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Yan F, Li N, Yue Y, Wang C, Zhao L, Evivie SE, Li B, Huo G. Screening for Potential Novel Probiotics With Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Inhibiting Activity for Type 2 Diabetes Attenuation in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2855. [PMID: 31998245 PMCID: PMC6965065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has become the second most severe disease to human health. Probiotics are important for maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis and energy balance and have been demonstrated to play a positive role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. The objective of this study was to screen potential antidiabetic strains in vitro and evaluate its effects in vivo. For the in vitro section, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory and antioxidant activities of 14 candidate Lactobacillus spp. strains were tested. Then hydrophobicity and acid and bile salt tolerance assays were determined. The most promising in vitro strain was further evaluated for its antidiabetic properties in vivo using type 2 diabetes mice induced by high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The reference strain for this study was Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Results showed that cell-free excretory supernatants and cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS1.0901 had better DPP-IV inhibitory activity, antioxidative activities, and biological characteristics than other strains. At the end of the treatment, we found that L. acidophilus KLDS1.0901 administration decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin in serum and AUCglucose, and increased the level of glucagon-like peptide 1 in serum compared with diabetic mice (p < 0.05). Moreover, L. acidophilus KLDS1.0901 supplementation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, the level of glutathione, and reduced the level of malondialdehyde in serum. These results indicated that L. acidophilus KLDS1.0901 could be used as a potential antidiabetic strain; its application as food supplement and drug ingredient is thus recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingxue Yue
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Optimizing blood pressure results in an overall health outcome. Over the years, the gut microbiota has been found to play a significant role in host metabolic processes, immunity, and physiology. Dietary strategies have therefore become a target for restoring disturbed gut microbiota to treat metabolic diseases. Probiotics and their fermented products have been shown in many studies to lower blood pressure by suppressing nitrogen oxide production in microphages, reducing reactive oxygen species, and enhancing dietary calcium absorption. Other studies have shown that hypertension could be caused by many factors including hypercholesterolemia, chronic inflammation, and inconsistent modulation of the renin-angiotensin system. This review discusses the antihypertensive roles of probiotics and their fermented products via the reduction of serum cholesterol levels, anti-inflammation, and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The ability of recombinant probiotics to reduce high blood pressure has also been discussed.
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Sanz Y, Toldrá F. Purification and characterization of an X-prolyl-dipeptidyl peptidase from Lactobacillus sakei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1815-20. [PMID: 11282638 PMCID: PMC92802 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1815-1820.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An X-prolyl-dipeptidyl peptidase has been purified from Lactobacillus sakei by ammonium sulfate fractionation and five chromatographic steps, which included hydrophobic interaction, anion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. This procedure resulted in a recovery yield of 7% and an increase in specificity of 737-fold. The enzyme appeared to be a dimer with a subunit molecular mass of approximately 88 kDa. Optimal activity was shown at pH 7.5 and 55 degrees C. The enzyme was inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors and several divalent cations (Cu(2+), Hg(2+), and Zn(2+)). The enzyme almost exclusively hydrolyzed X-Pro from the N terminus of each peptide as well as fluorescent and colorimetric substrates; it also hydrolyzed X-Ala at the N terminus, albeit at lower rates. K(m) s for Gly-Pro- and Lys-Ala-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin were 29 and 88 microM, respectively; those for Gly-Pro- and Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide were 192 and 50 microM, respectively. Among peptides, beta-casomorphin 1-3 was hydrolyzed at the highest rates, while the relative hydrolysis of the other tested peptides was only 1 to 12%. The potential role of the purified enzyme in the proteolytic pathway by catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide bonds involving proline is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.
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Varmanen P, Savijoki K, Avall S, Palva A, Tynkkynen S. X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase gene (pepX) is part of the glnRA operon in Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:146-54. [PMID: 10613874 PMCID: PMC94251 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.1.146-154.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A peptidase gene expressing X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (PepX) activity was cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus 1/6 by using the chromogenic substrate L-glycyl-L-prolyl-beta-naphthylamide for screening of a genomic library in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of a 3.5-kb HindIII fragment expressing the peptidase activity revealed one complete open reading frame (ORF) of 2,391 nucleotides. The 797-amino-acid protein encoded by this ORF was shown to be 40, 39, and 36% identical with PepXs from Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactococcus lactis, respectively. By Northern analysis with a pepX-specific probe, transcripts of 4.5 and 7.0 kb were detected, indicating that pepX is part of a polycistronic operon in L. rhamnosus. Cloning and sequencing of the upstream region of pepX revealed the presence of two ORFs of 360 and 1,338 bp that were shown to be able to encode proteins with high homology to GlnR and GlnA proteins, respectively. By multiple primer extension analyses, the only functional promoter in the pepX region was located 25 nucleotides upstream of glnR. Northern analysis with glnA- and pepX-specific probes indicated that transcription from glnR promoter results in a 2.0-kb dicistronic glnR-glnA transcript and also in a longer read-through polycistronic transcript of 7.0 kb that was detected with both probes in samples from cells in exponential growth phase. The glnA gene was disrupted by a single-crossover recombinant event using a nonreplicative plasmid carrying an internal part of glnA. In the disruption mutant, glnRA-specific transcription was derepressed 10-fold compared to the wild type, but the 7.0-kb transcript was no longer detectable with either the glnA- or pepX-specific probe, demonstrating that pepX is indeed part of glnRA operon in L. rhamnosus. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis further supported this operon structure. An extended stem-loop structure was identified immediately upstream of pepX in the glnA-pepX intergenic region, a sequence that showed homology to a 23S-5S intergenic spacer and to several other L. rhamnosus-related entries in data banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Varmanen
- R&D, Valio Ltd., FIN-00039 Valio, Helsinki, Finland.
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Varmanen P, Rantanen T, Palva A, Tynkkynen S. Cloning and characterization of a prolinase gene (pepR) from Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1831-6. [PMID: 9572959 PMCID: PMC106238 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.5.1831-1836.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A peptidase gene expressing L-proline-beta-naphthylamide-hydrolyzing activity was cloned from a gene library of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 1/6 isolated from cheese. Peptidase-expressing activity was localized in a 1.5-kb SacI fragment. A sequence analysis of the SacI fragment revealed the presence of one complete open reading frame (ORF1) that was 903 nucleotides long. The ORF1-encoded 34.2-kDa protein exhibited 68% identity with the PepR protein from Lactobacillus helveticus. Additional sequencing revealed the presence of another open reading frame (ORF2) following pepR; this open reading frame was 459 bp long. Northern (RNA) and primer extension analyses indicated that pepR is expressed both as a monocistronic transcriptional unit and as a dicistronic transcriptional unit with ORF2. Gene replacement was used to construct a PepR-negative strain of L. rhamnosus. PepR was shown to be the primary enzyme capable of hydrolyzing Pro-Leu in L. rhamnosus. However, the PepR-negative mutant did not differ from the wild type in its ability to grow and produce acid in milk. The cloned pepR expressed activity against dipeptides with N-terminal proline residues. Also, Met-Ala, Leu-Leu, and Leu-Gly-Gly and the chromogenic substrates L-leucine-beta-naphthylamide and L-phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide were hydrolyzed by the PepR of L. rhamnosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Varmanen
- Research and Development, Valio Ltd., Helsinki, Finland.
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