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Zhang S, Duan J, Yang Y, Gong H, Tang Y, Xiao M, Li M, Li Q, Wang Y. Identification of the role of mono-ADP-ribosylation in colorectal cancer by integrated transcriptome analysis. Med Oncol 2021; 38:111. [PMID: 34357465 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study clarified the carcinogenic properties of arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (ART1), which results in a critical post-translational modification that changes the structure and function of proteins and is widely involved in important processes. This study provides, for the first time, a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of colorectal cancer cells with ART1 silencing by Illumina RNA-Seq and related verification experiments. Lentiviral infection was used to construct a CT-26 cell line with stable knockdown of the ART1 gene, and a whole transcriptome sequencing technique was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG classification/enrichment analyses and verification experiments were performed to determine the role of ART1 in the progression of colorectal cancer. A total of 5552 DEGs, GO functions and KEGG pathways with the highest enrichment, various SNPs, and diverse splicing patterns were identified. Importantly, knockdown of ART1 affected the splicing of certain key genes related to tumor cell growth and downregulated the expression of the key gene PTBP1 for alternative splicing. The overall attenuation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway caused by the inhibition of mono-ADP-ribosylation of GRP78 could disrupt UPR signaling, leading to the occurrence of apoptosis to impede tumorigenesis. ART1, which is clustered in organelles, may promote the development of colorectal cancer by participating in a variety of new mechanisms, including endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation and alternative splicing, and may be a good clinical drug target for targeted therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Duan
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjuan Gong
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshu Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center of Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Nitika, Porter CM, Truman AW, Truttmann MC. Post-translational modifications of Hsp70 family proteins: Expanding the chaperone code. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10689-10708. [PMID: 32518165 PMCID: PMC7397107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must be able to cope with the challenge of folding newly synthesized proteins and refolding those that have become misfolded in the context of a crowded cytosol. One such coping mechanism that has appeared during evolution is the expression of well-conserved molecular chaperones, such as those that are part of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family of proteins that bind and fold a large proportion of the proteome. Although Hsp70 family chaperones have been extensively examined for the last 50 years, most studies have focused on regulation of Hsp70 activities by altered transcription, co-chaperone "helper" proteins, and ATP binding and hydrolysis. The rise of modern proteomics has uncovered a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on Hsp70 family proteins that include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, AMPylation, and ADP-ribosylation. Similarly to the pattern of histone modifications, the histone code, this complex pattern of chaperone PTMs is now known as the "chaperone code." In this review, we discuss the history of the Hsp70 chaperone code, its currently understood regulation and functions, and thoughts on what the future of research into the chaperone code may entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corey M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Di Girolamo M, Fabrizio G. Overview of the mammalian ADP-ribosyl-transferases clostridia toxin-like (ARTCs) family. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:86-96. [PMID: 31283932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational protein modification that modulates the function of proteins involved in different cellular processes, including signal transduction, protein transport, transcription, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair and apoptosis. In mammals, mono-ADP-ribosylation is mainly catalyzed by members of two different classes of enzymes: ARTCs and ARTDs. The human ARTC family is composed of four structurally related ecto-mono-ARTs, expressed at the cell surface or secreted into the extracellular compartment that are either active mono-ARTs (hARTC1, hARTC5) or inactive proteins (hARTC3, hARTC4). The human ARTD enzyme family consists of 17 multidomain proteins that can be divided on the basis of their catalytic activity into polymerases (ARTD1-6), mono-ART (ARTD7-17), and the inactive ARTD13. In recent years, ADP-ribosylation was intensively studied, and research was dominated by studies focusing on the role of this modification and its implication on various cellular processes. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the ARTC enzymes. In the following sections, we will report the mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions that are catalysed by the active ARTC enzymes, with a particular focus on hARTC1 that recently has been intensively studied with the discovery of new targets and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Girolamo
- SoL&Pharma s.r.l. Biotechnology Research, Registered Office, Via Brasile 13, 66030 Mozzagrogna, CH, Italy.
| | - Gaia Fabrizio
- SoL&Pharma s.r.l. Biotechnology Research, Registered Office, Via Brasile 13, 66030 Mozzagrogna, CH, Italy
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4
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ADP-ribosylation and intracellular traffic: an emerging role for PARP enzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:357-370. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractADP-ribosylation is an ancient and reversible post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins, in which the ADP-ribose moiety is transferred from NAD+ to target proteins by members of poly-ADP-ribosyl polymerase (PARP) family. The 17 members of this family have been involved in a variety of cellular functions, where their regulatory roles are exerted through the modification of specific substrates, whose identification is crucial to fully define the contribution of this PTM. Evidence of the role of the PARPs is now available both in the context of physiological processes and of cell responses to stress or starvation. An emerging role of the PARPs is their control of intracellular transport, as it is the case for tankyrases/PARP5 and PARP12. Here, we discuss the evidence pointing at this novel aspect of PARPs-dependent cell regulation.
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5
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Truttmann MC, Ploegh HL. rAMPing Up Stress Signaling: Protein AMPylation in Metazoans. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:608-620. [PMID: 28433487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein AMPylation - the covalent attachment of an AMP residue to amino acid side chains using ATP as the donor - is a post-translational modification (PTM) increasingly appreciated as relevant for both normal and pathological cell signaling. In metazoans single copies of filamentation induced by cAMP (fic)-domain-containing AMPylases - the enzymes responsible for AMPylation - preferentially modify a set of dedicated targets and contribute to the perception of cellular stress and its regulation. Pathogenic bacteria can exploit AMPylation of eukaryotic target proteins to rewire host cell signaling machinery in support of their propagation and survival. We review endogenous as well as parasitic protein AMPylation in metazoans and summarize current views of how fic-domain-containing AMPylases contribute to cellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Wang J, Sevier CS. Formation and Reversibility of BiP Protein Cysteine Oxidation Facilitate Cell Survival during and post Oxidative Stress. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7541-57. [PMID: 26865632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox fluctuations within cells can be detrimental to cell function. To gain insight into how cells normally buffer against redox changes to maintain cell function, we have focused on elucidating the signaling pathways that serve to sense and respond to oxidative redox stress within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using yeast as a model system. Previously, we have shown that a cysteine in the molecular chaperone BiP, a Hsp70 molecular chaperone within the ER, is susceptible to oxidation by peroxide during ER-derived oxidative stress, forming a sulfenic acid (-SOH) moiety. Here, we demonstrate that this same conserved BiP cysteine is susceptible also to glutathione modification (-SSG). Glutathionylated BiP is detected both as a consequence of enhanced levels of cellular peroxide and also as a by-product of increased levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Similar to sulfenylation, we observe glutathionylation decouples BiP ATPase and peptide binding activities, turning BiP from an ATP-dependent foldase into an ATP-independent holdase. We show glutathionylation enhances cell proliferation during oxidative stress, which we suggest relates to modified BiP's increased ability to limit polypeptide aggregation. We propose the susceptibility of BiP to modification with glutathione may serve also to prevent irreversible oxidation of BiP by peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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7
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Ham H, Woolery AR, Tracy C, Stenesen D, Krämer H, Orth K. Unfolded protein response-regulated Drosophila Fic (dFic) protein reversibly AMPylates BiP chaperone during endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36059-69. [PMID: 25395623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Fic (dFic) mediates AMPylation, a covalent attachment of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from ATP to hydroxyl side chains of protein substrates. Here, we identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP as a substrate for dFic and mapped the modification site to Thr-366 within the ATPase domain. The level of AMPylated BiP in Drosophila S2 cells is high during homeostasis, whereas the level of AMPylated BiP decreases upon the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Both dFic and BiP are transcriptionally activated upon ER stress, supporting the role of dFic in the unfolded protein response pathway. The inactive conformation of BiP is the preferred substrate for dFic, thus endorsing a model whereby AMPylation regulates the function of BiP as a chaperone, allowing acute activation of BiP by deAMPylation during an ER stress response. These findings not only present the first substrate of eukaryotic AMPylator but also provide a target for regulating the unfolded protein response, an emerging avenue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeilin Ham
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Charles Tracy
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Drew Stenesen
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and
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8
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) modify target proteins post-translationally with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) or mono(ADP-ribose) (MAR) using NAD(+) as substrate. The best-studied PARPs generate PAR modifications and include PARP1 and the tankyrase PARP5A, both of which are targets for cancer therapy with inhibitors in either clinical trials or preclinical development. There are 15 additional PARPs, most of which modify proteins with MAR, and their biology is less well understood. Recent data identify potentially cancer-relevant functions for these PARPs, which indicates that we need to understand more about these PARPs to effectively target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Vyas
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paul Chang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Lu M, Merali S, Gordon R, Jiang J, Li Y, Mandeli J, Duan X, Fallon J, Holland JF. Prevention of Doxorubicin cardiopathic changes by a benzyl styryl sulfone in mice. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:985-92. [PMID: 22701764 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911436199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac toxicity is a major limitation in the use of doxorubicin (and related anthracyclins). ON 1910.Na (Estybon, Rogersitib, or 1910), a substituted benzyl styryl sulfone, is equally active as doxorubicin against MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma xenografted into nude mice. 1910 augments the antitumor activity of doxorubicin when given simultaneously. Furthermore, when given in combination, 1910 protects against cardiac weight loss and against morphological damage to cardiac tissues. Doxorubicin induces inactivation of glucose response protein 78 (GRP78), a principal chaperone that serves as the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Inactivated GRP78 leads to an increase in misfolded proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activation of UPR sensors, and increased CHOP expression. 1910 prevents the inactivation of GRP78 by doxorubicin, and the combination, while more active against the tumor, protects against cardiac weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Wang H, Liang Q, Cao K, Ge X. Endogenous protein mono-ADP-ribosylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2011; 233:1287-1292. [PMID: 21519881 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein mono-ADP-ribosylation post-translationally transfers the ADP-ribose moiety from the β-NAD+ donor to various protein acceptors. This type of modification has been widely characterized and shown to regulate protein activities in animals, yeast and prokaryotes, but has never been reported in plants. In this study, using [³²P]NAD+ as the substrate, ADP-ribosylated proteins in Arabidopsis were investigated. One protein substrate of 32 kDa in adult rosette leaves was found to be radiolabeled. Heat treatment, protease sensitivity and nucleotide derivative competition assays suggested a covalent reaction of NAD+ with the 32 kDa protein. [carbonyl-¹⁴C]NAD+ could not label the 32 kDa protein, confirming that the modification was ADP-ribosylation. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor failed to suppress the reaction, but chemicals that destroy mono-ADP-ribosylation on specific amino acid residues could break up the linkage, suggesting that the reaction was not a poly-ADP-ribosylation but rather a mono-ADP-ribosylation. This modification mainly existed in leaves and was enhanced by oxidative stresses. In young seedlings, two more protein substrates with the size of 45 kDa and over 130 kDa, respectively, were observed in addition to the 32 kDa protein, indicating that different proteins were modified at different developmental stages. Although the substrate proteins remain to be identified, this is the first report on the characterization of endogenously mono-ADP-ribosylated proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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D’Hertog W, Maris M, Ferreira GB, Verdrengh E, Lage K, Hansen DA, Cardozo AK, Workman CT, Moreau Y, Eizirik DL, Waelkens E, Overbergh L, Mathieu C. Novel Insights into the Global Proteome Responses of Insulin-Producing INS-1E Cells To Different Degrees of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5142-52. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1004086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wannes D’Hertog
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Michael Maris
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Gabriela B. Ferreira
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Eefje Verdrengh
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Kasper Lage
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Daniel A. Hansen
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Alessandra K. Cardozo
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Christopher T. Workman
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Yves Moreau
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Lutgart Overbergh
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 902, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 208, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
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12
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Määttänen P, Gehring K, Bergeron JJM, Thomas DY. Protein quality control in the ER: the recognition of misfolded proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:500-11. [PMID: 20347046 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism, in molecular terms of protein quality control, specifically of how the cell recognizes and discriminates misfolded proteins, remains a challenge. In the secretory pathway the folding status of glycoproteins passing through the endoplasmic reticulum is marked by the composition of the N-glycan. The different glycoforms are recognized by specialized lectins. The folding sensor UGGT acts as an unusual molecular chaperone and covalently modifies the Man9 N-glycan of a misfolded protein by adding a glucose moiety and converts it to Glc1Man9 that rebinds the lectin calnexin. However, further links between the folding status of a glycoprotein and the composition of the N-glycan are unclear. There is little unequivocal evidence for other proteins in the ER recognizing the N-glycan and also acting as molecular chaperones. Nevertheless, based upon a few examples, we suggest that this function is carried out by individual proteins in several different complexes. Thus, calnexin binds the protein disulfide isomerase ERp57, that acts upon Glc1Man9 glycoproteins. In another example the protein disulfide isomerase ERdj5 binds specifically to EDEM (which is probably a mannosidase) and a lectin OS9, and reduces the disulfide bonds of bound glycoproteins destined for ERAD. Thus the glycan recognition is performed by a lectin and the chaperone function performed by a specific partner protein that can recognize misfolded proteins. We predict that this will be a common arrangement of proteins in the ER and that members of protein foldase families such as PDI and PPI will bind specifically to lectins in the ER. Molecular chaperones BiP and GRp94 will assist in the folding of proteins bound in these complexes as well as in the folding of non-glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Määttänen
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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13
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Kumagai K, Ando Y, Kiyosawa N, Ito K, Kawai R, Yamoto T, Manabe S, Teranishi M. Toxicoproteomic investigation of the molecular mechanisms of cycloheximide-induced hepatocellular apoptosis in rat liver. Toxicology 2006; 228:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hassa PO, Haenni SS, Elser M, Hottiger MO. Nuclear ADP-ribosylation reactions in mammalian cells: where are we today and where are we going? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:789-829. [PMID: 16959969 PMCID: PMC1594587 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since poly-ADP ribose was discovered over 40 years ago, there has been significant progress in research into the biology of mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation reactions. During the last decade, it became clear that ADP-ribosylation reactions play important roles in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inter- and intracellular signaling, transcriptional regulation, DNA repair pathways and maintenance of genomic stability, telomere dynamics, cell differentiation and proliferation, and necrosis and apoptosis. ADP-ribosylation reactions are phylogenetically ancient and can be classified into four major groups: mono-ADP-ribosylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation, ADP-ribose cyclization, and formation of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. In the human genome, more than 30 different genes coding for enzymes associated with distinct ADP-ribosylation activities have been identified. This review highlights the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of nuclear mono-ADP-ribosylation and poly-ADP-ribosylation reactions and the distinct ADP-ribosylating enzyme families involved in these processes, including the proposed family of novel poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-like mono-ADP-ribose transferases and the potential mono-ADP-ribosylation activities of the sirtuin family of NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases. A special focus is placed on the known roles of distinct mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation reactions in physiological processes, such as mitosis, cellular differentiation and proliferation, telomere dynamics, and aging, as well as "programmed necrosis" (i.e., high-mobility-group protein B1 release) and apoptosis (i.e., apoptosis-inducing factor shuttling). The proposed molecular mechanisms involved in these processes, such as signaling, chromatin modification (i.e., "histone code"), and remodeling of chromatin structure (i.e., DNA damage response, transcriptional regulation, and insulator function), are described. A potential cross talk between nuclear ADP-ribosylation processes and other NAD(+)-dependent pathways is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Hassa
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Schröder M, Kaufman RJ. ER stress and the unfolded protein response. Mutat Res 2005; 569:29-63. [PMID: 15603751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1294] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conformational diseases are caused by mutations altering the folding pathway or final conformation of a protein. Many conformational diseases are caused by mutations in secretory proteins and reach from metabolic diseases, e.g. diabetes, to developmental and neurological diseases, e.g. Alzheimer's disease. Expression of mutant proteins disrupts protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causes ER stress, and activates a signaling network called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR increases the biosynthetic capacity of the secretory pathway through upregulation of ER chaperone and foldase expression. In addition, the UPR decreases the biosynthetic burden of the secretory pathway by downregulating expression of genes encoding secreted proteins. Here we review our current understanding of how an unfolded protein signal is generated, sensed, transmitted across the ER membrane, and how downstream events in this stress response are regulated. We propose a model in which the activity of UPR signaling pathways reflects the biosynthetic activity of the ER. We summarize data that shows that this information is integrated into control of cellular events, which were previously not considered to be under control of ER signaling pathways, e.g. execution of differentiation and starvation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schröder
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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16
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Yau L, Zahradka P. ADP-Ribosylation and the Cardiovascular System. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0453-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Brostrom MA, Brostrom CO. Calcium dynamics and endoplasmic reticular function in the regulation of protein synthesis: implications for cell growth and adaptability. Cell Calcium 2003; 34:345-63. [PMID: 12909081 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(03)00127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) possesses the structural and functional features expected of an organelle that supports the integration and coordination of major cellular processes. Ca(2+) sequestered within the ER sustains lumenal protein processing while providing a reservoir of the cation to support stimulus-response coupling in the cytosol. Release of ER Ca(2+) sufficient to impair protein processing promotes ER stress and signals the "unfolded protein response" (UPR). The association of the UPR with an acute suppression of mRNA translational initiation and a longer term up-regulation of ER chaperones and partial translational recovery is discussed. Regulatory sites in mRNA translation and the mechanisms responsible for the early and later phases of the UPR are reviewed. The regulatory significance of GRP78/BiP, a multifunctional, broad-specificity ER chaperone, in the coordination of ER protein processing with mRNA translation during acute and chronic ER stress is addressed. The relationship of ER stress to protein misfolding in the cytoplasm is examined. Translational alterations in embryonic cardiomyocytes during treatments with various Ca(2+)-mobilizing, growth-promoting stimuli are described. The importance of ER Ca(2+) stores, ER chaperones, and cytosolic-free Ca(2+) in translational control and growth promotion by these stimuli is assessed. Some perspectives are provided regarding Ca(2+) as an integrating factor in the generation or diversion of metabolic energy. Circumstances impacting upon cellular adaptability during exposure to growth stimuli or during stressful conditions that require rapid adjustments in ATP for continued viability are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Brostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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18
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Lupi R, Dani N, Dietrich A, Marchegiani A, Turacchio S, Berrie CP, Moss J, Gierschik P, Corda D, Di Girolamo M. Endogenous mono-ADP-ribosylation of the free Gbetagamma prevents stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-gamma and phospholipase C-beta2 and is activated by G-protein-coupled receptors. Biochem J 2002; 367:825-32. [PMID: 12149126 PMCID: PMC1222935 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2002] [Revised: 07/15/2002] [Accepted: 07/30/2002] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the beta subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins is endogenously mono-ADP-ribosylated in intact cells. The modified betagamma heterodimer loses its ability to inhibit calmodulin-stimulated type 1 adenylate cyclase and, remarkably, is de-ADP-ribosylated by a cytosolic hydrolase that completes an ADP-/de-ADP-ribosylation cycle of potential physiological relevance. In the present study, we show that this ADP-ribosylation might indeed be a general mechanism for termination of betagamma signalling, since the ADP-ribosylated betagamma subunit is also unable to activate both phosphoinositide 3-kinase-gamma and phospholipase C-beta2. Moreover, we show that beta subunit ADP-ribosylation is induced by G-protein-coupled receptor activation, since hormone stimulation of Chinese-hamster ovary plasma membranes leads to increases in beta subunit labelling. This occurs when betagamma is in its active heterodimeric conformation, since full inhibition of this modification can be achieved by binding of GDP-alphai3 to the betagamma heterodimer. Taken together, these findings delineate a pathway that arises from the activation of a G-protein-coupled receptor and leads to the inhibition of betagamma activity through its reversible mono-ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Lupi
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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19
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Brostrom MA, Mourad F, Brostrom CO. Regulated expression of GRP78 during vasopressin-induced hypertrophy of heart-derived myocytes. J Cell Biochem 2001; 83:204-17. [PMID: 11573238 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although the development of cellular hypertrophy is widely believed to involve Ca(2+) signaling, potential supporting roles for sequestered Ca(2+) in this process have not been explored. H9c2 cardiomyocytes respond to arginine vasopressin with an initial mobilization of Ca(2+) stores and reduced rates of mRNA translation followed by repletion of Ca(2+) stores, up-regulation of translation beyond initial rates, and the development of hypertrophy. Rates of synthesis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, GRP78 and GRP94, were found to increase preferentially at early times of vasopressin treatment. Total GRP78 content increased 2- to 3-fold within 8 h after which the chaperone was subject to post-translational modification. Preferential synthesis of GRP78 and the increase in chaperone content both occurred at pM vasopressin concentrations and were abolished at supraphysiologic Ca(2+) concentrations. Co-treatment with phorbol myristate acetate decreased vasopressin-dependent Ca(2+) mobilization and slowed appearance of new GRP78 molecules in response to the hormone, whereas 24 h pretreatment with phorbol ester prolonged vasopressin-dependent Ca(2+) mobilization and further increased rates of GRP78 synthesis in response to the hormone. Findings did not support a role for newly synthesized GRP78 in translational up-regulation by vasopressin. However up-regulation, which does not depend on Ca(2+) sequestration, appeared to expedite chaperone expression. This report provides the first evidence that a Ca(2+)-mobilizing hormone at physiologic concentrations signals increased expression of GRP78. Translational tolerance to depletion of ER Ca(2+) stores, typifying a robust ER stress response, did not accompany vasopressin-induced hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Brostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, U.M.D.N.J.-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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20
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Szabados E, Literati-Nagy P, Farkas B, Sumegi B. BGP-15, a nicotinic amidoxime derivate protecting heart from ischemia reperfusion injury through modulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:937-45. [PMID: 10692558 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of O-(3-piperidino-2-hydroxy-1-propyl)nicotinic amidoxime (BGP-15) against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury was studied in the Langendorff heart perfusion system. To understand the molecular mechanism of the cardioprotection, the effect of BGP-15 on ischemic-reperfusion-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation single-strand DNA break formation, NAD(+) catabolism, and endogenous ADP-ribosylation reactions were investigated. These studies showed that BGP-15 significantly decreased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase in reperfused hearts, and reduced the rate of NAD(+) catabolism. In addition, BGP-15 dramatically decreased the ischemia-reperfusion-induced self-ADP-ribosylation of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) and the mono-ADP-ribosylation of an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78. These data raise the possibility that BGP-15 may have a direct inhibitory effect on PARP. This hypothesis was tested on isolated enzyme, and kinetic analysis showed a mixed-type (noncompetitive) inhibition with a K(i) = 57 +/- 6 microM. Furthermore, BGP-15 decreased levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and single-strand DNA breaks in reperfused hearts. These data suggest that PARP may be an important molecular target of BGP-15 and that BGP-15 decreases ROS levels and cell injury during ischemia-reperfusion in the heart by inhibiting PARP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szabados
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical School Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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21
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Ziegler M. New functions of a long-known molecule. Emerging roles of NAD in cellular signaling. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:1550-64. [PMID: 10712584 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the pyridine nucleotides have been established as important molecules in signaling pathways, besides their well known function in energy transduction. Similarly to another molecule carrying such dual functions, ATP, NAD(P)+ may serve as substrate for covalent protein modification or as precursor of biologically active compounds. Protein modification is catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferases that attach the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ to specific amino-acid residues of the acceptor proteins. For a number of ADP ribosylation reactions the specific transferases and their target proteins have been identified. As a result of the modification, the biological activity of the acceptor proteins may be severely changed. The cell nucleus contains enzymes catalyzing the transfer of ADP-ribose polymers (polyADP-ribose) onto the acceptor proteins. The best known enzyme of this type is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which has been implicated in the regulation of several important processes including DNA repair, transcription, apoptosis, neoplastic transformation and others. The second group of reactions leads to the synthesis of an unusual cyclic nucleotide, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). Moreover, the enzymes catalyzing this reaction may also replace the nicotinamide of NADP+ by nicotinic acid resulting in the synthesis of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP+). Both cADPR and NAADP+ have been reported to be potent intracellular calcium-mobilizing agents. In concert with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, they participate in cytosolic calcium regulation by releasing calcium from intracellular stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ziegler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Skuta G, Fischer GM, Janaky T, Kele Z, Szabo P, Tozser J, Sumegi B. Molecular mechanism of the short-term cardiotoxicity caused by 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC): modulation of reactive oxygen species levels and ADP-ribosylation reactions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1915-25. [PMID: 10591146 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The short-term cardiac side effects of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC, zalcitabine) were studied in rats in order to understand the biochemical events contributing to the development of ddC-induced cardiomyopathy. In developing animals, ddC treatment provoked a surprisingly rapid appearance of cardiac malfunctions characterized by prolonged RR, PR, and QT intervals and J point depression. The energy metabolism in the heart was compromised, characterized by a decreased creatine phosphate/creatine ratio (from 2.05 normal value to 0.75) and a decreased free ATP/ADP ratio (from 332 normal value to 121). The activity of respiratory complexes (NADH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome oxidase) also decreased significantly. Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction analysis did not show deletions or a decrease in the quantity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deriving from ddC-treated rat hearts, indicating that under our experimental conditions, ddC-induced heart abnormalities were not the direct consequence of mtDNA-related damage. The ddC treatment of rats significantly increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in heart and skeletal muscle as determined by the oxidation of non-fluorescent dihydrorhodamine123 to fluorescent rhodamine123 and the oxidation of cellular proteins determined from protein carbonyl content. An activation of the nuclear poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (EC 2.4.2.30) and an increase in the mono-ADP-ribosylation of glucose-regulated protein and desmin were observed in the cardiac tissue from ddC-treated animals. A decrease in the quantity of heat shock protein (HSP)70s was also detected, while the level of HSP25 and HSP60 remained unchanged. Surprisingly, ddC treatment induced a skeletal muscle-specific decrease in the quantity of three proteins, one of which was identified by N-terminal sequencing as myoglobin, and another by tandem mass spectrometer sequencing as triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1). These data show that the short term cardiotoxicity of ddC is partially based on ROS-mediated signalling through poly- and mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions and depression of HSP70 levels, whose processes represent a new mtDNA independent mechanism for ddC-induced cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skuta
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
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23
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de Virgilio M, Kitzmüller C, Schwaiger E, Klein M, Kreibich G, Ivessa NE. Degradation of a short-lived glycoprotein from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: the role of N-linked glycans and the unfolded protein response. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:4059-73. [PMID: 10588643 PMCID: PMC25743 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.12.4059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We are studying endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) with the use of a truncated variant of the type I ER transmembrane glycoprotein ribophorin I (RI). The mutant protein, RI(332), containing only the N-terminal 332 amino acids of the luminal domain of RI, has been shown to interact with calnexin and to be a substrate for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. When RI(332) was expressed in HeLa cells, it was degraded with biphasic kinetics; an initial, slow phase of approximately 45 min was followed by a second phase of threefold accelerated degradation. On the other hand, the kinetics of degradation of a form of RI(332) in which the single used N-glycosylation consensus site had been removed (RI(332)-Thr) was monophasic and rapid, implying a role of the N-linked glycan in the first proteolytic phase. RI(332) degradation was enhanced when the binding of glycoproteins to calnexin was prevented. Moreover, the truncated glycoprotein interacted with calnexin preferentially during the first proteolytic phase, which strongly suggests that binding of RI(332) to the lectin-like protein may result in the slow, initial phase of degradation. Additionally, mannose trimming appears to be required for efficient proteolysis of RI(332). After treatment of cells with the inhibitor of N-glycosylation, tunicamycin, destruction of the truncated RI variants was severely inhibited; likewise, in cells preincubated with the calcium ionophore A23187, both RI(332) and RI(332)-Thr were stabilized, despite the presence or absence of the N-linked glycan. On the other hand, both drugs are known to trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR), resulting in the induction of BiP and other ER-resident proteins. Indeed, only in drug-treated cells could an interaction between BiP and RI(332) and RI(332)-Thr be detected. Induction of BiP was also evident after overexpression of murine Ire1, an ER transmembrane kinase known to play a central role in the UPR pathway; at the same time, stabilization of RI(332) was observed. Together, these results suggest that binding of the substrate proteins to UPR-induced chaperones affects their half lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Virgilio
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University and Biocenter Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Szabados E, Fischer GM, Gallyas F, Kispal G, Sumegi B. Enhanced ADP-ribosylation and its diminution by lipoamide after ischemia-reperfusion in perfused rat heart. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 27:1103-13. [PMID: 10569643 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) is considered to play an important role in oxidative cell damage. We assumed that ischemia-reperfusion resulting from the increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to the activation of endogenous mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation reactions and that the reduction of ROS level by lipoamide, a less known antioxidant, can reverse these unfavorable processes. Experiments were performed on isolated Langendorff hearts subjected to 60-min ischemia followed by reperfusion. ROS, malondialdehyde, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breaks, and NAD+ content were assayed in the hearts, and the ADP-ribosylation of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins were determined by Western blot assay. Ischemia-reperfusion caused a moderate (30.2 +/- 8%) increase in ROS production determined by the dihydrorhodamine 123 method and significantly increased the malondialdehyde production (from < 1 to 23 +/- 2.7 nmol/ml), DNA damage (undamaged DNA decreased from 71 +/- 7% to 23.1 +/- 5%), and NAD+ catabolism. In addition, ischemia-reperfusion activated the mono-ADP-ribosylation of GRP78 and the self-ADP-ribosylation of the nuclear PARP. The perfusion of hearts with lipoamide significantly decreased the ischemia-reperfusion-induced cell membrane damage determined by enzyme release (LDH, CK, and GOT), decreased the ROS production, reduced the malondialdehyde production to 5.5 +/- 2.4 nmol/ml, abolished DNA damage, and reduced NAD+ catabolism. The ischemia-reperfusion-induced activation of poly- and mono-ADP-ribosylation reactions were also reverted by lipoamide. In isolated rat heart mitochondria, dihydrolipoamide was found to be a better antioxidant than dihydrolipoic acid. Ischemia-reperfusion by ROS overproduction and increasing DNA breaks activates PARP leading to accelerated NAD+ catabolism, impaired energy metabolism, and cell damage. Lipoamide by reducing ROS levels halts PARP activation and membrane damage and improves the recovery of postischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szabados
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical School Pecs, Hungary
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25
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Abstract
BiP, an HSP70 molecular chaperone located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), binds newly-synthesized proteins as they are translocated into the ER and maintains them in a state competent for subsequent folding and oligomerization. BiP is also an essential component of the translocation machinery, as well as playing a role in retrograde transport across the ER membrane of aberrant proteins destined for degradation by the proteasome. BiP is an abundant protein under all growth conditions, but its synthesis is markedly induced under conditions that lead to the accumulation of unfolded polypeptides in the ER. This attribute provides a marker for disease states that result from misfolding of secretory and transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gething
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Szabados E, Fischer GM, Toth K, Csete B, Nemeti B, Trombitas K, Habon T, Endrei D, Sumegi B. Role of reactive oxygen species and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in the development of AZT-induced cardiomyopathy in rat. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:309-17. [PMID: 9895221 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The short term cardiac side-effects of AZT (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, zidovudine) was studied in rats to understand the biochemical events contributing to the development of AZT-induced cardiomyopathy. Developing rats were treated with AZT (50 mg/kg/day) for 2 wk and the structural and functional changes were monitored in the cardiac muscle. AZT treatment provoked a surprisingly fast appearance of cardiac malfunctions in developing animals characterized by prolonged RR, PR and QT intervals and J point depression. Electron microscopy showed abnormal mitochondrial structure but the cardiomyocyte had normal myofibers. The AZT treatment of rats significantly increased ROS and peroxynitrite formation in heart tissues as determined by the oxidation of nonfluorescent dihydrorhodamine123 and dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) to fluorescent dyes, and induced single-strand DNA breaks. Lipid peroxidation and oxidation of cellular proteins determined from protein carbonyl content were increased as a consequence of AZT treatment. Activation of the nuclear poly-ADP-ribose polymerase and the accelerated NAD+ catabolism were also observed in AZT-treated animals. Western blot analysis showed that mono-ADP-ribosylation of glucose regulated protein (GRP78/BIP) was enhanced by AZT treatment, that process inactivates GRP78. In this way moderate decrease in the activity of respiratory complexes was detected in the heart of AZT-treated animals indicating a damaged mitochondrial energy production. There was a significant decrease in creatine phosphate concentration resulting in a decrease in creatine phosphate/creatine ratio from 2.08 to 0.58. ATP level remained close to normal but the total extractable ADP increased with 45%. The calculated free ATP/ADP ratio decreased from 340 to 94 in the heart of AZT-treated rats as a consequence of increased free ADP concentration. It was assumed that the increased free ADP in AZT-treated cardiomyocyte may help cells to compensate the defective ATP production in damaged mitochondria by activating the ATP synthesis in undamaged mitochondria. Southern blot analysis did not show decreased quantity of mtDNA deriving from AZT-treated rat hearts indicating that under our experimental conditions AZT-induced heart abnormalities are not the direct consequence of the mtDNA depletion. These data show that ROS-mediated oxidative damages, activated ADP-ribosylation reactions and accelerated NAD+ catabolism play basic roles in the development of AZT-induced cardiomyopathy in our animal model and indicated that these ROS-mediated processes can be important factors in the development of myopathy and cardiomyopathy in zidovudine-treated AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szabados
- Department of Biochemistry, University Medical School Pecs, Hungary
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27
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Laitusis AL, Brostrom MA, Brostrom CO. The dynamic role of GRP78/BiP in the coordination of mRNA translation with protein processing. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:486-93. [PMID: 9867869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of GRP78/BiP in coordinating endoplasmic reticular (ER) protein processing with mRNA translation was examined in GH3 pituitary cells. ADP-ribosylation of GRP78 and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-2alpha phosphorylation were assessed, respectively, as indices of chaperone inactivation and the inhibition of translational initiation. Inhibition of protein processing by ER stress (ionomycin and dithiothreitol) resulted in GRP78 deribosylation and eIF-2 phosphorylation. Suppression of translation relative to ER protein processing (cycloheximide) produced approximately 50% ADP-ribosylation of GRP78 within 90 min without eIF-2 phosphorylation. ADP-ribosylation was reversed in 90 min by cycloheximide removal in a manner accelerated by ER stressors. Cycloheximide sharply reduced eIF-2 phosphorylation in response to ER stressors for about 30 min; sensitivity returned as GRP78 became increasingly ADP-ribosylated. Reduced sensitivity of eIF-2 to phosphorylation appeared to derive from the accumulation of free, unmodified chaperone as proteins completed processing without replacements. Prolonged (24 h) incubations with cycloheximide resulted in the selective loss of the ADP-ribosylated form of GRP78 and increased sensitivity of eIF-2 phosphorylation in response to ER stressors. Brefeldin A decreased ADP-ribosylation of GRP78 in parallel with increased eIF-2 phosphorylation. The cytoplasmic stressor, arsenite, which inhibits translational initiation through eIF-2 phosphorylation without affecting the ER, also produced ADP-ribosylation of GRP78.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Laitusis
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chevalier
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607-7173, USA
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