1
|
Bártová E, Kobédová K, Budíková M, Račka K. Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in farm-reared ostriches (Struthio camelus) in the Czech Republic. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 356:109333. [PMID: 34399305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a globally spread disease, affecting humans and many animal species, including birds. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were detected in ostriches from South and North America, Africa and Asia. Except for one study from Spain, there is a lack of information about T. gondii seroprevalence in ostriches from Europe. For this reason, the aim of the study was to detect antibodies to T. gondii in farm-reared ostriches from the Czech Republic. Serum samples of 409 ostriches (Struthio camelus), collected at 9 farms were tested by Latex agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 149 (36%) birds with a statistical difference for individual farms (8%-71%, p = 0.0121), and regions (8%-65%, p = 0.002). Seropositivity did not statistically differ (p > 0.05) in size of farms (50% and 35% on small and large farms, respectively), sex of birds (38% and 35% in males and females, respectively), season and year of collection. Tissue samples (brain, heart, and pectoral muscle) of 105 birds were also tested by PCR to detect T. gondii DNA. The parasite T. gondii was detected in the brain and heart of one seronegative ostrich (1%) from a small farm. Based on our results, we can assume that ostriches may present high risk of toxoplasmosis for humans through consumption of raw or undercooked ostrich meat and even seronegative individuals could harbor T. gondii in their tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first serological detection of T. gondii in ostriches in the Czech Republic, and the first PCR detection in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bártová
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - K Kobédová
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - M Budíková
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - K Račka
- Department of Epizootology, Parasitology and One Health Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biosurveillance of Selected Pathogens with Zoonotic Potential in a Zoo. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040428. [PMID: 33916840 PMCID: PMC8066565 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of infectious diseases is one of the most important pillars of preventive medicine in zoos. Screening for parasitic and bacterial infections is important to keep animals and equipment safe from pathogens that may pose a risk to animal and human health. Zoos usually contain many different animal species living in proximity with people and wild animals. As an epidemiological probe, 188 animals (122 mammals, 65 birds, and one reptile) from a zoo in Slovenia were examined for selected pathogens. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum were detected by ELISA in 38% (46/122) and 3% (4/122) of mammals, and in 0% (0/64) and 2% (1/57) of birds, respectively; the reptile (0/1) was negative. A statistically significant difference in T. gondii prevalence was found in Carnivora compared to Cetartiodactyla and primate antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected by IFAT in 44% (52/118) of mammals and 20% (11/56) of birds, respectively; the reptile (0/1) was negative. Herbivores had a higher chance of being infected with E. cuniculi compared to omnivores. Antibodies to Chlamydia abortus and Coxiella burnetii were not detected in any of the 74 tested zoo animals. The sera of 39 wild rodents found in the zoo were also examined; they were negative for all three parasites. The parasite T. gondii was detected by PCR in the tissue of two mute swans (Cygnus olor), three eastern house mice (Mus musculus), one yellow-necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis), and one striped field mouse (A. agrarius). Positive samples were genotyped by a single multiplex PCR assay using 15 microsatellite markers; one sample from a mute swan was characterized as type II. This micro-epidemiological study offers a better understanding of pathogens in zoo animals and an understanding of the role of zoos in biosurveillance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hanafiah M, Prastowo J, Hartati S, Aliza D, Nurcahyo RW. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii copro-prevalence by polymerase chain reaction using repetitive 529 bp gene in feces of pet cats ( Felis catus) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Vet World 2018; 11:1338-1343. [PMID: 30410243 PMCID: PMC6200566 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1338-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this research was to determine the copro-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with repetitive 529 bp gene and to construct the phylogenetic tree of Toxoplasma oocyst from pet cats in Yogyakarta. Materials and Methods: 9 of 132 pet cat samples which serologically positive for Toxoplasma were used in this research. To determine the copro-prevalence of T. gondii in pet cat, 10 g of feces samples taken from practitioners and household cats in Yogyakarta were used in the PCR method utilizing repetitive 529 bp gene sequences. Results: The result shows that copro-prevalence by PCR using repetitive 529 bp gene was 33.3% (3/9). The phylogenetic tree of Toxoplasma grouped into two clades, which clade 1 consists of Toxoplasma isolates collected from pet cats in Yogyakarta Indonesia and T. gondii isolates from China and in clade 2 consist of the T. gondii isolates from India. Conclusion: Copro-prevalence of T. gondii in pet cats in Yogyakarta by means of PCR using repetitive 529 bp gene is around 33.3%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanafiah
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Joko Prastowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Hartati
- Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwinna Aliza
- Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Machačová T, Ajzenberg D, Žákovská A, Sedlák K, Bártová E. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in wild small mammals: Seroprevalence, DNA detection and genotyping. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:88-90. [PMID: 27198782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Generally, rodents and other small mammals are considered as one of the sources of Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum infection for cats and dogs as the definitive hosts of these two parasites, respectively. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of these two parasites in wild small mammals from the Czech Republic and to characterize T. gondii isolates by methods of molecular biology. A total of 621 wild small mammals were caught in the Czech Republic during years 2002-2014. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected by latex agglutination test in six (2.5%) of 240 small mammals (in two A. agrarius and four A. flavicollis). Antibodies to N. caninum were detected by commercially available competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in one A. flavicolis (0.4%). Three of 427 (0.7%) liver samples were positive for T. gondii by PCR while negative for N. caninum. All embryo samples (n=102) were negative for both T. gondii and N. caninum. The three liver samples positive for T. gondii DNA (two from A. flavicollis and one from A. sylvaticus) were genotyped by 15 microsatellite markers and characterized as type II. To our knowledge, this is the first information about genetic characterization of T. gondii isolates in small mammals from Europe and the first detection of N. caninum antibodies in wild rodents from the Czech Republic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Machačová
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospital-Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges 87042, France; INSERM UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Alena Žákovská
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Kamenice 753/5, Bohunice, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Sedlák
- Department of Virology and Serology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Bártová
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Palackého tř. 1946/1, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Metacercariae of Clinostomum (Trematoda: Digenea) from Three Species of Ambystoma (Caudata: Ambystomatidae) from Arkansas and Illinois, U.S.A. COMP PARASITOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1654/4385.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
6
|
Ambroise-Thomas P, Pelloux H. Toxoplasmosis - congenital and in immunocompromised patients: a parallel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 9:61-3. [PMID: 15463710 DOI: 10.1016/0169-4758(93)90038-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a protei form disease that is particularly severe in congenitally infected foetuses, after transplant surgery and in patients with AIDS. In this review, Pierre Ambroise-Thomas and Hervé Pelloux describe and compare the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical features of these three different forms of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ambroise-Thomas
- Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Joseph Fourier University, 38043 Grenoble Cédex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnson AM. Speculation on possible life cycles for the clonal lineages in the genus toxoplasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 13:393-7. [PMID: 15275153 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(97)01129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the strains currently classified in the genus Toxoplasma, ie. within the species Toxoplasma gondii, may actually comprise at least two clonal lineages correlated with their virulence in mice. Here, Alan Johnson reviews these data in the context of evolution and speciation within the genus, and raises hypotheses on how the virulent lineage may undergo an asexual life cycle in nature, similar to that found for the very closely related coccidian, Neospora camnum. The putative vertical transmission life cycle of this mouse virulent lineage of T. gondii could involve passage to the foetus late in pregnancy, or transmission in milk to the neonate after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Johnson
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology. Sydney, Westbourne Street, Gore Hill, NSW 2065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sedlák K, Bártová E, Literák I, Vodicka R, Dubey JP. TOXOPLASMOSIS IN NILGAIS (BOSELAPHUS TRAGOCAMELUS) AND A SAIGA ANTELOPE (SAIGA TATARICA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2004; 35:530-3. [PMID: 15732596 DOI: 10.1638/02-005.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three captive female nilgais (Boselaphus tragocamelus) either showed late-term abortion or their newborn calves died within 2 days of birth. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was demonstrated in the brain and liver of each fetus and in one of the two neonates by single-stage polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with TGR1E and by seminested PCR with B1 gene. Retrospectively, antibodies titers > or =640 to T. gondii by indirect fluorescence were found in the sera of all three female and one male nilgais. No other cause of abortion was detected. Fatal toxoplasmosis was also diagnosed in one captive, adult female saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica), which died suddenly. Toxoplasma gondii was detected in the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and intestine. An unusual finding was the presence of numerous tissue cysts in the liver of this animal. Toxoplasmosis was confirmed by PCR with TGR1E and immunohistochemically. Toxoplasmic hepatitis and pneumonia were considered to be the primary causes of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sedlák
- Department of Virology and Serology, State Veterinary Institute, 165 03 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The present review article deals with the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. The article briefly highlights some important aspects such as different strains, mode of infection and clinical characteristics, entry into host cell, immune response, host parasite interaction, tissue cyst formation and disease recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Bhopale
- Parasitology and Immunodiagnostic Laboratory, Research and Development Division, Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd, Pimpri, 411018, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Literák I, Rychlík I, Svobodová V, Pospísil Z. Restriction fragment length polymorphism and virulence of Czech Toxoplasma gondii strains. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:1367-74. [PMID: 9770622 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of chromosomal DNA from 22 strains of Toxoplasma gondii were characterised using SalI and PstI restriction endonucleases and the TGR1E specific repetitive sequence as a probe. Two virulent strains, RH and P-CZ, had previously been isolated from humans, the remaining 20 strains were isolated from animals in the Czech Republic in 1994 and 1995. Among the 20 recently isolated strains, 19 belonged to an avirulent lineage and only one strain from the wild cat Felis silvestris belonged to a virulent lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Literák
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biñas M, Johnson AM. A polymorphism in a DNA polymerase alpha gene intron differentiates between murine virulent and avirulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:1033-40. [PMID: 9724874 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The IC intron, found within the DNA polymerase alpha gene of Toxoplasma gondii, was used to evaluate the genetic relationship among 10 strains of T. gondii. Sequence comparison detected polymorphisms within this 652 bp intron which correlated with murine virulence. The results reported here suggest that T. gondii contains two lineages, corresponding with their virulence, evolving independently following their separation. The extensive homology of the IC sequences within the virulent and avirulent groups affirms the close relationship of the strains within the group, as reflected by the identical nucleotide substitutions and dinucleotide insertions/deletions observed. In addition, the presence of the Nde I restriction enzyme site within the IC intron of avirulent strains allows definition of a T. gondii strain as murine virulent or avirulent without needing to test it in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Biñas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
We have studied the phenotype of three mouse virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii (RH, Martin and ENT), monitoring cellular factors which may relate to virulence. There was variation between these three strains in three separate criteria: invasion, growth and tachyzoite-bradyzoite interconversion. The ENT strain exhibited consistently higher invasion rates, a shorter doubling time and a lower frequency of bradyzoite production than Martin or RH strains. In addition to variation in growth rate, there were also differences in the morphology of the parasites, with the ENT strain exhibiting highly synchronous division giving rise to characteristic rosettes. The Martin strain produced bradyzoites at a higher frequency and, in culture, parasites were often seen in tight clusters, which were reminiscent of early tissue cysts. These phenotypic variations amongst mouse-virulent strains of the parasite may imply underlying genetic differences within the group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Appleford
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo ZG, Johnson AM. DNA polymorphisms associated with murine virulence of Toxoplasma gondii identified by RAPD-PCR. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 219:17-26. [PMID: 8791685 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-51014-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z G Guo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- M L Dardé
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- L D Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo ZG, Johnson AM. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology 1995; 111 ( Pt 2):127-32. [PMID: 7675527 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000064866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR has been used to detect DNA polymorphisms among Toxoplasma gondii strains. Seven arbitrary oligonucleotides (10-mer) were used as primers to amplify total genomic DNAs and significant genetic heterogeneity was detected among 11 T. gondii strains with different virulence for mice. The polymorphisms observed allowed relationship dendrograms of T. gondii strains to be constructed by PHYLIP and PAUP analyses. The genetic relationships of the T. gondii strains generated by 2 analyses using completely different assumptions were similar. Both analyses revealed 2 groups of T. gondii strains, one formed by the 6 virulent strains and the other formed by the 5 avirulent strains. This suggests that the genus Toxoplasma may actually contain 2 groups, correlated with their virulence, which have probably evolved independently following their initial separation. Significant polymorphisms were also detected between 2 different laboratory stocks of the T. gondii RH strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z G Guo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rinder H, Thomschke A, Dardé ML, Löscher T. Specific DNA polymorphisms discriminate between virulence and non-virulence to mice in nine Toxoplasma gondii strains. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1995; 69:123-6. [PMID: 7723781 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(94)00211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Rinder
- Abteilung für Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cristina N, Dardé ML, Boudin C, Tavernier G, Pestre-Alexandre M, Ambroise-Thomas P. A DNA fingerprinting method for individual characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains: combination with isoenzymatic characters for determination of linkage groups. Parasitol Res 1995; 81:32-7. [PMID: 7724511 DOI: 10.1007/bf00932414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The genetic polymorphism of Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated for 14 strains by isoenzyme and DNA analysis. The 14 strains belonged to 5 different zymodemes defined by the variable patterns of 6 enzyme systems. A restriction-fragment-length polymorphism analysis was carried out with two endonucleases (Sal I and Pst I) and two repetitive probes (TGR1E and TGR6). This kind of repetitive probe allowed an individual identification of strain, with 13 schizodemes being observed among 14 strains. Only two strains were found to be totally identical when DNA and isoenzyme characters were considered. The numerical taxonomy methods applied to the results obtained for both types of characters allowed determination of linkage groups. Strain clustering obtained by numerical analysis of DNA characters alone is similar to the clustering obtained by analysis of isoenzyme and DNA characters together. A relationship was observed between the defined groups and virulence in Swiss mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Cristina
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, CNRS ERS 15, Faculté de Médecine, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- J C Boothroyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5402
| | | |
Collapse
|