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Abstract
Deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, along with its primary metabolite desmethyldeprenyl (DES) have been shown to reduce neuronal apoptosis by a mechanism that requires gene transcription and involves the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential. This review article explores the mechanisms by which DES maintains mitochondrial membrane potential. Mediated by GAPDH binding, DES increases mitochondrial BCL-2 and BCL-xL levels and decreases BAX levels thereby preventing the permeability transition pore (PTP) form opening and preventing apoptotic degradation. The favorable effects of deprenyl on neuronal apoptosis suggests the therapeutic potential of designing compounds with the capacity to alter the configurations of pro-apoptosis or anti-apoptotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Zhang JY, Zhang F, Hong CQ, Giuliano AE, Cui XJ, Zhou GJ, Zhang GJ, Cui YK. Critical protein GAPDH and its regulatory mechanisms in cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:10-22. [PMID: 25859407 PMCID: PMC4383849 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), p53, nitric oxide (NO), and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycolytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Chao-Qun Hong
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guang-Ji Zhou
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- 1 Department of Physiology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China ; 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China ; 3 Department of Surgery, Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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3
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Picchianti M, Russo C, Castagnini M, Biagini M, Soldaini E, Balducci E. NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the human antimicrobial and immune-modulatory peptide LL-37 by ADP-ribosyltransferase-1. Innate Immun 2014; 21:314-21. [PMID: 25128692 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914536242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
LL-37 is a cationic peptide belonging to the cathelicidin family that has antimicrobial and immune-modulatory properties. Here we show that the mammalian mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase-1 (ART1), which selectively transfers the ADP-ribose moiety from NAD to arginine residues, ADP-ribosylates LL-37 in vitro. The incorporation of ADP-ribose was first observed by Western blot analysis and then confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Mass-spectrometry showed that up to four of the five arginine residues present in LL-37 could be ADP-ribosylated on the same peptide when incubated at a high NAD concentration in the presence of ART1. The attachment of negatively charged ADP-ribose moieties considerably alters the positive charge of the arginine residues thus reducing the cationicity of LL-37. The cationic nature of LL-37 is key for its ability to interact with cell membranes or negatively charged biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, F-actin and glycosaminoglycans. Thus, the ADP-ribosylation of LL-37 is expected to have the potential to modulate LL-37 biological activities in several physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Picchianti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Russo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Enrico Balducci
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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4
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Castagnini M, Picchianti M, Talluri E, Biagini M, Del Vecchio M, Di Procolo P, Norais N, Nardi-Dei V, Balducci E. Arginine-specific mono ADP-ribosylation in vitro of antimicrobial peptides by ADP-ribosylating toxins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41417. [PMID: 22879887 PMCID: PMC3413682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the several toxins used by pathogenic bacteria to target eukaryotic host cells, proteins that exert ADP-ribosylation activity represent a large and studied family of dangerous and potentially lethal toxins. These proteins alter cell physiology catalyzing the transfer of the ADP-ribose unit from NAD to cellular proteins involved in key metabolic pathways. In the present study, we tested the capability of four of these toxins, to ADP-ribosylate α- and β- defensins. Cholera toxin (CT) from Vibrio cholerae and heat labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli both modified the human α-defensin (HNP-1) and β- defensin-1 (HBD1), as efficiently as the mammalian mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase-1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S was inactive on both HNP-1 and HBD1. Neisseria meningitidis NarE poorly recognized HNP-1 as a substrate but it was completely inactive on HBD1. On the other hand, HNP-1 strongly influenced NarE inhibiting its transferase activity while enhancing auto-ADP-ribosylation. We conclude that only some arginine-specific ADP-ribosylating toxins recognize defensins as substrates in vitro. Modifications that alter the biological activities of antimicrobial peptides may be relevant for the innate immune response. In particular, ADP-ribosylation of antimicrobial peptides may represent a novel escape mechanism adopted by pathogens to facilitate colonization of host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Picchianti
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Siena, Italy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Enrico Balducci
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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5
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Koo TS, Kwon HJ, Kim MH, Kim DD, Shim CK, Chung SJ, Chong S. Functional impairment of rat taurine transporter by activation of nitrogen oxide through superoxide. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 27:286-93. [PMID: 22166889 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the nitrogen oxide form(s) involved in the functional impairment of the rat taurine transport system. Taurine uptake activity in the rat renal brush border membrane vesicle (RBBMV) preparation or Xenopus laevis oocytes that express the rat taurine transporter was compared after the pretreatment with nitrogen oxide donors from which nitric oxide (NO) is released at different rates. The functional impairment was associated with a reduced Vmax, but did not involve an alteration in the Km, of taurine uptake in the RBBMV preparation that had been pretreated with sodium nitroprusside, a slow release nitric oxide (NO) donor. When the preparation was pretreated with S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine, a rapid release NO donor, the activity of taurine uptake was unaffected. The activity was not statistically different from the control after the pretreatment with sodium nitroprusside and superoxide dismutase. Consistent with the study with RBBMV, a similar alteration in the activity of taurine uptake by NO donors was observed in oocytes expressing the transporter. Considering the fact that peroxynitrite, a highly reactive nitrogen oxide form, is formed by the reaction between NO and superoxide, the taurine transporter, and probably other transport systems as well, may be functionally impaired by peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sung Koo
- Life Science R&D Park, SK Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
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6
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Du J, Jiang H, Lin H. Investigating the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of sirtuins with NAD analogues and 32P-NAD. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2878-90. [PMID: 19220062 DOI: 10.1021/bi802093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein ADP-ribosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADP-ribose) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto specific target proteins. Sirtuins, a class of enzymes with NAD-dependent deacetylase activity, have been reported to possess ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, too. Here we used NAD analogues and 32P-NAD to study the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of several different sirtuins, including yeast Sir2, human SirT1, mouse SirT4, and mouse SirT6. The results showed that an alkyne-tagged NAD is the substrate for deacetylation reactions but cannot detect the ADP-ribosylation activity. Furthermore, comparing with a bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin, the observed rate constant of sirtuin-dependent ADP-ribosylation is >5000-fold lower. Compared with the kcat/Km values of the deacetylation activity of sirtuins, the observed rate constant of sirtuin-dependent ADP-ribosyltion is 500 times weaker. The weak ADP-ribosylation events can be explained by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reaction mechanisms. Combined with recent reports on several other sirtuins, we propose that the reported ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of sirtuins is likely some inefficient side reactions of the deacetylase activity and may not be physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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7
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Lopez BE, Wink DA, Fukuto JM. The inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by nitroxyl (HNO). Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:430-6. [PMID: 17678614 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO) has received recent and significant interest due to its novel and potentially important pharmacology. However, the chemical/biochemical mechanism(s) responsible for its biological activity remain to be established. Some of the most important biological targets for HNO are thiols and thiol proteins. Consistent with this, it was recently reported that HNO inhibits the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a protein with a catalytically important cysteine thiol at its active site. Interestingly, it was reported that intracellular GAPDH inhibition occurred without significantly altering the cellular thiol redox status of glutathione. Herein, the nature of this reaction specificity was examined. HNO is found to irreversibly inhibit GAPDH in a manner that can be protected against by one of its substrates, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P). These results are consistent with the idea that HNO has the ability to react with and oxidize a variety of intracellular thiols and the ease or facility of cellular re-reduction of the thiol targets can determine the target specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda E Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
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8
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Song IS, Lee IK, Chung SJ, Kim SG, Lee MG, Shim CK. Effect of nitric oxide on the sinusoidal uptake of organic cations and anions by isolated hepatocytes. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:984-8. [PMID: 12510858 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The issue of whether or not the presence NOx (NO and oxidized metabolites) in the hepatocytes at pathological levels affects the functional activity of transport systems within the sinusoidal membrane was investigated. For this purpose, the effect of the pretreatment of isolated hepatocytes with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a spontaneous NO donor, on the sinusoidal uptake of tributylmethylammonium (TBuMA) and triethylmethyl ammonium (TEMA), representative substrates of the organic cation transporter (OCT), and taurocholate, a representative substrate of the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), was measured. The uptake of TBuMA and TEMA was not affected by the pretreatment, as demonstrated by the nearly identical kinetic parameters for the uptake (i.e., Vmax, Km and CL(linear)). The uptake of mannitol into hepatocytes was not affected, demonstrating that the membrane integrity remained constant, irregardless of the SNP pretreatment. On the contrary, the uptake of taurocholate was significantly inhibited by the pretreatment, resulting in a significant decrease in Vmax, thus providing a clear demonstration that NOx preferentially affects the function of NTCP rather than OCT on the sinusoidal membrane. A direct interaction between NOx and NTCP or a decrease in Na+/K+ ATPase activity as the result of SNP pretreatment might be responsible for this selective effect of NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Im-Sook Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics and 2Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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9
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Han H, Kim SG, Lee MG, Shim CK, Chung SJ. Mechanism of the reduced elimination clearance of benzylpenicillin from cerebrospinal fluid in rats with intracisternal administration of lipopolysaccharide. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:1214-20. [PMID: 12386127 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.11.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism responsible for the reduced clearance of benzylpenicillin (BPC) from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was investigated in rats that received an intracisternal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). BPC was intraventricularly injected and its elimination from the CSF studied. During the inflammation created by the LPS administration to the cisterna magna, the clearance of BPC and taurine from the CSF was significantly reduced but reverted to the control level when N-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, was intracisternally administered. The in vitro uptake of BPC and taurine was significantly reduced in the choroid plexus (CP, the blood-CSF barrier) of rats with experimental inflammation and in control CP that had been pretreated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor). Interestingly, the clearance and CP uptake of formycin B, a substrate for a nucleoside transporter, were not affected by the experimental inflammation or by pretreatement with SNP. These observations suggest that the BPC transporter, and probably other transport systems as well, is functionally sensitive to NO in the blood-CSF barrier. Therefore, functional impairment of BPC transport in the CP by NO may be partly responsible for the increase in BPC concentration in the CSF during inflammation such as that caused by meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Korea
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10
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Min HW, Moochhala S, Eng KH. Adenosine and its receptor agonists regulate nitric oxide production and RAW 264.7 macrophages via both receptor binding and its downstream metabolites-inosine. Life Sci 2000; 66:1781-93. [PMID: 10809176 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and its receptor agonists enhanced the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The enhancement of LPS-induced NO production by adenosine, as represented by the amount of its oxidation products, nitrite and nitrate, was inhibited by adenosine uptake inhibitors, such as dipyridamole, S(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) and S(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine (NBTG). These indicate that the uptake of adenosine by macrophages is a prerequisite for the enhancement effects observed. A downstream metabolite of adenosine, inosine, also potentiated the LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner while its enhancement effect was also inhibited by dipyridamole. However, the degree of enhancement by inosine on NO production and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 was weaker than the effect of adenosine. Furthermore, adenosine agonists also enhanced the NO production in a dose-dependent manner, but were not specific for A1, A2 nor A3 adenosine receptor. Adenosine uptake inhibitors had no effects on the enhancement activity of the adenosine receptor agonists. Thus, extracellular receptor/s may also play an important role in the observed enhancement responses. The results of this study indicate that the enhancement effects of adenosine on NO production in macrophages could be mediated by the extracellular adenosine receptors as well as the downstream metabolites of adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Min
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and Defence Medical Research Institute, Singapore.
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11
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Browning DD, McShane MP, Marty C, Ye RD. Nitric oxide activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in 293T fibroblasts requires cGMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:2811-6. [PMID: 10644746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in cellular levels of cyclic nucleotides activates serine/threonine-dependent kinases that lead to diverse physiological effects. Recently we reported the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in neutrophils by a cGMP-dependent mechanism. In this study we demonstrated that exogenously supplied nitric oxide leads to activation of p38 MAPK in 293T fibroblasts. Phosphorylation of p38 corresponded with an increase in ATF-2-dependent gene expression. The effect of nitric oxide was mimicked by addition of 8-bromo-cGMP, indicating that activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase was involved. The importance of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in the activation of p38 MAPK by nitric oxide in 293T cells was assessed in a transfection based assay. Overexpression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-1alpha caused phosphorylation of p38 in these cells and potentiated the effectiveness of cGMP. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant form of this enzyme (T516A) blocked the ability of both nitric oxide and 8-bromo-cGMP to activate p38 as measured by both p38 phosphorylation and ATF-2 driven gene expression. Together, these data demonstrate that nitric oxide stimulates a novel pathway leading to activation of p38 MAPK that requires activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Browning
- Department of Pharmacology, MC868, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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12
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Villamón E, Gozalbo D, Martínez JP, Gil ML. Purification of a biologically active recombinant glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 179:61-5. [PMID: 10481087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the purification of a functionally active recombinant glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Candida albicans. The GAPDH protein encoded by the TDH1 gene was obtained as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein by expression in the vector pGEX-4T-3, and purified by affinity chromatography and thrombin digestion. The purified protein displays GAPDH enzymatic activity (42 micromol NADH min(-1) mg(-1)) as well as the laminin and fibronectin binding activities previously described. In addition, the recombinant GAPDH is covalently modified by NAD linkage; this modification is stimulated by nitric oxide and probably involves a sulfhydryl group (cysteine) residue since it is inhibited by Hg(2+) and cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Villamón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Wu K, Aoki C, Elste A, Rogalski-Wilk AA, Siekevitz P. The synthesis of ATP by glycolytic enzymes in the postsynaptic density and the effect of endogenously generated nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13273-8. [PMID: 9371836 PMCID: PMC24299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major contribution of this paper is the finding of a glycolytic source of ATP in the isolated postsynaptic density (PSD). The enzymes involved in the generation of ATP are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is available for the regeneration of NAD+, as well as aldolase for the regeneration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). The ATP was shown to be used by the PSD Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and can probably be used by two other PSD kinases, protein kinase A and protein kinase C. We confirmed by immunocytochemistry the presence of G3PD in the PSD and its binding to actin. Also present in the PSD is NO synthase, the source of NO. NO increases the binding of NAD, a G3PD cofactor, to G3PD and inhibits its activity as also found by others. The increased NAD binding resulted in an increase in G3PD binding to actin. We confirmed the autophosphorylation of G3PD by ATP, and further found that this procedure also increased the binding of G3PD to actin. ATP and NO are connected in that the formation of NO from NOS at the PSD resulted, in the presence of NAD, in a decrease of ATP formation in the PSD. In the discussion, we raise the possible roles of G3PD and of ATP in protein synthesis at the PSD, the regulation by NO, as well as the overall regulatory role of the PSD complex in synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA
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14
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Sirover MA. Role of the glycolytic protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, in normal cell function and in cell pathology. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970801)66:2<133::aid-jcb1>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The discovery of the intercellular messenger nitric oxide (NO) stimulated new concepts of how synaptic plasticity could be induced in the nervous system. While initial reports found evidence that NO is of importance for the formation of long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission (LTP) and spatial learning in rats, later reports failed to confirm these results. Novel approaches such as deletion of the gene that encodes NO synthase in mice showed that the neuronal and the endothelial isoforms are expressed in neurones. Deletion of both isoforms reduced the inducibility of LTP. Furthermore, novel selective inhibitors of NO synthase impaired spatial learning. These results support the hypothesis that NO plays an important role in synaptic transmission and explain some but not all previously contradictory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hölscher
- Dept of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Sulakhe PV, Sandirasegarane L, Davis JP, Vo XT, Costain WJ, Mainra RR. Alterations in inotropy, nitric oxide and cyclic GMP synthesis, protein phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation in the endotoxin-treated rat myocardium and cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1996; 163-164:305-18. [PMID: 8974070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00408671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of the in vivo endotoxin treatment of the rat on (1) the contractile responses in the subsequently isolated papillary muscle to adrenergic and cholinergic agonists and (2) the biochemical parameters (cyclic GMP, nitric oxide synthesis, protein phosphorylation and ADP-ribosyslation) in the subsequently isolated cardiomyocytes. Following the in vivo endotoxin treatment (4 mg/kg i.p., 18 h), contractile responses to increasing amounts of isoprenaline or to increasing amounts of oxotremorine in the presence of a fixed amount of isoprenaline were determined in isolated papillary strips. Activities of nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, as well as phosphorylation of phospholamban and troponin-inhibitory subunit, and pertussis toxin-catalyzed and endogenous ADP-ribosylations were determined in the intact cardiomyocytes and subcellular fractions. The increase in the force of contraction by isoprenaline was reduced, while its inhibition by oxotremorine was greater in the endotoxin-treated papillary strips. The activities of both nitric oxide synthase, primarily of the inducible form of the enzyme, and cytosolic guanylyl cyclase were higher while the phosphorylations of both phospholamban and troponin-inhibitory subunit were of lesser magnitude in the cardiomyocytes following the in vivo endotoxin treatment. Pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of the 41 kDa polypeptide, which is the alpha subunit of Gi, was also decreased. The results of the present study support the postulate that alterations in both the cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP signalling cascade contribute to the myocardial dysfunction caused by endotoxin and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Sulakhe
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Rozario C, Morin L, Roger AJ, Smith MW, Müller M. Primary structure and phylogenetic relationships of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes of free-living and parasitic diplomonad flagellates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996; 43:330-40. [PMID: 8768438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb03997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Complete nucleotide sequences have been established for two genes (gap1 and gap2) coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) homologs in the diplomonad Giardia lamblia. In addition, almost complete sequences of the GAPDH open reading frames were obtained from PCR products for two free-living diplomonad species, Trepomonas agillis and Hexamita inflata, and a parasite of Atlantic salmon, an as yet unnamed species with morphological affinities to Spironucleus. Giardia lamblia gap1 and the genes from the three other diplomonad species show high similarity to each other and to other glycolytic GAPDH genes. All amino-acyl residues known to be highly conserved in this enzyme are also conserved in these sequences. Giardia lamblia gap2 gene is more divergent and its putative translation reveals the presence of a cysteine and serine-rich insertion resembling a metal binding finger. This motif has not yet been noted in other GAPDH molecules. All sequences contain an S-loop signature with characteristics close to those of eukaryotes. In phylogenetic reconstructions based on the derived amino acid sequences with neighbor-joining, parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods the four typical GAPDH sequences of diplomonads cluster into a single clade. Within this clade, G. lambia gap1 shares a common ancestor with the rest of the genes. The latter are more closely related to each other, indicating an early separation of the lineage leading to the genus Giardia from the lineage encompassing the morphologically less differentiated genera, Trepomonas, Hexamita and that of the unnamed species. This result is discordant with the orthogonal evolution of diplomonads suggested on the basis of comparative morphology. In neighbor-joining reconstructions G. lamblia gap2 occupies a variable position, due to its great divergence. In parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis however, it shares a most recent common ancestor with the typical G. lamblia gap1 gene, suggesting that it diverged after the separation of the Giardia lineage. The position of the diplomonad clade in broader phylogenetic reconstructions is firmly within the typical cytosolic glycolytic representatives of GAPDH of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rozario
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA
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Federici C, Camoin L, Hattab M, Strosberg AD, Couraud PO. Association of the cytoplasmic domain of intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-tubulin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 238:173-80. [PMID: 8665935 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0173q.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the transendothelial migration of leukocytes, we attempted to identify the cellular proteins capable of interaction with the cytoplasmic domain of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in a rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line (RBE4 cells). A 27-amino-acid synthetic peptide, corresponding to the cytoplasmic domain of rat ICAM-1, was covalently linked to a Sepharose matrix. Upon affinity chromatography of RBE4 cell cytosol, several ICAM-1-interacting proteins were specifically eluted by the soluble peptide. Two of these proteins have been identified by microsequencing as the cytoskeletal protein beta-tubulin and the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GraP-DH). Experiments carried out with purified GraP-DH or CNBr fragments of GraP-DH indicated that binding to the ICAM-1 matrix was mediated by the C-terminal domain of GraP-DH, containing the binding site of the cofactor NAD+, and that NAD+ could compete with this binding. Using a series of ICAM-1 C-terminal truncated peptides, we could demonstrate that (a) the nitric-oxide-induced covalent linkage of NAD+ to GraP-DH was impaired by these peptides, (b) the glycolytic activity of GraP-DH was drastically inhibited by a truncated peptide containing the 15 C-terminal residues, (c) nitric oxide appeared to prevent this inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate that GraP-DH specifically associates with the isolated ICAM-1 cytoplasmic domain. Since GraP-DH is known as a microtubule bundling protein, these findings suggest that, in a cellular environment, GraP-DH may behave as an adaptor molecule by linking ICAM-1 to the microtubule network. The role of nitric oxide in the modulation of this interaction deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Federici
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Pharmacologie Moléculaire, ICGM, CNRS UPR 0415, Paris, France
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Sirover MA. Minireview. Emerging new functions of the glycolytic protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, in mammalian cells. Life Sci 1996; 58:2271-7. [PMID: 8649216 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates new, intriguing roles for the glycolytic protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), in fundamental mammalian cell processes. These include its role in DNA repair, in the translational control of gene expression, in DNA replication and in endocytosis. These findings have the potential to alter our basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which human or mammalian cells utilize individual proteins in vital, yet unrelated, cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sirover
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Brüne B, Lapetina EG. Nitric oxide-induced covalent modification of glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Methods Enzymol 1996; 269:400-7. [PMID: 8791669 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)69041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Brüne
- Department of IV/Experimental Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany
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Brüne B, Lapetina EG. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a target for nitric oxide signaling. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 34:351-60. [PMID: 8562445 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Brüne
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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