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Johnson-Ulrich L, Demartsev V, Johnson L, Brown E, Strandburg-Peshkin A, Manser MB. Directional speakers as a tool for animal vocal communication studies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230489. [PMID: 37234494 PMCID: PMC10206473 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Audio playbacks are a common experimental tool in vocal communication research. However, low directionality of sound makes it hard to control the audience exposed to the stimuli. Parametric speakers offer a solution for transmitting directional audible signals by using ultrasonic carrier waves. The targeted transmission of vocal signals offers exciting opportunities for testing the diffusion of information in animal groups and mechanisms for resolving informational ambiguities. We have field tested the quality and directionality of a commercial parametric speaker, Soundlazer SL-01. Additionally, we assessed its usability for performing playback experiments by comparing behavioural responses of free-ranging meerkats (Suricata suricatta) with calls transmitted from conventional and parametric speakers. Our results show that the tested parametric speaker is highly directional. However, the acoustic structure of meerkat calls was strongly affected and low frequencies were not reliably reproduced by the parametric speaker. The playback trials elicited weakened behavioural responses probably due to the partial distortion of the signal but also indicating the potential importance of social facilitation for initiating mobbing events in meerkats. We conclude that parametric speakers can be useful tools for directed transmission of animals calls but after a careful assessment of signal fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Johnson-Ulrich
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre, Van Zylsrus, 8467 Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Vlad Demartsev
- Kalahari Research Centre, Van Zylsrus, 8467 Northern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz 78467, Germany
| | - Laurie Johnson
- Kalahari Research Centre, Van Zylsrus, 8467 Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Emma Brown
- Kalahari Research Centre, Van Zylsrus, 8467 Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Ariana Strandburg-Peshkin
- Kalahari Research Centre, Van Zylsrus, 8467 Northern Cape, South Africa
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz 78467, Germany
| | - Marta B. Manser
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Evolution of Language, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre, Van Zylsrus, 8467 Northern Cape, South Africa
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Jeon J, Kwon SY, Lee YM, Hong J, Yu J, Kim J, Kim SG, Lee D. Influence of the Hawthorne effect on spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, ground reaction force, and the symmetry of the dominant and nondominant lower limbs during gait. J Biomech 2023; 152:111555. [PMID: 37030040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hawthorne effect is a change in behavior resulting from awareness of being observed or evaluated. This study aimed to determine whether awareness of being evaluated or presence of an observer influence gait. Twenty-one young women were asked to walk in three conditions. In the first condition (unawareness of evaluation; UE), participants were aware that it was a practice trial, and there was no observer. In the second condition (awareness of evaluation; AE), participants were aware that their gait was being evaluated. The third condition (AE + researcher observation; RO) was similar to the second condition except that an additional researcher observed the participant' gait. The spatiotemporal, kinematic, ground reaction forces, and ratio index (symmetry of both lower limbs) were compared among the three conditions. A higher ratio index indicated a relative increase in the value on left versus right. Gait speed (P = 0.012) and stride length (right and left; P = 0.006 and 0.007, respectively) were significantly increased in the AE + RO than in UE. Range of motion of the right hip and left ankle was significantly greater in AE than in UE (P = 0.039 and 0.012, respectively). The ratio index of ground reaction force during push-off was significantly higher in AE and AE + RO conditions than in UE (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). The Hawthorne effect (awareness of being evaluated or presence of an observer) potentially influences gait. Thus, factors that influence gait analysis should be considered when evaluating normal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Jeon
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kwon
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Mi Lee
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Hong
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Yu
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseop Kim
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gil Kim
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop Lee
- Department of Physical therapy, College of Health Sciences, SunMoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea.
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Kaczmarek C, Schmidt A, Emperle AS, Schaefer S. The Influence of Social Contexts on Motor and Cognitive Performance: Performing Alone, in Front of Others, or Coacting With Others. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:77-85. [PMID: 34996028 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Group settings can help or hinder performances. We conducted two studies in a sporting context. Participants performed alone and in groups in which the other participants served as spectators or as coactors. In Study 1, 33 CrossFit athletes performed a timed fine motor task (stacking cups) and a gross motor task (planks). Plank performance increased in front of spectators and in the coacting condition as compared with the alone condition, whereas stacking performances were not affected by the social context. Study 2 assessed a working memory task (three-back) and a timed obstacle course requiring primarily motor speed. Subjects were 42 sports students. Spectators led to performance deteriorations in the complex cognitive task but to improved performances in the simple motor task, supporting the predictions formulated by Strauss. Future research should investigate whether the effects are mediated by the perception of one's own performance compared with the group or by personality traits.
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Friesen KB, Zhang Z, Monaghan PG, Oliver GD, Roper JA. All eyes on you: how researcher presence changes the way you walk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17159. [PMID: 33051502 PMCID: PMC7554041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human movement research takes place within controlled laboratories where researchers observe participant movement. Because a majority of daily activity is performed without observation, we hypothesized movement within a laboratory would vary when there was a small, large or absence of research group. We also hypothesized that personality type would influence movement during observation. Participants completed a personality questionnaire, then walked in a laboratory during three different conditions: no research group (no researchers), small research group (2 researchers), and large research group (6-10 researchers). Results revealed spatiotemporal parameters were altered between conditions, however personality type did not influence changes in movement. As the number of researchers increased, gait speed, cadence, and stride length increased, and step duration decreased. Gait speed increased by .03 m/s from the no research group to the small research group, by .06 m/s from the no research group to the large research group, and by .03 m/s from the small to large research group (all p values < .001). Understanding how researcher observation modifies movement is important and affects the replicability of results, as well as the interpretation of laboratory-based movement studies to activities of daily living in real world settings.
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Claypoole VL, Szalma JL. Electronic Performance Monitoring and sustained attention: Social facilitation for modern applications. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Victoria L. Claypoole, James L. Szalma. Facilitating Sustained Attention: Is Mere Presence Sufficient? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.4.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bordia P, Irmer BE, Abusah D. Differences in sharing knowledge interpersonally and via databases: The role of evaluation apprehension and perceived benefits. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13594320500417784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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VENKATESH VISWANATH, JOHNSON PHILIP. TELECOMMUTING TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONS: A WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-SUBJECTS LONGITUDINAL FIELD STUDY. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Aiello JR, Douthitt EA. Social facilitation from Triplett to electronic performance monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2699.5.3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stanton JM. Reactions to Employee Performance Monitoring: Framework, Review, and Research Directions. HUMAN PERFORMANCE 2000. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327043hup1301_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sanna LJ, Shotland R. Valence of anticipated evaluation and social facilitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1031(90)90063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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