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Chiba Y, Yosano S, Hori M. Chemosensory input from mouthparts in response to sexually dimorphic cuticular wax mediates male sexual discrimination in Galerucella grisescens (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:21754. [PMID: 38066196 PMCID: PMC10709455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface of the insect body is covered with a hydrophobic layer called cuticular wax (CW). In addition to functioning as an anti-desiccation agent, CW is critical for chemical communication. It has been reported that in Chrysomelidae, males discriminate between sexes based on the sex-specific CW. However, little is known regarding the underlying sensory basis. Herein, we demonstrate that chemosensory input from mouthparts mediates sexual discrimination in male Galerucella grisescens (Chrysomelidae). Observations of mating behaviour, bioassays for CW, and chemical analyses revealed that G. grisescens possess qualitatively sexually dimorphic CW, and such compositional differences allow males to distinguish between sexes. Using electron microscopy, blocking male chemosensory organs, and electrophysiological experiments, we showed that male mouthparts bear chemosensory sensilla tuned to female CW components, and sensory input from them induces male aedeagal insertion, a common male behavioural response to females. Thus, detecting CW via mouthparts is essential for males to distinguish between sexes, consistent with the fact that males inspect conspecific individuals by licking their body surfaces. To our best knowledge, this is the first report describing the detailed functional roles of mouthparts in sexual discrimination in Coleoptera. We believe that this study will promote further studies on insect chemical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Chiba
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shun Yosano
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8666, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.
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2
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Lee MH, Hu G, Rio RVM. Symbiosis preservation: Putative regulation of fatty acyl-CoA reductase by miR-31a within the symbiont harboring bacteriome through tsetse evolution. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151319. [PMID: 37113220 PMCID: PMC10126493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of African trypanosomes. In addition to trypanosomes, tsetse harbor obligate Wigglesworthia glossinidia bacteria that are essential to tsetse biology. The absence of Wigglesworthia results in fly sterility, thus offering promise for population control strategies. Here, microRNA (miRNAs) and mRNA expression are characterized and compared between the exclusive Wigglesworthia-containing bacteriome and adjacent aposymbiotic tissue in females of two evolutionarily distant tsetse species (Glossina brevipalpis and G. morsitans). A total of 193 miRNAs were expressed in either species, with 188 of these expressed in both species, 166 of these were novel to Glossinidae, and 41 miRNAs exhibited comparable expression levels between species. Within bacteriomes, 83 homologous mRNAs demonstrated differential expression between G. morsitans aposymbiotic and bacteriome tissues, with 21 of these having conserved interspecific expression. A large proportion of these differentially expressed genes are involved in amino acid metabolism and transport, symbolizing the essential nutritional role of the symbiosis. Further bioinformatic analyses identified a sole conserved miRNA::mRNA interaction (miR-31a::fatty acyl-CoA reductase) within bacteriomes likely catalyzing the reduction of fatty acids to alcohols which comprise components of esters and lipids involved in structural maintenance. The Glossina fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene family is characterized here through phylogenetic analyses to further understand its evolutionary diversification and the functional roles of members. Further research to characterize the nature of the miR-31a::fatty acyl-CoA reductase interaction may find novel contributions to the symbiosis to be exploited for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason H. Lee
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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3
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Park SJ, Pandey G, Castro-Vargas C, Oakeshott JG, Taylor PW, Mendez V. Cuticular Chemistry of the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). Molecules 2020; 25:E4185. [PMID: 32932681 PMCID: PMC7571174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticular layer of the insect exoskeleton contains diverse compounds that serve important biological functions, including the maintenance of homeostasis by protecting against water loss, protection from injury, pathogens and insecticides, and communication. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) is the most destructive pest of fruit production in Australia, yet there are no published accounts of this species' cuticular chemistry. We here provide a comprehensive description of B. tryoni cuticular chemistry. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and characterize compounds in hexane extracts of B. tryoni adults reared from larvae in naturally infested fruits. The compounds found included spiroacetals, aliphatic amides, saturated/unsaturated and methyl branched C12 to C20 chain esters and C29 to C33 normal and methyl-branched alkanes. The spiroacetals and esters were found to be specific to mature females, while the amides were found in both sexes. Normal and methyl-branched alkanes were qualitatively the same in all age and sex groups but some of the alkanes differed in amounts (as estimated from internal standard-normalized peak areas) between mature males and females, as well as between mature and immature flies. This study provides essential foundations for studies investigating the functions of cuticular chemistry in this economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J. Park
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Gunjan Pandey
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Black Mountain, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Cynthia Castro-Vargas
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Black Mountain, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John G. Oakeshott
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Black Mountain, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Phillip W. Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivian Mendez
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; (G.P.); (C.C.-V.); (J.G.O.); (P.W.T.); (V.M.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Fruit Fly Biosecurity Innovation, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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4
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Engl T, Michalkova V, Weiss BL, Uzel GD, Takac P, Miller WJ, Abd-Alla AMM, Aksoy S, Kaltenpoth M. Effect of antibiotic treatment and gamma-irradiation on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and mate choice in tsetse flies (Glossina m. morsitans). BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:145. [PMID: 30470188 PMCID: PMC6251160 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symbiotic microbes represent a driving force of evolutionary innovation by conferring novel ecological traits to their hosts. Many insects are associated with microbial symbionts that contribute to their host's nutrition, digestion, detoxification, reproduction, immune homeostasis, and defense. In addition, recent studies suggest a microbial involvement in chemical communication and mating behavior, which can ultimately impact reproductive isolation and, hence, speciation. Here we investigated whether a disruption of the microbiota through antibiotic treatment or irradiation affects cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, and possibly mate choice behavior in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. Four independent experiments that differentially knock down the multiple bacterial symbionts of tsetse flies were conducted by subjecting tsetse flies to ampicillin, tetracycline, or gamma-irradiation and analyzing their cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in comparison to untreated controls by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. In two of the antibiotic experiments, flies were mass-reared, while individual rearing was done for the third experiment to avoid possible chemical cross-contamination between individual flies. RESULTS All three antibiotic experiments yielded significant effects of antibiotic treatment (particularly tetracycline) on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in both female and male G. m. morsitans, while irradiation itself had no effect on the CHC profiles. Importantly, tetracycline treatment reduced relative amounts of 15,19,23-trimethyl-heptatriacontane, a known compound of the female contact sex pheromone, in two of the three experiments, suggesting a possible implication of microbiota disturbance on mate choice decisions. Concordantly, both female and male flies preferred non-treated over tetracycline-treated flies in direct choice assays. CONCLUSIONS While we cannot exclude the possibility that antibiotic treatment had a directly detrimental effect on fly vigor as we are unable to recolonize antibiotic treated flies with individual symbiont taxa, our results are consistent with an effect of the microbiota, particularly the obligate nutritional endosymbiont Wigglesworthia, on CHC profiles and mate choice behavior. These findings highlight the importance of considering host-microbiota interactions when studying chemical communication and mate choice in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engl
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Güler D Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Takac
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Laboratories of Genome Dynamics, Department Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food & Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Getahun M, Cecchi G, Seyoum E. Population studies of Glossina pallidipes in Ethiopia: emphasis on cuticular hydrocarbons and wing morphometric analysis. Acta Trop 2014; 138 Suppl:S12-21. [PMID: 24751419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tsetse flies, like many insects, use pheromones for inter- and intra-specific communication. Several of their pheromones are cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that are perceived by contact at close range. We hypothesized that for a successful implementation of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), along with proper identification of target area and target species, the target tsetse populations and the sterile flies must chemically communicate with each other. To study the population structuring of Glossina pallidipes in Ethiopia, CHCs were extracted and analyzed from three tsetse belts. As a comparative approach, wing morphometric analysis was performed. The analysis of the relative abundance of CHCs revealed that populations of G. pallidipes from the Rift Valley tsetse belt showed a distinct clustering compared to populations from the other two belts. The spatial pattern of CHC differences was complemented by the wing morphometric analysis. Our data suggest that CHCs of known biological and ecological role, when combined with wing morphometric data, will provide an alternative means for the study of population structuring of Glossina populations. This could aid the planning of area wide control strategies using SIT, which is dependent on sexual competence.
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6
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Hammack L. Pheromone-mediated copulatory responses of the screwworm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. J Chem Ecol 2013; 12:1623-31. [PMID: 24305838 DOI: 10.1007/bf01020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/1985] [Accepted: 11/15/1985] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A bioassay based on male copulatory responses occurring on contact with dead decoy insects was used to confirm the existence of a sex pheromone in the screwworm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. Males responded to female but not male decoys. Mated and virgin females were equally stimulatory. Activity was abolished when females were washed with hexane but partially restored by treatment with crude hexane extract of females. Responses decreased when extracts were diluted and when the number of females extracted per milliliter of hexane was decreased from 20 to 1 in the preparation of extracts concentrated to 0.4 female/μl. Sexually mature female decoys of the 009 strain, the most laboratory-adapted of three strains examined in intrastrain tests, produced few copulatory attempts compared with those of Aricruz or DE-9 strains. However, newly emerged 009 as well as Aricruz females elicited responses from about 80% of sexually mature males. Those of the DE-9 strain stimulated fewer than 1%. The observation that 009 females were maximally stimulatory before becoming receptive to mating suggests that these strain differences resulted from laboratory colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hammack
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Metabolism and Radiation Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, 58105, Fargo, North Dakota
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7
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Cuticular hydrocarbons of tsetse flies II:Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, G. palpalis palpalis, G. p. gambiensis, G. tachinoides, andG. brevipalpis. J Chem Ecol 2013; 14:963-87. [PMID: 24276145 DOI: 10.1007/bf01018787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/1987] [Accepted: 06/01/1987] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The alkanes (methylalkanes) were analyzed from both sexes of four members of thepalpalis group of tsetse flies,Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, G. palpalis gambiensis, G. palpalis palpalis, G. tachinoides plus onefusca group member, G. brevipalpis, to determine structures, abundances, and the presence of unique or specific methylalkanes. These insects are unique in that trimethylalkanes were major components except in femaleG. tachinoides and both sexes ofG. brevipalpis where 2-methylalkanes were the major components. The identification of novel long-chain tetramethylalkanes, including 11,15,19,23-tetramethylpentatriacontane, a minor component of femaleG. f. fuscipes, G. p. gambiensis, andG. p. palpalis, is reported here. Tetramethylalkanes were significant components of both sexes ofG. brevipalpis. The major tetramethylalkane in G.brevipalpis is 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhen-triacontane. The use of the methylalkanes as taxonomic indicators in tsetse is discussed.
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9
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Steiger S, Whitlow S, Peschke K, Müller JK. Surface Chemicals Inform about Sex and Breeding Status in the Biparental Burying BeetleNicrophorus vespilloides. Ethology 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Krafsur ES. Tsetse flies: genetics, evolution, and role as vectors. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 9:124-41. [PMID: 18992846 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are an ancient taxon of one genus, Glossina, and limited species diversity. All are exclusively haematophagous and confined to sub-Saharan Africa. The Glossina are the principal vectors of African trypanosomes Trypanosoma sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and as such, are of great medical and economic importance. Clearly tsetse flies and trypanosomes are coadapted and evolutionary interactions between them are manifest. Numerous clonally reproducing strains of Trypanosoma sp. exist and their genetic diversities and spatial distributions are inadequately known. Here I review the breeding structures of the principle trypanosome vectors, G. morsitans s.l., G. pallidipes, G. palpalis s.l. and G. fuscipes fuscipes. All show highly structured populations among which there is surprisingly little detectable gene flow. Rather less is known of the breeding structure of T. brucei sensu lato vis à vis their vector tsetse flies but many genetically differentiated strains exist in nature. Genetic recombination in Trypanosoma via meiosis has recently been demonstrated in the laboratory thereby furnishing a mechanism of strain differentiation in addition to that of simple mutation. Spatially and genetically representative sampling of both trypanosome species and strains and their Glossina vectors is a major barrier to a comprehensive understanding of their mutual relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Krafsur
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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11
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Wicker-Thomas C. Pheromonal communication involved in courtship behavior in Diptera. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:1089-100. [PMID: 17706665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sex pheromones are known for many dipteran species and play an important role in courtship behavior, together with visual, tactile, acoustic and other factors. Pheromones for a number of dipterans have been recently identified. This survey covers a number of species in all the families that have been studied. The review discusses diverse courtship behaviors in Diptera, with a special focus on the sex pheromones involved. In the Nematocera suborder, pheromones are volatile components, which act at a distance. They are derived from short-chain alkanes with acetoxy groups (Cecidomyidae) or terpenes (Psychodidae). In the Cyclorrhapha, pheromones may be volatile, derived from alkanes (Tephritidae) or terpenes (Agromyzidae), or non-volatile, unsaturated or methyl-branched hydrocarbons, which act by contact (the other subgenera). The behavioral roles and regulation of these pheromones are described, and their importance in species recognition is discussed.
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De Pasquale C, Guarino S, Peri E, Alonzo G, Colazza S. Investigation of cuticular hydrocarbons from Bagrada hilaris genders by SPME/GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1259-65. [PMID: 17668190 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cuticular hydrocarbons of male and female Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were investigated, by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Measurements were done with fiber coatings of different polarity after optimization of headspace volumes and extraction temperatures. This resulted in the use of polyacrylate fiber, 22-ml vial as the sample holder, and an extraction temperature of 150 degrees C. The analytical procedures allowed identification of 13 peaks, corresponding to a homologous series of n-alkanes (nC(17)-nC(29)). The hydrocarbon profiles of male and female B. hilaris were qualitatively equal, but marked sex-specific quantitative differences were observed for some of the linear alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Pasquale
- CISAC Department, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 38-40, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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Jurenka R, Terblanche JS, Klok CJ, Chown SL, Krafsur ES. Cuticular lipid mass and desiccation rates in Glossina pallidipes: interpopulation variation. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 32:287-293. [PMID: 18726002 PMCID: PMC2906758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3032.2007.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) are said to have strong dispersal tendencies. Gene flow among these populations is estimated to be the theoretical equivalent of no more than one or two reproducing flies per generation, thereby raising the hypothesis of local regimes of natural selection. Flies were sampled from four environmentally diverse locations in Kenya to determine whether populations are homogeneous in desiccation tolerance and cuticular lipids. Cuticular hydrocarbon fractions known to act as sex pheromones do not differ among populations, thereby eliminating sexual selection as an isolating mechanism. Cuticular lipid quantities vary among populations and are not correlated with prevailing temperatures, humidities, and normalized density vegetation indices. Females demonstrate a stronger correlation than males between cuticular lipid mass and body weight. Desiccation rates also vary among populations, but are not correlated with the amounts of cuticular lipid. Chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy shows that one of the four populations has more 11,15- and 11,21-dimethyl-31 hydrocarbon on females. These results are discussed in the context of population differences and estimates of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Jurenka
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A
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15
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Carlson DA, Mramba F, Sutton BD, Bernier UR, Geden CJ, Mori K. Sex pheromone of the tsetse species, Glossina austeni: isolation and identification of natural hydrocarbons, and bioassay of synthesized compounds. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 19:470-9. [PMID: 16336312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Copulatory responses of male Glossina austeni (Newstead) (Diptera: Glossinidae), that were elicited after contact with frozen female tsetse, were not observed after solvent washing of cuticular lipids. Chromatographic analysis of extracts from laboratory-reared and field-collected G. austeni females yielded natural hydrocarbons that were highly stimulatory to males. Most of this activity was produced by compounds in the alkene fraction. Gas chromatograms (GC) contained five natural alkenes; these were separated by preparative GC for bioassays conducted in Tanzania. The two major alkenes were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to be 13,17-dimethyltritriacont-1-ene and 13,17-dimethylpentatriacont-1-ene, after the samples had undergone derivatization using dimethyl disulphide and saturation with deuterium. These alkenes and natural alkanes were quantified from G. austeni of both sexes from laboratory and field samples to confirm that their presence was consistent in this species. Trials of synthetic samples resulted in the order of biological activity for the stereoisomers of 13,17-dimethyltritriacont-1-ene as follows: S,R-33:1 > R,S- 33:1 > S,S-33:1 > R,R-33:1. Dose-response data showed an ED(50) at 5 microg per treated, solvent-washed male decoy. Of the four stereoisomers of 13,17-dimethylpentatriacont-1-ene, R,R-35:1 showed the most activity. This is the first report of alkene-induced sexual activity in males of the genus Glossina.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Carlson
- USDA, ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida 32604, USA.
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Howard RW, Blomquist GJ. Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 50:371-93. [PMID: 15355247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This review covers selected literature from 1982 to the present on some of the ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of hydrocarbon use by insects and other arthropods. Major ecological and behavioral topics are species- and gender-recognition, nestmate recognition, task-specific cues, dominance and fertility cues, chemical mimicry, and primer pheromones. Major biochemical topics include chain length regulation, mechanism of hydrocarbon formation, timing of hydrocarbon synthesis and transport, and biosynthesis of volatile hydrocarbon pheromones of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In addition, a section is devoted to future research needs in this rapidly growing area of science.
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Carlson DA, Bernier UR, Hogsette JA, Sutton BD. Distinctive hydrocarbons of the black dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 48:167-178. [PMID: 11746561 DOI: 10.1002/arch.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann), the black dump fly, is a potential biological control agent originally from the western hemisphere, now found in many parts of the Palearctic region except for the United Kingdom, where it cannot be imported for any reason. A complication of classical biological control is the problem of strain identification, as one must be able to somehow mark or follow a particular strain that has been introduced into the field or is contemplated for release. Gas chromatographic analysis of the surface hydrocarbons of pooled and individual dump fly adults resulted in reproducible hydrocarbon patterns that differentiated widely distributed strains of H. aenescens and showed similarities between strains that were related. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the surface hydrocarbons. Conspecific similarities included identities of the hydrocarbons found in colony material collected worldwide, with differences being found in the quantities of compounds present.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Carlson
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, Florida 32607, USA.
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Bernier UR, Carlson DA, Geden CJ. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the cuticular hydrocarbons from parasitic wasps of the genus Muscidifurax. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1998; 9:320-332. [PMID: 27518868 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(97)00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1997] [Revised: 11/23/1997] [Accepted: 11/23/1997] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic Hymenoptera can be difficult to identify by conventional taxonomic techniques. Examination of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) provides a basis for chemotaxonomic differentiation, which may lead to the discovery of pheromones, and can be a means of examining colonies for species cross-contamination. The parasitic wasps examined were Muscidifurax raptor, M. zaraptor, M. uniraptor, and the gregarious form of M. raptorellus. Species within the genus Muscidifurax, as well as the sex, can clearly be differentiated by examining the gas chromatograms of the CHCs. Identification of the alkanes by mass spectrometry shows uncommon dimethylalkanes and trimethylalkanes for members of the genus. The methyl branched cuticular hydrocarbons of these insects are rare compared to those found on insects reported in the literature, but are present in significant amounts on these insects. Additionally, sexual dimorphism is observed in long chain alkanes (C21-C39) present on male and female cuticular surfaces for these species. Females tend to have cuticular hydrocarbons with methyl branches located externally on the carbon backbone chain for dimethyl-, trimethyl-, and tetramethylalkanes, whereas males tend to have dimethyl- and trimethylalkanes located internally on the hydrocarbon backbone chains. Mass spectra of novel and rare methyl branched compounds identified on these parasitoids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Bernier
- USDA-ARS-CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, 32608, Gainesville, FL.
| | - D A Carlson
- USDA-ARS-CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, 32608, Gainesville, FL
| | - C J Geden
- USDA-ARS-CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, 32608, Gainesville, FL
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Blomquist GJ, Tillman JA, Yin CM, Schauber E, Stoffolano JG. Cuticular hydrocarbons and their role in copulatory behavior in Phormia regina (Meigen). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 43:1065-1076. [PMID: 12770478 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(97)00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular hydrocarbons from adult Phormia regina (Meigen) were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both sexes had similar components in nearly identical quantities, consisting of complex mixtures of saturated n-, monomethyl- and dimethylalkanes from 23 to 33 total carbons. Although no diet-, age-, or sex-specific differences were observed, cuticular hydrocarbons were shown to be involved in copulatory behavior. Hydrocarbon profiles of wild, compared to laboratory reared flies, showed no major differences. Behaviorally, males responded the same to dead decoys of either sex. Removal of the hydrocarbons, using hexane, from either male or female decoys, did not affect the number of mating strikes, but markedly reduced the number of copulatory attempts and the amount of time males spent mounted on either decoy. House fly, Musca domestica L., males when paired with a female M. domestica decoy produced copulatory attempts: whereas, when P. regina males were placed with M. domestica female decoys, there were no copulatory attempts. It is concluded that the cuticular hydrocarbons of P. regina function as species-specific but not sex-specific mating cues and elicit species-specific copulatory behavior in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J. Blomquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
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Benziane T, Campan M. Les modalités de communication dans le comportement sexual de Calliphora vomitoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae): vers une interprétation de la parade. Behav Processes 1993; 29:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(93)90029-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/1992] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Harris MO, Foster SP. Wind tunnel studies of sex pheromone-mediated behavior of the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). J Chem Ecol 1991; 17:2421-35. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00994591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/1991] [Accepted: 07/22/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Carlson DA, Schlein Y. Unusual polymethyl alkenes in tsetse flies acting as abstinon inGlossina morsitans. J Chem Ecol 1991; 17:267-84. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00994332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1990] [Accepted: 09/18/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Changes in cuticular hydrocarbon composition in relation to age and sexual behavior in the female Calliphora Vomitoria (Diptera). Behav Processes 1988; 17:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(88)90029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/1988] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Scott D, Richmond RC, Carlson DA. Pheromones exchanged during mating: a mechanism for mate assessment in Drosophila. Anim Behav 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Hammack L. Chemical basis for asymmetric mating isolation between strains of screwworm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. J Chem Ecol 1987; 13:1419-30. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01012288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/1986] [Accepted: 08/21/1986] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Naoshima Y, Mukaidani H. Synthesis of racemate and enantiomers of 15-methyltritriacontane, sex-stimulant pheromone of stable flyStomoxys calcitrans L. J Chem Ecol 1987; 13:325-33. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/1985] [Accepted: 02/26/1986] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Dubis E, Maliński E, Hebanowska E, Synak E, Pihlaja K, Nawrot J, Szafranek J. The composition of cuticular hydrocarbons of the bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus say. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Genin E, Jullien R, Perez F, Fuzeau-Braesch S. Cuticular hydrocarbons of gregarious and solitary locustsLocusta migratoria cinerascens. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:1213-38. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01012343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/1985] [Accepted: 08/16/1985] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Nelson DR, Carlson DA. Cuticular hydrocarbons of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans, G. austeni and G. pallidipes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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