1
|
Zhang K, Han Y. Thermostable Bacterial Collagenolytic Proteases: A Review. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1385-1394. [PMID: 38934777 PMCID: PMC11294657 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2404.04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Collagenolytic proteases are widely used in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. Mesophilic collagenases exhibit collagenolytic activity under physiological conditions, but have limitations in efficiently degrading collagen-rich wastes, such as collagen from fish scales, at high temperatures due to their poor thermostability. Bacterial collagenolytic proteases are members of various proteinase families, including the bacterial collagenolytic metalloproteinase M9 and the bacterial collagenolytic serine proteinase families S1, S8, and S53. Notably, the C-terminal domains of collagenolytic proteases, such as the pre-peptidase C-terminal domain, the polycystic kidney disease-like domain, the collagen-binding domain, the proprotein convertase domain, and the β-jelly roll domain, exhibit collagen-binding or -swelling activity. These activities can induce conformational changes in collagen or the enzyme active sites, thereby enhancing the collagen-degrading efficiency. In addition, thermostable bacterial collagenolytic proteases can function at high temperatures, which increases their degradation efficiency since heat-denatured collagen is more susceptible to proteolysis and minimizes the risk of microbial contamination. To date, only a few thermophile-derived collagenolytic proteases have been characterized. TSS, a thermostable and halotolerant subtilisin-like serine collagenolytic protease, exhibits high collagenolytic activity at 60°C. In this review, we present and summarize the current research on A) the classification and nomenclature of thermostable and mesophilic collagenolytic proteases derived from diverse microorganisms, and B) the functional roles of their C-terminal domains. Furthermore, we analyze the cleavage specificity of the thermostable collagenolytic proteases within each family and comprehensively discuss the thermostable collagenolytic protease TSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, P.R. China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, Qingyang 745000, P.R. China
| | - Yapeng Han
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, P.R. China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, Qingyang 745000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aydemir ME, Hafezi NL, Lu NJ, Torres-Netto EA, Hillen M, Koppen C, Hafezi F. Combining Riboflavin/UV-A Light and Rose Bengal/Green Light Corneal Cross-Linking Increases the Resistance of Corneal Enzymatic Digestion. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38289609 PMCID: PMC10833050 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if concurrent riboflavin/UV-A light (RF/UV-A) and rose Bengal/green light (RB/green) epi-off PACK-CXL enhances corneal resistance to enzymatic digestion compared to separate chromophore/light treatments. Methods Ex vivo porcine corneas were allocated as follows. Group A corneas were soaked with riboflavin (RF) and were either not irradiated (A1, controls) or were irradiated with 10 (A2) or 15 J/cm² (A3) UV-A light at 365 nm, respectively. Group B corneas were soaked with RB and either not irradiated (B1, controls) or were illuminated with 10 (B2) or 15 J/cm² (B3) green light at 525 nm, respectively. Corneas in group C were soaked with both RF and RB and were either not irradiated (C1, controls) or were subjected to the same session consecutive 10 J/cm2 (C2) or 15 J/cm2 (C3) UV-A and green light exposure. Following treatment, all corneas were exposed to 0.3% collagenase A to assess digestion time until corneal button dissolution. Results A1 to A3 digestion times were 21.38, 30.5, and 32.25 hours, respectively, with A2 and A3 showing increased resistance to A1. B1-3 had digestion times of 31.2, 33.81, and 34.38 hours, with B3 resisting more than B1. C1 to C3 times were 33.47, 39.81, and 51.94 hours; C3 exhibited superior resistance to C1 and C2 (both P < 0.05). Conclusions Same-session combined RF/UV-A and RB/green PACK-cross-linking significantly increases corneal enzymatic digestion resistance over standalone treatments. Translational Relevance Combining RF-based and RB-based PACK-CXL considerably increases corneal collagenase digestion resistance, potentially minimizing ulcer size in clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki L. Hafezi
- ELZA Institute, Dietikon, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nan-Ji Lu
- ELZA Institute, Dietikon, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emilio A. Torres-Netto
- ELZA Institute, Dietikon, Switzerland
- Ocular Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carina Koppen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Farhad Hafezi
- ELZA Institute, Dietikon, Switzerland
- Ocular Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology at New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sergeeva IA, Klinov DV, Schäffer TE, Dubrovin EV. Characterization of the effect of chromium salts on tropocollagen molecules and molecular aggregates. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124835. [PMID: 37201883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Though the capability of chromium treatment to improve the stability and mechanical properties of collagen fibrils is well-known, the influence of different chromium salts on collagen molecules (tropocollagen) is not well characterized. In this study, the effect of Cr3+ treatment on the conformation and hydrodynamic properties of collagen was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Statistical analysis of contours of adsorbed tropocollagen molecules using the two-dimensional worm-like chain model revealed a reduction of the persistence length (i.e., the increase of flexibility) from ≈72 nm in water to ≈56-57 nm in chromium (III) salt solutions. DLS studies demonstrated an increase of the hydrodynamic radius from ≈140 nm in water to ≈190 nm in chromium (III) salt solutions, which is associated with protein aggregation. The kinetics of collagen aggregation was shown to be ionic strength dependent. Collagen molecules treated with three different chromium (III) salts demonstrated similar properties such as flexibility, aggregation kinetics, and susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage. The observed effects are explained by a model that considers the formation of chromium-associated intra- and intermolecular crosslinks. The obtained results provide novel insights into the effect of chromium salts on the conformation and properties of tropocollagen molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Sergeeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1 bld 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Klinov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Malaya Pirogovskaya 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Evgeniy V Dubrovin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics, Leninskie Gory 1 bld 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao H, Liu X, Feng Y, Zheng L, Zhao M, Huang M. Secretion of collagenases by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for collagen degradation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:89. [PMID: 36031598 PMCID: PMC9420286 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The production and processing of animal-based products generates many collagen-rich by-products, which have received attention both for exploitation to increase their added value and to reduce their negative environmental impact. The collagen-rich by-products can be hydrolyzed by collagenases for further utilization. Therefore, collagenases are of benefit for efficient collagen materials processing. An alternative and safe way to produce secreted collagenases is needed. Results Two collagenases from Hathewaya histolytica, ColG and ColH, were successfully secreted by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared with the native signal peptide of collagenase, the α-factor leader is more efficient in guiding collagenase secretion. Collagenase secretion was significantly increased in YPD medium by supplementing with calcium and zinc ions. Recombinant collagenase titers reached 68 U/mL and 55 U/mL for ColG and ColH, respectively. Collagenase expression imposed metabolic perturbations on yeast cells; substrate consumption, metabolites production and intracellular cofactor levels changed in engineered strains. Both recombinant collagenases from yeast could hydrolyze soluble and insoluble collagen materials. Recombinant ColG and ColH showed a synergistic effect on efficient collagen digestion. Conclusions Sufficient calcium and zinc ions are essential for active collagenase production by yeast. Collagenase secretion was increased by optimization of expression cassettes. Collagenase expression imposed metabolic burden and cofactor perturbations on yeast cells, which could be improved through metabolic engineering. Our work provides a useful way to produce collagenases for collagen resource utilization. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02186-y.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mukherjee A. Isolation of Primary Normal and Cancer-Associated Adipocytes from the Omentum. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2424:167-175. [PMID: 34918294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1956-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The omentum is the metastatic site for intra-abdominal cancers such as colon, stomach, and ovarian (where it is the primary site for metastasis). Adipocytes are the primary cell type of the omentum, and they aid in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Therefore, systematic characterization of adipocyte-cancer cell interactions will help in understanding the metastatic spread of intra-abdominal cancer. Here, a detailed mechanical-enzymatic digestion method describes the isolation of both normal and cancer-associated adipocyte from omental tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Section of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Candidates for Repurposing as Anti-Virulence Agents Based on the Structural Profile Analysis of Microbial Collagenase Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010062. [PMID: 35056958 PMCID: PMC8780423 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibition of the bacterial collagenases (BC) enzymes is considered a promising strategy to block the virulence of the bacteria without targeting the selection mechanism leading to drug resistance. The chemical structures of the Clostridium perfringens collagenase A (ColA) inhibitors were analyzed using Bemis-Murcko skeletons, Murcko frameworks, the type of plain rings, and docking studies. The inhibitors were classified based on their structural architecture and various scoring methods were implemented to predict the probability of new compounds to inhibit ColA and other BC. The analyses indicated that all compounds contain at least one aromatic ring, which is often a nitrobenzene fragment. 2-Nitrobenzene based compounds are, on average, more potent BC inhibitors compared to those derived from 4-nitrobenzene. The molecular descriptors MDEO-11, AATS0s, ASP-0, and MAXDN were determined as filters to identify new BC inhibitors and highlighted the necessity for a compound to contain at least three primary oxygen atoms. The DrugBank database was virtually screened using the developed methods. A total of 100 compounds were identified as potential BC inhibitors, of which, 10 are human approved drugs. Benzthiazide, entacapone, and lodoxamide were chosen as the best candidates for in vitro testing based on their pharmaco-toxicological profile.
Collapse
|
7
|
Iwakawa H, Uchiyama S, Fujinaga Y, Hayashi M, Komatsu M, Kato H, Takahashi J. Magnetic resonance imaging of diffusion characteristics following collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection in Dupuytren's contracture. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 29:23094990211047281. [PMID: 34654338 DOI: 10.1177/23094990211047281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeWe aimed to evaluate the extent of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) diffusion in Dupuytren's contracture (DC) for tissues outside of the contracture cord using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) immediately after CCH injection. Methods: 10 male patients aged 57-79 with DC of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints were examined. Extension deficits were 10-60°(mean, 34.3) and 0-60°(mean, 26.6) in the MCP and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, respectively. CCH injection was performed according to the standard method. MRI was performed within 15 min of CCH injection. Results: In all 10 cases, the extended area of high-intensity signal change outside of the cord was observed on short-T1 inversion recovery images (STIRs). Continuity from the insertion site was observed in the area of signal change involving the flexor tendon and neurovascular bundle. The signal change area spanned distally and proximally beyond the injection level. The signal change area expanded along the tendon sheath but no signal changes were observed inside the flexor tendon, suggesting the tendon sheath serves as a protective barrier from the CCH solution. After 1 week of injection, the mean decrease in contracture was 32.5°(94.7%) for the MCP joint and 19.8°(74.4%) for the PIP joint. In nine out of 10 cases, the extension deficit was within five degrees of full extension in the affected finger. There was no neurovascular injury or tendon rupture at 3 months of observation. Conclusions: MRI indicated the possible leakage of the drug outside of the cord during the early phase after administration, suggesting that CCH could persistently affect healthy tissues until CCH inactivates its enzyme process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Yasunari Fujinaga
- Department of Radiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martinez-Vidal L, Murdica V, Venegoni C, Pederzoli F, Bandini M, Necchi A, Salonia A, Alfano M. Causal contributors to tissue stiffness and clinical relevance in urology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1011. [PMID: 34446834 PMCID: PMC8390675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanomedicine is an emerging field focused on characterizing mechanical changes in cells and tissues coupled with a specific disease. Understanding the mechanical cues that drive disease progression, and whether tissue stiffening can precede disease development, is crucial in order to define new mechanical biomarkers to improve and develop diagnostic and prognostic tools. Classically known stromal regulators, such as fibroblasts, and more recently acknowledged factors such as the microbiome and extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in modifications to the stroma and extracellular matrix (ECM). These modifications ultimately lead to an alteration of the mechanical properties (stiffness) of the tissue, contributing to disease onset and progression. We describe here classic and emerging mediators of ECM remodeling, and discuss state-of-the-art studies characterizing mechanical fingerprints of urological diseases, showing a general trend between increased tissue stiffness and severity of disease. Finally, we point to the clinical potential of tissue stiffness as a diagnostic and prognostic factor in the urological field, as well as a possible target for new innovative drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez-Vidal
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Murdica
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Venegoni
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Pederzoli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Salonia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Alfano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clostridium Collagenase Impact on Zone of Stasis Stabilization and Transition to Healthy Tissue in Burns. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168643. [PMID: 34445347 PMCID: PMC8395468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium collagenase has provided superior clinical results in achieving digestion of immediate and accumulating devitalized collagen tissue. Recent studies suggest that debridement via Clostridium collagenase modulates a cellular response to foster an anti-inflammatory microenvironment milieu, allowing for a more coordinated healing response. In an effort to better understand its role in burn wounds, we evaluated Clostridium collagenase’s ability to effectively minimize burn progression using the classic burn comb model in pigs. Following burn injury, wounds were treated with Clostridium collagenase or control vehicle daily and biopsied at various time points. Biopsies were evaluated for factors associated with progressing necrosis as well as inflammatory response associated with treatment. Data presented herein showed that Clostridium collagenase treatment prevented destruction of dermal collagen. Additionally, treatment with collagenase reduced necrosis (HMGB1) and apoptosis (CC3a) early in burn injuries, allowing for increased infiltration of cells and protecting tissue from conversion. Furthermore, early epidermal separation and epidermal loss with a clearly defined basement membrane was observed in the treated wounds. We also show that collagenase treatment provided an early and improved inflammatory response followed by faster resolution in neutrophils. In assessing the inflammatory response, collagenase-treated wounds exhibited significantly greater neutrophil influx at day 1, with macrophage recruitment throughout days 2 and 4. In further evaluation, macrophage polarization to MHC II and vascular network maintenance were significantly increased in collagenase-treated wounds, indicative of a pro-resolving macrophage environment. Taken together, these data validate the impact of clostridial collagenases in the pathophysiology of burn wounds and that they complement patient outcomes in the clinical scenario.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cioni P, Gabellieri E, Campanini B, Bettati S, Raboni S. Use of Exogenous Enzymes in Human Therapy: Approved Drugs and Potential Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:411-452. [PMID: 34259137 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210713094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and efficacious enzyme-based human therapies has increased greatly in the last decades, thanks to remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for different diseases, and the characterization of the catalytic activity of relevant exogenous enzymes that may play a remedial effect in the treatment of such pathologies. Several enzyme-based biotherapeutics have been approved by FDA (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (the European Medicines Agency) and many are undergoing clinical trials. Apart from enzyme replacement therapy in human genetic diseases, which is not discussed in this review, approved enzymes for human therapy find applications in several fields, from cancer therapy to thrombolysis and the treatment, e.g., of clotting disorders, cystic fibrosis, lactose intolerance and collagen-based disorders. The majority of therapeutic enzymes are of microbial origin, the most convenient source due to fast, simple and cost-effective production and manipulation. The use of microbial recombinant enzymes has broadened prospects for human therapy but some hurdles such as high immunogenicity, protein instability, short half-life and low substrate affinity, still need to be tackled. Alternative sources of enzymes, with reduced side effects and improved activity, as well as genetic modification of the enzymes and novel delivery systems are constantly searched. Chemical modification strategies, targeted- and/or nanocarrier-mediated delivery, directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis, fusion proteins generated by genetic manipulation are the most explored tools to reduce toxicity and improve bioavailability and cellular targeting. This review provides a description of exogenous enzymes that are presently employed for the therapeutic management of human diseases with their current FDA/EMA-approved status, along with those already experimented at the clinical level and potential promising candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cioni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Edi Gabellieri
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma. Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Studies on Vibrio mimicus derived collagenase variants providing insights into critical role(s) played by the FAXWXXT motifs in its collagen-binding domain. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109779. [PMID: 33992402 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio mimicus collagenase (VMC), a Class II Vibrio metalloprotease, contains an HEXXH motif in a zinc-binding catalytic domain, and two FAXWXXT motifs in its C-terminal domain, which is its collagen binding domain (CBD). To understand the functional role of the individual CBD motifs in the activity of VMC, if any, we created and characterized a series of VMC variants: i) VMA, with 51 amino acids deleted from the C-terminal end of full-length VMC; ii) VMT1, a form of VMA mutated in the first CBD motif; iii) VMT2, a form of VMA mutated in the second CBD motif; iv) DM, a form of VMA with both CBD motifs mutated; v) CT, a truncated form of VMA, lacking the entire CBD region; and vi) CBD, a construct containing the collagen binding domain alone. The activity of each variant was assessed by multiple means, in relation to VMA. We report that VMT1 and VMT2 show 1.6-fold and 10-fold reduced activity, respectively. The reduced activity of VMT2 correlates with reduced binding to insoluble collagen as well as an inability to cause structural perturbation of collagen. VMC appears to cause unwinding and structural alteration of the collagen triple helix prior to hydrolysis of the substrate (using both motifs for collagen binding), like Clostridium collagenases. In the absence of a known structure for VMC, our findings suggest that Vibrio collagenase, functions like Clostridium collagenases, although the two show very little sequence similarity. Also, VMC shows reduced activity with respect to Clostridium collagenases, making it an ideal enzyme for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tension in fibrils suppresses their enzymatic degradation - A molecular mechanism for 'use it or lose it'. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:34-46. [PMID: 31201857 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis depends on a balance of synthesis and degradation of constituent proteins, with turnover of a given protein potentially regulated by its use. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is predominantly composed of fibrillar collagens that exhibit tension-sensitive degradation, which we review here at different levels of hierarchy. Past experiments and recent proteomics measurements together suggest that mechanical strain stabilizes collagen against enzymatic degradation at the scale of tissues and fibrils whereas isolated collagen molecules exhibit a biphasic behavior that depends on load magnitude. Within a Michaelis-Menten framework, collagenases at constant concentration effectively exhibit a low activity on substrate fibrils when the fibrils are strained by tension. Mechanisms of such mechanosensitive regulation are surveyed together with relevant interactions of collagen fibrils with cells.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Collagen and hyaluronan are the most abundant components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and their overexpression in tumors is linked to increased tumor growth and metastasis. These ECM components contribute to a protective tumor microenvironment by supporting a high interstitial fluid pressure and creating a tortuous setting for the convection and diffusion of chemotherapeutic small molecules, antibodies, and nanoparticles in the tumor interstitial space. This review focuses on the research efforts to deplete extracellular collagen with collagenases to normalize the tumor microenvironment. Although collagen synthesis inhibitors are in clinical development, the use of collagenases is contentious and clinically untested in cancer patients. Pretreatment of murine tumors with collagenases increased drug uptake and diffusion 2-10-fold. This modest improvement resulted in decreased tumor growth, but the benefits of collagenase treatment are confounded by risks of toxicity from collagen breakdown in healthy tissues. In this review, we evaluate the published in vitro and in vivo benefits and limitations of collagenase treatment to improve drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Dolor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143
| | - Francis C. Szoka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vos-Scheperkeuter GH, van Suylichem PT, Vonk MW, Wolters GH, van Schilfgaarde R. Histochemical Analysis of the Role of Class I and Class II Clostridium Histolyticum Collagenase in the Degradation of Rat Pancreatic Extracellular Matrix for Islet Isolation. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:403-12. [PMID: 9258514 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand why class II Clostridium histolyticum collagenase is much more effective than class I in the isolation of rat pancreatic islets, we analyzed the role of these collagenases in pancreatic tissue dissociation. Crude collagenase was purified and then fractionated into class I and II with different enzyme activities and protein compositions. Pancreatic tissue was incubated with either class I, class II, or class I + II, with or without added protease, under conditions that eliminated endogenous proteolytic activity. The degradation of pancreatic extracellular matrix was monitored by selective histochemical staining of tissue samples. Class I and II showed similar capacities to degrade glycoproteins and degraded about one-third of the glycoproteins during 120 min of incubation. The degradation of collagens by class I and II was relatively more effective, 80 to 95% of the collagens being removed in 120 min, and also class dependent. Both in the presence and absence of protease, class II was more effective at degrading collagens than class I, but this difference in efficacy was less apparent than with islet isolation. Class I + II degraded collagens faster and more complete than did the individual classes, indicating a synergistic effect of class I and II. Evaluation of collagen degradation at various pancreatic locations did not show a selective degradation of collagens by any of the collagenase classes. The present data offer a partial explanation for the major role of class II in islet isolation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H, Johnson PRV. Enzyme Development for Human Islet Isolation: Five Decades of Progress or Stagnation? Rev Diabet Stud 2017. [PMID: 28632819 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2017.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison to procedures used for the separation of individual cell types from other organs, the process of human pancreatic islet isolation aims to digest the pancreatic exocrine matrix completely without dispersing the individual cells within the endocrine cell cluster. This objective is unique within the field of tissue separation, and outlines the challenge of islet isolation to balance two opposing priorities. Although significant progress has been made in the characterization and production of enzyme blends for islet isolation, there are still numerous areas which require improvement. The ultimate goal of enzyme production, namely the routine production of a consistent and standardized enzyme blend, has still not been realized. This seems to be mainly the result of a lack of detailed knowledge regarding the structure of the pancreatic extracellular matrix and the synergistic interplay between collagenase and different supplementary proteases during the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the activation of intrinsic proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreatic acinar cells, also impacts on the chance of a successful outcome of human islet isolation. This overview discusses the challenges of pancreatic enzymatic digestion during human islet isolation, and outlines the developments in this field over the past 5 decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brandhorst
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heide Brandhorst
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R V Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Watanabe-Nakayama T, Itami M, Kodera N, Ando T, Konno H. High-speed atomic force microscopy reveals strongly polarized movement of clostridial collagenase along collagen fibrils. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28975. [PMID: 27373458 PMCID: PMC4931465 DOI: 10.1038/srep28975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial collagenases involved in donor infection are widely applied in many fields due to their high activity and specificity; however, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which bacterial collagenases degrade insoluble collagen in host tissues. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy, we simultaneously visualized the hierarchical structure of collagen fibrils and the movement of a representative bacterial collagenase, Clostridium histolyticum type I collagenase (ColG), to determine the relationship between collagen structure and collagenase movement. Notably, ColG moved ~14.5 nm toward the collagen N terminus in ~3.8 s in a manner dependent on a catalytic zinc ion. While ColG was engaged, collagen molecules were not only degraded but also occasionally rearranged to thicken neighboring collagen fibrils. Importantly, we found a similarity of relationship between the enzyme-substrate interface structure and enzyme migration in collagen-collagenase and DNA-nuclease systems, which share a helical substrate structure, suggesting a common strategy in enzyme evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Watanabe-Nakayama
- Imaging Research Division, Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Itami
- Imaging Research Division, Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- Imaging Research Division, Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Imaging Research Division, Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konno
- Imaging Research Division, Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Diversity, Structures, and Collagen-Degrading Mechanisms of Bacterial Collagenolytic Proteases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6098-107. [PMID: 26150451 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00883-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial collagenolytic proteases are important because of their essential role in global collagen degradation and because of their virulence in some human bacterial infections. Bacterial collagenolytic proteases include some metalloproteases of the M9 family from Clostridium or Vibrio strains, some serine proteases distributed in the S1, S8, and S53 families, and members of the U32 family. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in discovering new bacterial collagenolytic proteases and in investigating the collagen-degrading mechanisms of bacterial collagenolytic proteases. This review provides comprehensive insight into bacterial collagenolytic proteases, especially focusing on the structures and collagen-degrading mechanisms of representative bacterial collagenolytic proteases in each family. The roles of bacterial collagenolytic proteases in human diseases and global nitrogen cycling, together with the biotechnological and medical applications for these proteases, are also briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bauer R, Janowska K, Taylor K, Jordan B, Gann S, Janowski T, Latimer EC, Matsushita O, Sakon J. Structures of three polycystic kidney disease-like domains from Clostridium histolyticum collagenases ColG and ColH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:565-77. [PMID: 25760606 PMCID: PMC4356367 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714027722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The surface properties and dynamics of PKD-like domains from ColG and ColH differ. Clostridium histolyticum collagenases ColG and ColH are segmental enzymes that are thought to be activated by Ca2+-triggered domain reorientation to cause extensive tissue destruction. The collagenases consist of a collagenase module (s1), a variable number of polycystic kidney disease-like (PKD-like) domains (s2a and s2b in ColH and s2 in ColG) and a variable number of collagen-binding domains (s3 in ColH and s3a and s3b in ColG). The X-ray crystal structures of Ca2+-bound holo s2b (1.4 Å resolution, R = 15.0%, Rfree = 19.1%) and holo s2a (1.9 Å resolution, R = 16.3%, Rfree = 20.7%), as well as of Ca2+-free apo s2a (1.8 Å resolution, R = 20.7%, Rfree = 27.2%) and two new forms of N-terminally truncated apo s2 (1.4 Å resolution, R = 16.9%, Rfree = 21.2%; 1.6 Å resolution, R = 16.2%, Rfree = 19.2%), are reported. The structurally similar PKD-like domains resemble the V-set Ig fold. In addition to a conserved β-bulge, the PKD-like domains feature a second bulge that also changes the allegiance of the subsequent β-strand. This β-bulge and the genesis of a Ca2+ pocket in the archaeal PKD-like domain suggest a close kinship between bacterial and archaeal PKD-like domains. Different surface properties and indications of different dynamics suggest unique roles for the PKD-like domains in ColG and in ColH. Surface aromatic residues found on ColH s2a-s2b, but not on ColG s2, may provide the weak interaction in the biphasic collagen-binding mode previously found in s2b-s3. B-factor analyses suggest that in the presence of Ca2+ the midsection of s2 becomes more flexible but the midsections of s2a and s2b stay rigid. The different surface properties and dynamics of the domains suggest that the PKD-like domains of M9B bacterial collagenase can be grouped into either a ColG subset or a ColH subset. The conserved properties of PKD-like domains in ColG and in ColH include Ca2+ binding. Conserved residues not only interact with Ca2+, but also position the Ca2+-interacting water molecule. Ca2+ aligns the N-terminal linker approximately parallel to the major axis of the domain. Ca2+ binding also increases stability against heat and guanidine hydrochloride, and may improve the longevity in the extracellular matrix. The results of this study will further assist in developing collagen-targeting vehicles for various signal molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Kelly Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Brad Jordan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Steve Gann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Tomasz Janowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ethan C Latimer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Osamu Matsushita
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joshua Sakon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Lima CA, Campos JF, Filho JLL, Converti A, da Cunha MGC, Porto ALF. Antimicrobial and radical scavenging properties of bovine collagen hydrolysates produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum URM 4622 collagenase. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:4459-66. [PMID: 26139912 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 2(3) full factorial design was used to identify the main effects and interactions of pH, collagen concentration and temperature on the degree of collagen hydrolysis (DH) by collagenase from Penicillium aurantiogriseum URM 4622. Increases in both pH and collagen concentration improved DH, and a positive interaction effect was observed for these variables. On the other hand, temperature had a negative main effect on DH. The maximum value of DH (4.65 μg/mL) was achieved at 7.5 mg/mL collagen concentration, pH 8.0 and 25 °C. The peptide profile showed several peptides with molecular weights lower than 2 kDa and exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. An antioxidant activity of 84.7 ± 0.24 % towards the radical ABTS• + was obtained with 50 mg/mL hydrolysates. This study demonstrated that collagen hydrolysed by P. aurantiogriseum URM 4622 collagenase possesses interesting antibacterial and antioxidant activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Lima
- Faculty of Science, Education and Technology of Garanhuns, University of Pernambuco-UPE, Av. Capitão Pedro Rodrigues, n 105, Garanhuns, PE Brazil
| | - Júlia Furtado Campos
- Northeastern Center of Strategic Technologies (CETENE), Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, n 1, Recife, PE 50740-540 Brazil
| | - José L Lima Filho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Lins do Rego, s/n, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil ; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus Universitário, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Genoa, via Opera Pia 15, 16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria G Carneiro da Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Lins do Rego, s/n, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil ; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus Universitário, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Ana L F Porto
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Lins do Rego, s/n, Recife, PE 50670-901 Brazil ; Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco-UFRPE, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Recife, PE 52171-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tokmina-Roszyk M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Bhowmick M, Fields GB. Development of a Förster resonance energy transfer assay for monitoring bacterial collagenase triple-helical peptidase activity. Anal Biochem 2014; 453:61-9. [PMID: 24608089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to their efficiency in the hydrolysis of the collagen triple helix, Clostridium histolyticum collagenases are used for isolation of cells from various tissues, including isolation of the human pancreatic islets. However, the instability of clostridial collagenase I (Col G) results in a degraded Col G that has weak collagenolytic activity and an adverse effect on islet isolation and viability. A Förster resonance energy transfer triple-helical peptide substrate (fTHP) has been developed for selective evaluation of bacterial collagenase activity. The fTHP [sequence: Gly-mep-Flp-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)4-Gly-Lys(Mca)-Thr-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys(Dnp)-Ser-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)4-NH2] had a melting temperature (Tm) of 36.2°C and was hydrolyzed efficiently by bacterial collagenase (k(cat)/K(M)=25,000s(-1)M(-1)) but not by clostripain, trypsin, neutral protease, thermolysin, or elastase. The fTHP bacterial collagenase assay allows for rapid and specific assessment of enzyme activity toward triple helices and, thus, potential application for evaluating the efficiency of cell isolation by collagenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregg B Fields
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rojas FP, Batista MA, Lindburg CA, Dean D, Grodzinsky AJ, Ortiz C, Han L. Molecular adhesion between cartilage extracellular matrix macromolecules. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:772-80. [PMID: 24491174 PMCID: PMC3983133 DOI: 10.1021/bm401611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, we investigated the
molecular adhesion between the
major constituents of cartilage extracellular matrix, namely, the
highly negatively charged proteoglycan aggrecan and the type II/IX/XI
fibrillar collagen network, in simulated physiological conditions.
Colloidal force spectroscopy was applied to measure the maximum adhesion
force and total adhesion energy between aggrecan end-attached spherical
tips (end radius R ≈ 2.5 μm) and trypsin-treated
cartilage disks with undamaged collagen networks. Studies were carried
out in various aqueous solutions to reveal the physical factors that
govern aggrecan–collagen adhesion. Increasing both ionic strength
and [Ca2+] significantly increased adhesion, highlighting
the importance of electrostatic repulsion and Ca2+-mediated
ion bridging effects. In addition, we probed how partial enzymatic
degradation of the collagen network, which simulates osteoarthritic
conditions, affects the aggrecan–collagen interactions. Interestingly,
we found a significant increase in aggrecan–collagen adhesion
even when there were no detectable changes at the macro- or microscales.
It is hypothesized that the aggrecan–collagen adhesion, together
with aggrecan–aggrecan self-adhesion, works synergistically
to determine the local molecular deformability and energy dissipation
of the cartilage matrix, in turn, affecting its macroscopic tissue
properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick P Rojas
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, §Mechanical Engineering, ∥Biological Engineering, and ⊥Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eckhard U, Huesgen PF, Brandstetter H, Overall CM. Proteomic protease specificity profiling of clostridial collagenases reveals their intrinsic nature as dedicated degraders of collagen. J Proteomics 2013; 100:102-14. [PMID: 24125730 PMCID: PMC3985423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clostridial collagenases are among the most efficient degraders of collagen. Most clostridia are saprophytes and secrete proteases to utilize proteins in their environment as carbon sources; during anaerobic infections, collagenases play a crucial role in host colonization. Several medical and biotechnological applications have emerged utilizing their high collagenolytic efficiency. However, the contribution of the functionally most important peptidase domain to substrate specificity remains unresolved. We investigated the active site sequence specificity of the peptidase domains of collagenase G and H from Clostridium histolyticum and collagenase T from Clostridium tetani. Both prime and non-prime cleavage site specificity were simultaneously profiled using Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites (PICS), a mass spectrometry-based method utilizing database searchable proteome-derived peptide libraries. For each enzyme we identified > 100 unique-cleaved peptides, resulting in robust cleavage logos revealing collagen-like specificity patterns: a strong preference for glycine in P3 and P1′, proline at P2 and P2′, and a slightly looser specificity at P1, which in collagen is typically occupied by hydroxyproline. This specificity for the classic collagen motifs Gly-Pro-X and Gly-X-Hyp represents a remarkable adaptation considering the complex requirements for substrate unfolding and presentation that need to be fulfilled before a single collagen strand becomes accessible for cleavage. Biological significance We demonstrate the striking sequence specificity of a family of clostridial collagenases using proteome derived peptide libraries and PICS, Proteomic Identification of protease Cleavage Sites. In combination with the previously published crystal structures of these proteases, our results represent an important piece of the puzzle in understanding the complex mechanism underlying collagen hydrolysis, and pave the way for the rational design of specific test substrates and selective inhibitors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Can Proteomics Fill the Gap Between Genomics and Phenotypes? Active site specificity profiling of 3 clostridial collagenases—ColG and H from C. histolyticum, and ColT from C. tetani. Their high sequence specificity to collagen-like sequence points towards a co-evolution with the mammalian substrate. Significant differences to MMPs and a more promiscuous cleavage mechanism facilitating rapid collagenolysis were revealed. Human proteome-derived peptide libraries & PICS are suitable for active site specificity profiling of pathogenic proteases. Results pave the way for rational design of test substrates and selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Eckhard
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr, 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr, 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fujio A, Murayama K, Yamagata Y, Watanabe K, Imura T, Inagaki A, Ohbayashi N, Shima H, Sekiguchi S, Fujimori K, Igarashi K, Ohuchi N, Satomi S, Goto M. Collagenase H is crucial for isolation of rat pancreatic islets. Cell Transplant 2013; 23:1187-98. [PMID: 23768818 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x668654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role(s) of collagenase G (ColG) and collagenase H (ColH) during pancreatic islet isolation remains controversial, possibly due to the enzyme blends used in the previous studies. We herein examined the role of ColG and ColH using highly pure enzyme blends of recombinant collagenase of each subtype. Rat pancreases were digested using thermolysin, together with ColG, ColH, or ColG/ColH (n = 9, respectively). No tryptic-like activity was detected in any components of the enzyme blends. The efficiency of the collagenase subtypes was evaluated by islet yield and function. Immunohistochemical analysis, in vitro collagen digestion assay, and mass spectrometry were also performed to examine the target matrix components of the crucial collagenase subtype. The islet yield was highest in the ColG/ColH group (4,101 ± 460 islet equivalents). A substantial number of functional islets (2,811 ± 581 islet equivalents) was obtained in the ColH group, whereas no islets were retrieved in the ColG group. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that ColH reacts with collagen I and III. In the immunohistochemical analysis, both collagen I and III were located in exocrine tissues, although collagen III expression was more pronounced. The collagen digestion assay showed that collagen III was more effectively digested by ColH than by ColG. The present study reveals that ColH is crucial, while ColG plays only a supporting role, in rat islet isolation. In addition, collagen III appears to be one of the key targets of ColH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujio
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eckhard U, Schönauer E, Brandstetter H. Structural basis for activity regulation and substrate preference of clostridial collagenases G, H, and T. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20184-94. [PMID: 23703618 PMCID: PMC3711286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridial collagenases are among the most efficient enzymes to degrade by far the most predominant protein in the biosphere. Here we present crystal structures of the peptidases of three clostridial collagenase isoforms (ColG, ColH, and ColT). The comparison of unliganded and liganded structures reveals a quaternary subdomain dynamics. In the unliganded ColH structure, this globular dynamics is modulated by an aspartate switch motion that binds to the catalytic zinc. We further identified a calcium binding site in proximity to the catalytic zinc. Both ions are required for full activity, explaining why calcium critically affects the enzymatic activity of clostridial collagenases. Our studies further reveal that loops close to the active site thus serve as characteristic substrate selectivity filter. These elements explain the distinct peptidolytic and collagenolytic activities of these enzymes and provide a rational framework to engineer collagenases with customized substrate specificity as well as for inhibitor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Eckhard
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Biodegradable microparticles for strictly regulating the release of neurotrophic factors. J Control Release 2013; 168:307-16. [PMID: 23578846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A lot of research has been carried out in the last decade to find a cure for neurodegenerative diseases especially Parkinson's disease but to little avail. In this study we have demonstrated the use of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/collagen biodegradable microparticles formed using water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion method, as a neurotrophic factor delivery vehicle. The microparticles were encapsulated with glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) fused with collagen binding peptide (CBP) immobilized to the inner collagen phase. The novelty lies in the strict regulation of release of GDNF-CBP from the microparticles as compared to a burst release from standard microparticles. The microparticles were demonstrated to be non-cytotoxic till 300 μg/2 × 10⁵ cells and revealed a maximum release of 250 ng GDNF-CBP/mg microparticles in 0.3% collagenase. Differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into mature neurons was demonstrated by co-culturing microparticles with cells in a medium containing collagenase which enabled the release of encapsulated GDNF-CBP, signaling the differentiation of NPCs into microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)-expressing neurons. The successful ability of these microparticles to deliver neurotrophic factors and allow differentiation of NPCs into mature neurons provides some scope in its use for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Interstitial collagen mechanical and biological properties are altered by proteases that catalyze the hydrolysis of the collagen triple-helical structure. Collagenolysis is critical in development and homeostasis but also contributes to numerous pathologies. Mammalian collagenolytic enzymes include matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsin K, and neutrophil elastase, and a variety of invertebrates and pathogens possess collagenolytic enzymes. Components of the mechanism of action for the collagenolytic enzyme MMP-1 have been defined experimentally, and insights into other collagenolytic mechanisms have been provided. Ancillary biomolecules may modulate the action of collagenolytic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Witthaut J, Jones G, Skrepnik N, Kushner H, Houston A, Lindau TR. Efficacy and safety of collagenase clostridium histolyticum injection for Dupuytren contracture: short-term results from 2 open-label studies. J Hand Surg Am 2013; 38:2-11. [PMID: 23218556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The JOINT I (United States) and JOINT II (Australia and Europe) studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) injection for the treatment of Dupuytren contracture. METHODS Both studies used identical open-label protocols. Patients with fixed-flexion contractures of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) (20° to 100°) or proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints (20° to 80°) could receive up to three 0.58-mg CCH injections per cord (up to 5 total injections per patient). We performed standardized finger extension procedures to disrupt injected cords the next day, with follow-up 1, 2, 6, and 9 months thereafter. The primary end point (clinical success) was reduction in contracture to within 0° to 5° of full extension 30 days after the last injection. Clinical improvement was defined as 50% or more reduction from baseline contracture. RESULTS Dupuytren cords affecting 879 joints (531 MCP and 348 PIP) in 587 patients were administered CCH injections at 14 U.S. and 20 Australian/European sites, with similar outcomes in both studies. Clinical success was achieved in 497 (57%) of treated joints using 1.2 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD) CCH injections per cord. More MCP than PIP joints achieved clinical success (70% and 37%, respectively) or clinical improvement (89% and 58%, respectively). Less severely contracted joints responded better than those more severely contracted. Mean change in contracture was 55° for MCP joints and 25° for PIP joints. With average contracture reductions of 73% and improvements in range of motion by 30°, most patients (92%) were "very satisfied" (71%) or "quite satisfied" (21%) with treatment. Physicians rated change from baseline as "very much improved" (47%) or "much improved" (35%). The CCH injections were well tolerated, causing no tendon ruptures or systemic reactions. CONCLUSIONS Collagenase clostridium histolyticum was an effective, minimally invasive option for the treatment of Dupuytren contracture of a broad range of severities. Most treated joints (625 of 879) required a single injection. Treatment earlier in the course of disease provided improved outcomes. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Witthaut
- Department of Hand Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Preparation and physicochemical properties of digested collagen fragments with varying molecular weights. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Jayakumar GC, Kanth SV, Sai KP, Chandrasekaran B, Rao JR, Nair BU. Scleraldehyde as a stabilizing agent for collagen scaffold preparation. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
31
|
Structure of collagenase G reveals a chew-and-digest mechanism of bacterial collagenolysis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1109-14. [PMID: 21947205 PMCID: PMC3191118 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Collagen constitutes one third of the body protein in humans, reflecting its extraordinary role in health and disease. Of similar importance, therefore, are the idiosyncratic proteases that nature evolved for collagen remodeling. Intriguingly, the most efficient collagenases are those that enable clostridial bacteria to colonize their host tissues, but despite intense studies, the structural and mechanistic basis of these enzymes has remained elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of collagenase G from Clostridium histolyticum at 2.55 Å resolution. By combining the structural data with enzymatic and mutagenesis studies, we derive a conformational two-state model of bacterial collagenolysis, in which the recognition and unraveling of collagen microfibrils into triple helices as well as the unwinding of the latter go hand in hand with collagenase opening and closing.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Yahyouche A, Zhidao X, Czernuszka JT, Clover AJP. Macrophage-mediated degradation of crosslinked collagen scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:278-86. [PMID: 20709200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological scaffolds used in tissue engineering are incorporated in vivo by a process of cellular in-growth, followed by host-mediated degradation and replacement of these scaffolds, in which phagocytic cells from the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage play a key role. The chemical degradation of scaffolds with collagenases is well established, but to date this has not been correlated with an in vitro model of cell mediated scaffold degradation. RAW264.7, a murine monocyte/macrophage cell line, was cultured on collagen scaffolds crosslinked either by dehydrothermal treatment (DHT) or by carbodiimide (EDC). These cells attached to collagen scaffolds, proliferated and exhibited macrophage aggregation to form giant cells. Crosslinking the scaffolds by either DHT or EDC increased the resistance of the scaffold to degradation by macrophages. Increasing the amount of crosslinking in the scaffold made them more resistant to degradation by collagenase. However, while EDC increased the scaffolds' thermal and mechanical properties and decreased the swelling ratio, DHT increased the mechanical properties, but decreased the denaturation temperature and swelling ratio. Altering the scaffold properties by crosslinking affects the rate of degradation by macrophages, and this is correlated with chemical degradation (r=0.658, p<0.01). This will help in the design of scaffolds with task-specific profiles for use in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yahyouche
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shi L, Ermis R, Garcia A, Telgenhoff D, Aust D. Degradation of human collagen isoforms by Clostridium collagenase and the effects of degradation products on cell migration. Int Wound J 2010; 7:87-95. [PMID: 20529148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2010.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium collagenase has been widely used in biomedical research to dissociate tissues and isolate cells; and, since 1965, as a therapeutic drug for the removal of necrotic wound tissues. Previous studies found that purified collagenase-treated extracellular matrix stimulated cellular response to injury and increased cell proliferation and migration. This article presents an in vitro study investigating the digestive ability of Clostridium collagenase on human collagen types I, III, IV, V and VI. Our results showed that Clostridium collagenase displays proteolytic power to digest all these types of human collagen, except type VI. The degradation products derived were tested in cell migration assays using human keratinocytes (gold surface migration assay) and fibroblasts (chemotaxis cell migration assay). Clostridium collagenase itself and the degradation products of type I and III collagens showed an increase in keratinocyte and fibroblast migration, type IV-induced fibroblast migration only, and the remainder showed no effects compared with the control. The data indicate that Clostridium collagenase can effectively digest collagen isoforms that are present in necrotic wound tissues and suggest that collagenase treatment provides several mechanisms to enhance cell migration: collagenase itself and collagen degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Research & Development, Healthpoint Ltd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
|
37
|
Wyatt KEK, Bourne JW, Torzilli PA. Deformation-dependent enzyme mechanokinetic cleavage of type I collagen. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:051004. [PMID: 19388774 DOI: 10.1115/1.3078177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a key structural protein in the extracellular matrix of many tissues. It provides biological tissues with tensile mechanical strength and is enzymatically cleaved by a class of matrix metalloproteinases known as collagenases. Collagen enzymatic kinetics has been well characterized in solubilized, gel, and reconstituted forms. However, limited information exists on enzyme degradation of structurally intact collagen fibers and, more importantly, on the effect of mechanical deformation on collagen cleavage. We studied the degradation of native rat tail tendon fibers by collagenase after the fibers were mechanically elongated to strains of epsilon=1-10%. After the fibers were elongated and the stress was allowed to relax, the fiber was immersed in Clostridium histolyticum collagenase and the decrease in stress (sigma) was monitored as a means of calculating the rate of enzyme cleavage of the fiber. An enzyme mechanokinetic (EMK) relaxation function T(E)(epsilon) in s(-1) was calculated from the linear stress-time response during fiber cleavage, where T(E)(epsilon) corresponds to the zero order Michaelis-Menten enzyme-substrate kinetic response. The EMK relaxation function T(E)(epsilon) was found to decrease with applied strain at a rate of approximately 9% per percent strain, with complete inhibition of collagen cleavage predicted to occur at a strain of approximately 11%. However, comparison of the EMK response (T(E) versus epsilon) to collagen's stress-strain response (sigma versus epsilon) suggested the possibility of three different EMK responses: (1) constant T(E)(epsilon) within the toe region (epsilon<3%), (2) a rapid decrease ( approximately 50%) in the transition of the toe-to-heel region (epsilon congruent with3%) followed by (3) a constant value throughout the heel (epsilon=3-5%) and linear (epsilon=5-10%) regions. This observation suggests that the mechanism for the strain-dependent inhibition of enzyme cleavage of the collagen triple helix may be by a conformational change in the triple helix since the decrease in T(E)(epsilon) appeared concomitant with stretching of the collagen molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla E-K Wyatt
- Laboratory for Soft Tissue Research, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dravida S, Gaddipati S, Griffith M, Merrett K, Lakshmi Madhira S, Sangwan VS, Vemuganti GK. A biomimetic scaffold for culturing limbal stem cells: a promising alternative for clinical transplantation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2008; 2:263-71. [DOI: 10.1002/term.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
39
|
Liu W, Merrett K, Griffith M, Fagerholm P, Dravida S, Heyne B, Scaiano JC, Watsky MA, Shinozaki N, Lagali N, Munger R, Li F. Recombinant human collagen for tissue engineered corneal substitutes. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1147-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Kim M, Hamilton SE, Guddat LW, Overall CM. Plant collagenase: unique collagenolytic activity of cysteine proteases from ginger. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1770:1627-35. [PMID: 17920199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two cysteine proteases, GP2 and GP3, have been isolated from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale). GP2 is virtually identical to a previously identified ginger protease GPII [K.H. Choi, and R.A. Laursen, Amino-acid sequence and glycan structures of cysteine proteases with proline specificity from ginger rhizome Zingiber officinale, Eur. J. Biochem. 267 (2000) 1516-1526.], and cleaves native type I collagen at multiple discrete sites, which are in the interior of the triple helical region of this molecule. In reaction with proline-containing peptides GP2 shows preference for Pro in the P2 position, and at least 10-fold higher efficiency of hydrolysis than papain. Comparison of models of GP2 and GP3 with the crystal structure of papain shows that the three enzymes have different S2 pocket structures. The S2 pocket in GP2 and GP3 is half the size of that of papain. GP2 is the only reported plant cysteine protease with a demonstrated ability to hydrolyse native collagen. The results support a role for ginger proteases as an alternative to papain, in commercial applications such as meat tenderization, where collagen is the target substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misook Kim
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Metzmacher I, Radu F, Bause M, Knabner P, Friess W. A model describing the effect of enzymatic degradation on drug release from collagen minirods. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 67:349-60. [PMID: 17408937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A drug delivery system, named minirod, containing insoluble non-cross-linked collagen was prepared to investigate the release of model drug compounds. To characterise the complete drug release process properly, a mathematical model was developed. Previously, a mathematical model describing water penetration, matrix swelling and drug release by diffusion from dense collagen matrices has been introduced and tested. However, enzymatic matrix degradation influences the drug release as well. Based on experimental data, a model was developed which describes drug release by collagenolytic matrix degradation based on enzyme diffusion, adsorption and cleavage. Data for swelling, collagen degradation and FITC dextran release from insoluble equine collagen type I minirods were collected. Sorption studies demonstrated a tight sorption of collagenase on collagen surfaces that follows a Freundlich sorption isotherm and results in a degradation constant of 3.8x10(-5) mol/l for the minirods. The diffusion coefficients of FITC dextran 20 and 70 (3x10(-3) and 2.4x10(-3) cm2/h) in water were analyzed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Using these data, the mathematical model was verified by two-dimensional simulations. The numerical results agreed well with the measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Metzmacher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gratzer PF, Santerre JP, Lee JM. The effect of chemical modification of amino acid side-chains on collagen degradation by enzymes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 81:1-11. [PMID: 16924626 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of specific chemical modifications of amino acid side-chains on the in vitro enzyme degradation of type I collagen was studied. Two monofunctional epoxides of different size and chemistry were used to modify lysine and methylglyoxal was used to modify arginine. Lysine residues were modified using glycidol, a small hydrophilic reagent or n-butylglycidylether, a larger hydrophobic reagent. Amino acid analysis, swelling measurements, in vitro enzyme degradation analyses (using either collagenase, trypsin, acetyltrypsin, or cathepsin B), and gel chromatography were used to determine the effects of each chemical modification on purified type I collagen. Collagen solubilization by enzymes depended upon the size and chemistry of epoxides used to modify lysine residues. Modification of lysine residues by glycidol and arginine modification by methylglyoxal together significantly reduced collagen solubilization by acetyltrypsin and collagenase, whereas increased collagen solubilization was observed for all enzymes after lysine modification with n-butylglycidylether combined with arginine modification by methylglyoxal. Gel chromatographic analyses of collagen fragments solubilized by acetyltrypsin from type I collagen revealed that both the extent of solubilization and sites of cleavage were altered after lysine and arginine modification. In contrast, lysine and arginine modification only altered the amount of collagen solubilized by collagenase and had no effect on the amount collagen solubilized by cathepsin B. The ability to modulate the enzyme degradation of collagen-based materials as demonstrated in this study may facilitate the design of novel scaffolds for tissue regeneration or collagen-based drug/protein/gene delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Gratzer
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1W2.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fathima NN, Madhan B, Rao JR, Nair BU, Ramasami T. Interaction of aldehydes with collagen: effect on thermal, enzymatic and conformational stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2004; 34:241-7. [PMID: 15374680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stabilization of type I rat tail tendon (RTT) collagen by various aldehydes, viz. formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, glyoxal and crotanaldehyde was studied to understand the effect of each on the thermal, enzymatic and conformational stability of collagen. The aldehydes have been found to increase the heat stability of rat tail tendon collagen fibres from 62 to 77-86 degrees C. The increase in thermal stability was found to be in a species dependent manner. The variation in the thermal stability of collagen brought about by aldehydes was in the order of formaldehyde > gluteraldehyde > glyoxal > crotanaldehdye. The aldehydes also impart a high degree of stability to collagen against the activity of the degrading enzyme, collagenase. The order of enzymatic stability brought about by aldehydes follows the same trend as the thermal stability brought about by them. This shows that the number of cross-links formed influence both the thermal and enzymatic stability in the similar manner. The effect of various aldehydes on the secondary structure of collagen was studied using circular dichroism and it was found that the aldehydes lead to changes in the amplitude of the circular dichroic (CD) spectrum but did not alter the triple helical conformation of collagen. The secondary structure of collagen is not significantly altered on interaction with different aldehydes.
Collapse
|
44
|
Gratzer PF, Santerre JP, Lee JM. Modulation of collagen proteolysis by chemical modification of amino acid side-chains in acellularized arteries. Biomaterials 2004; 25:2081-94. [PMID: 14741623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have examined the effects of specific chemical modifications of amino acid side-chains on the in vitro degradation of "native" collagen obtained from acellular matrix (ACM)-processed arteries. Two monofunctional epoxides of different size and chemistry were used to modify lysine, with or without methylglyoxal modification of arginine. Biochemical, thermomechanical, tensile mechanical, and multi-enzymatic (collagenase, cathepsin B, acetyltrypsin, and trypsin) degradation analyses were used to determine the effects of modifications.Collagen solubilization by enzymes was found to depend upon the size and chemistry of epoxides used to modify lysine residues. In general, the solubilization of native ACM collagen by collagenase, cathepsin B, trypsin, and acetyltrypsin was either unaltered or decreased after modification with glycidol. In contrast, n-butylglycidylether (n-B) treatment increased solubilization by all enzymes. Subsequent arginine modification significantly reduced collagen solubilization by acetyltrypsin for glycidol-treated ACM arteries, whereas increased collagen solubilization was observed for n-B-treated ACM arteries with all enzymes. Gel chromatographic analyses of collagen fragments solubilized by trypsin revealed that both the amount and sites of cleavage were altered after lysine and arginine modification. The ability to modulate the enzymatic degradation of tissue-derived materials as demonstrated in this study may facilitate the design of novel engineering scaffolds for tissue regeneration or collagen-based drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P F Gratzer
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Ave, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3J5.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Caruso AB, Dunn MG. Functional evaluation of collagen fiber scaffolds for ACL reconstruction: Cyclic loading in proteolytic enzyme solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 69:164-71. [PMID: 14999764 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction scaffolds were evaluated after exposure to functional challenges in vitro: cyclic loading combined with various proteolytic enzymes. Scaffolds were prepared from collagen fibers that were uncrosslinked (UNXL), crosslinked with ultraviolet irradiation (UV), or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC; 10 or 25 mM). Structural properties of scaffolds were determined following 1-h exposure to saline, trypsin, or bacterial collagenase, with and without simultaneous cyclic tensile loading (0 to 50 g; 0.5 Hz) in vitro. The breaking load and stiffness of UNXL and UV crosslinked scaffolds were significantly reduced by exposure to either trypsin or collagenase. Cyclic loads interacted synergistically with enzymes, rendering UNXL scaffolds untestable and further decreasing the breaking load of UV crosslinked scaffolds by approximately 35%. In contrast, the breaking load and stiffness of EDC crosslinked scaffolds, which were greater than those of UNXL or UV crosslinked scaffolds, were virtually unaffected by the same load and enzyme treatments. These results suggest that EDC is more effective than UV for crosslinking and stabilizing load-bearing collagen fiber ACL reconstruction scaffolds. Application of cyclic loads and enzymes may lead to development of physiologically relevant in vitro test methods for load-bearing scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Caruso
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, MEB 424 P.O. Box 19, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tzafriri AR, Bercovier M, Parnas H. Reaction diffusion model of the enzymatic erosion of insoluble fibrillar matrices. Biophys J 2002; 83:776-93. [PMID: 12124264 PMCID: PMC1302186 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the time course of in vivo biodegradation is a key issue in the design of an increasing number of biomedical applications such as sutures, tissue analogs and drug-delivery devices. The design of such biodegradable devices is hampered by the absence of quantitative models for the enzymatic erosion of solid protein matrices. In this work, we derive and simulate a reaction diffusion model for the enzymatic erosion of fibrillar gels that successfully reproduces the main qualitative features of this process. A key aspect of the proposed model is the incorporation of steric hindrance into the standard Michaelis-Menten scheme for enzyme kinetics. In the limit of instantaneous diffusion, the model equations are analogous to the standard equations for enzymatic degradation in solution. Invoking this analogy, the total quasi-steady-state approximation is used to derive approximate analytical solutions that are valid for a wide range of in vitro conditions. Using these analytical approximations, an experimental-theoretical method is derived to unambiguously estimate all the kinetic model parameters. Moreover, the analytical approximations correctly describe the characteristic hyperbolic dependence of the erosion rate on enzyme concentration and the zero-order erosion of thin fibers. For definiteness, the analysis of published experimental results of enzymatic degradation of fibrillar collagen is demonstrated, and the role of diffusion in these experiments is elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham R Tzafriri
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lin H, Clegg DO, Lal R. Imaging real-time proteolysis of single collagen I molecules with an atomic force microscope. Biochemistry 1999; 38:9956-63. [PMID: 10433702 DOI: 10.1021/bi990800q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic process of synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix molecules, including various collagens, is important in normal physiological functions and pathological conditions. Existing models of collagen enzymatic degradation reactions are derived from bulk biochemical assays. In this study, we have imaged in real-time individual collagen I molecules and their proteolysis by Clostridium histolyticum collagenases in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with atomic force microscopy (AFM). We have also imaged the likely binding and unbinding of collagenase molecules to single triple-helical collagen I molecules and subsequent proteolysis of subsets of the collagen molecules. The proteolysis of collagen molecules was inhibited by reduced calcium and acidification. Results from AFM study of collagen proteolysis are consistent with SDS-PAGE biochemical assays. The real-time proteolysis of single collagen I molecules followed simple Michaelis-Menton kinetics previously derived from bulk biochemical assays. This is the first report of imaging real-time proteolysis of single macromolecules and its inhibition on a molecular scale. A strong correspondence between the kinetics of proteolysis of single collagen molecules and the kinetics of proteolysis derived from bulk biochemical assays will have a wide applicability in examining real-time enzymatic reactions and their regulation at single molecule structural level. Such real-time study of single molecule proteolysis could provide a better understanding of the interactions between proteases and target proteins as well as proteases and protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Lin
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Garnero P, Borel O, Byrjalsen I, Ferreras M, Drake FH, McQueney MS, Foged NT, Delmas PD, Delaissé JM. The collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K is unique among mammalian proteinases. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32347-52. [PMID: 9822715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.48.32347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen fibers account for 90% of the organic matrix of bone. The degradation of this collagen is a major event during bone resorption, but its mechanism is unknown. A series of data obtained in biological models strongly suggests that the recently discovered cysteine proteinase cathepsin K plays a key role in bone resorption. Little is known, however, about the actual action of cathepsin K on type I collagen. Here, we show that the activity of cathepsin K alone is sufficient to dissolve completely insoluble collagen of adult human cortical bone. We found that the collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K is directed both outside the helical region of the molecule, i.e. the typical activity of cysteine proteinases, and at various sites inside the helical region, hitherto believed to resist all mammalian proteinases but the collagenases of the matrix metalloproteinase family and the neutrophil elastase. This property of cathepsin K is unique among mammalian proteinases and is reminiscent of bacterial collagenases. It is likely to be responsible for the key role of cathepsin K in bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Garnero
- INSERM Unit 403, Hôpital E. Herriot, Pav F, 69437 Lyon cedex 03, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Matsushita O, Jung CM, Minami J, Katayama S, Nishi N, Okabe A. A study of the collagen-binding domain of a 116-kDa Clostridium histolyticum collagenase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3643-8. [PMID: 9452493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clostridium histolyticum 116-kDa collagenase consists of four segments, S1, S2a, S2b, and S3. A 98-kDa gelatinase, which can degrade denatured but not native collagen, lacks the C-terminal fragment containing a part of S2b and S3. In this paper we have investigated the function of the C-terminal segments using recombinant proteins. Full-length collagenase degraded both native type I collagen and a synthetic substrate, Pz-peptide, while an 88-kDa protein containing only S1 and S2a (S1S2a) degraded only Pz-peptide. Unlike the full-length enzyme, S1S2a did not bind to insoluble type I collagen. To determine the molecular determinant of collagen binding activity, various C-terminal regions were fused to the C terminus of glutathione S-transferase. S3 as well as S2bS3 conferred collagen binding. However, a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein with a region shorter than S3 exhibited reduced collagen binding activity. S3 liberated from the fusion protein also showed collagen binding activity, but not S2aS2b or S2b. S1 had 100% of the Pz-peptidase activity but only 5% of the collagenolytic activity of the full-length collagenase. These results indicate that S1 and S3 are the catalytic and binding domains, respectively, and that S2a and S2b form an interdomain structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Matsushita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Histochemical analysis of the role of class I and class II Clostridium histolyticum collagenase in the degradation of rat pancreatic extracellular matrix for islet isolation*1. Cell Transplant 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-6897(97)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|