine, verapamil, gallopamil, diltiazem, clentiazem and semotiadil was 11.4, 0.29, 0.87, 35.4, 37.1, 0.65, 0.87, 0.92, 7.11 and 30.0, respectively. These findings indicate that CD-832 and the newly developed Ca2+ antagonists including amlodipine, efonidipine, semotiadil and clentiazem were selective for a negative chronotropic effect rather than for a negative inotropic effect. This 'chrono-selective' effect of these drugs might be of benefit in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noguchi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Saitama, Japan
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Noguchi K, Takahashi K, Araki H, Higuchi S. Vasodilation profile of CD-832, a novel dihydropyridine derivative in rabbit aorta. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 29:361-6. [PMID: 9378240 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. CD-832, nifedipine and nitrendipine, but not nitroglycerin and nicorandil, inhibited the KCl-induced contraction of rabbit aortas. 2. CD-832, nitroglycerin and nicorandil, but not nifedipine and nitrendipine, inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction of aortas. The inhibitory effects of these agents were either potentiated or inhibited by zaprinast or methylene blue, respectively. 3. On the KCl-induced contraction, the duration of CD-832-induced vasodilation was longer than that of nifedipine. Concerning the norepinephrine-induced contraction, the duration of CD-832-induced vasodilation was longer than that of nicorandil. 4. These results suggest that the mechanism of CD-832-induced vasodilation concerns both Ca(2+)-antagonistic action and a nitratelike action. Furthermore, the vasodilation is long lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noguchi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Noguchi K, Masumiya H, Sasaki T, Takahashi K, Araki H, Higuchi S, Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. Relative selectivity for negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of a novel dihydropyridine derivative CD-832. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 308:53-9. [PMID: 8836632 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of CD-832 [(4R)-(-)-2-(nicotinoyl-amino) ethyl 3-nitroxypropyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4,3-nitrophenyl, 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate], a novel dihydropyridine derivative, on various guinea-pig myocardial preparations were compared with those of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem. CD-832 decreased the action potential duration of isolated papillary muscles without substantially affecting other parameters. In voltage-clamped single ventricular myocytes, CD-832 decreased the L-type Ca2+ current amplitude while having little effect on outward currents. CD-832 and other Ca2+ channel antagonists produced negative chronotropic effects in isolated right atrial preparations and negative inotropic effects in right ventricular papillary muscles, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. The potency order for the negative chronotropic effect was CD-832 > nifedipine > verapamil > diltiazem, while that for the negative inotropic effect was nifedipine > verapamil > or = CD-832 > diltiazem. The ratio, EC20 for negative inotropic effect divided by EC20 for negative chronotropic effect, which was considered to be an index of selectivity for negative chronotropic effect was highest for CD-832, the ratio for CD-832, nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem being 5.4, 0.11, 0.25 and 0.37, respectively. These results indicate that CD-832 is an L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist with relative selectivity for a negative chronotropic effect rather than for a negative inotropic effect. This 'chrono-selective' cardiosuppressive effect of CD-832 could be of value in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noguchi
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Yamaura H, Miyata N, Takahashi K, Tsuchida K, Otomo S. Effects of CD-832, a dihydropyridine derivative with a nitrate ester moiety on rabbit femoral artery and vein. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 260:269-72. [PMID: 7988656 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of CD-832 ((4R)-(-)-2-(nicotinoyl-amino)ethyl 3-nitroxypropyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4,3-nitrophenyl, 3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate), a dihydropyridine derivative with a nitrate ester moiety, on contractile responses in rabbit femoral arteries and veins. CD-832 (10(-8) to 10(-6) M and nifedipine inhibited the 64 mM KCl-induced and 10(-6) M norepinephrine-induced contractions of rabbit femoral arteries, while nitro compounds had no effect on the contractions. CD-832 (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) and nitro compounds inhibited the 10(-6) M norepinephrine-induced contractions in rabbit femoral veins, while other Ca2+ channel antagonists had little effect. The inhibitory effects of CD-832 (10(-7) M) on norepinephrine-induced contractions were antagonized by treatment with methylene blue (10(-5) M). These results indicate that CD-832 potently relaxes venous smooth muscle, and that it may be a useful agent for the treatment of angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamaura
- Research Center, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Hirakawa Y, Kuga T, Kanaide H, Takeshita A. Actions of a new Ca2+ channel antagonist, CD832, on two types of Ca2+ channels in smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 252:267-74. [PMID: 8162949 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of blockade of L- and T-type Ca2+ channels by a new Ca2+ channel antagonist, 3-(2-nicotinoylamino)ethyl 5-(3-nitrooxypropyl) 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate hydrochloride (CD832), in comparison with those of nifedipine, in rat aortic smooth muscle cells in primary culture. In a whole-cell configuration under voltage-clamp, CD832 and nifedipine dose dependently blocked both L- and T-type Ca2+ currents (L- and T-type ICa) without shifting the axis of the current-voltage relations. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of CD832 was 310 nM for L-type and 1.1 microM for T-type ICa. The IC50 of nifedipine was 36 nM for L-type and 2.7 microM for T-type ICa. CD832 blocked both types of ICa from the first step pulses after drug application, shifted their steady-state inactivation curves to the left, and did not significantly accelerate the current decay. The effect of CD832 reached its maximum within 6 min and was hardly washed out, while that of nifedipine reached a maximum within 30 s and could be washed out within 3 min. These results suggest that (1) CD832 blocks L-type ICa less potently than does nifedipine, (2) CD832 blocks T-type ICa more potently than does nifedipine, (3) CD832 blocks not only the resting state but, more preferentially, the inactivated state of L- and T-type Ca2+ channels, and (4) CD832 has a slow and long-acting activity in blocking both types of ICa as compared with nifedipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirakawa
- Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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