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Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Bolivar JM, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Sabir JSM, Tacias-Pascacio VG, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of pepsin: A Lys-poor enzyme that is unstable at alkaline pH values. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:682-702. [PMID: 35508226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin is a protease used in many different applications, and in many instances, it is utilized in an immobilized form to prevent contamination of the reaction product. This enzyme has two peculiarities that make its immobilization complex. The first one is related to the poor presence of primary amino groups on its surface (just one Lys and the terminal amino group). The second one is its poor stability at alkaline pH values. Both features make the immobilization of this enzyme to be considered a complicated goal, as most of the immobilization protocols utilize primary amino groups for immobilization. This review presents some of the attempts to get immobilized pepsin biocatalyst and their applications. The high density of anionic groups (Asp and Glu) make the anion exchange of the enzyme simpler, but this makes many of the strategies utilized to immobilize the enzyme (e.g., amino-glutaraldehyde supports) more related to a mixed ion exchange/hydrophobic adsorption than to real covalent immobilization. Finally, we propose some possibilities that can permit not only the covalent immobilization of this enzyme, but also their stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Shukla S, Saxena S, Thakur J, Gupta R. Immobilization of polygalacturonase fromAspergilus nigeronto glutaraldehyde activated Nylon-6 and its application in apple juice clarification. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.39.2010.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yah WO, Yamamoto K, Jiravanichanun N, Otsuka H, Takahara A. Imogolite Reinforced Nanocomposites: Multifaceted Green Materials. MATERIALS 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445889 DOI: 10.3390/ma3031709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview on recent developments of imogolite reinforced nanocomposites, including fundamental structure, synthesis/purification of imogolite, physicochemical properties of nanocomposites and potential applications in industry. The naturally derived nanotubular material of imogolite represents a distinctive class of nanofiller for industrially significant polymer. The incompatibility between the surface properties of inorganic nanofiller and organic matrix has prompted the need to surface modify the imogolite. Early problems in increasing the binding properties of surface modifier to imogolite have been overcome by using a phosphonic acid group. Different approaches have been used to gain better control over the dispersal of nanofiller and to further improve the physicochemical properties of nanocomposites. Among these, polymer grafting, in situ synthesis of imogolite in polymer matrix, and spin-assembly are some of the promising methods that will be described herein. This imogolite reinforced nanocomposite of enhanced optical and mechanical properties, and with unique biological and electronic properties, is expected to become an important category of hybrid material that shows potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng On Yah
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Mootoka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mail: (W.O.Y)
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Kitakyushu College of Technology, 5-20-1 Shii, Kokuraminami, Kitakyusyu, Fukuoka 802-0985, Japan; E-Mail: (K.Y)
| | - Nattha Jiravanichanun
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Mootoka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mails: (N.J); (H.O)
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Mootoka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mail: (W.O.Y)
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Mootoka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mails: (N.J); (H.O)
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Mootoka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mail: (W.O.Y)
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Mootoka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; E-Mails: (N.J); (H.O)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-92-802-2517; Fax: +81-92-802-2518
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Carpio C, Escobar F, Batista-Viera F, Ruales J. Bone-Bound Glucoamylase as a Biocatalyst in Bench-Scale Production of Glucose Syrups from Liquefied Cassava Starch. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-008-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Saxena S, Shukla S, Thakur A, Gupta R. Immobilization of polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger onto activated polyethylene and its application in apple juice clarification. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2008; 55:33-51. [PMID: 18507150 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.55.2008.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work is focused on efficient immobilization of polygalacturonase on polyethylene matrix, followed by its application in apple juice clarification. Immobilization of polygalacturonase on activated polyethylene and its use in apple juice clarification was not reported so far. Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem (MTCC 3323) produced polygalacturonase when grown in modified Riviere's medium containing pectin as single carbon source by fed-batch culture. The enzyme was precipitated with ethanol and purified by gel filtration chromatography (Sephacryl S-100) and immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated polyethylene. The method is very simple and time saving for enzyme immobilization. Various characteristics of immobilized enzyme such as optimum reaction temperature and pH, temperature and pH stability, binding kinetics, efficiency of binding, reusability and metal ion effect on immobilized enzymes were evaluated in comparison to the free enzyme. Both the free and immobilized enzyme showed maximum activity at a temperature of 45 degrees C and pH 4.8. Maximum binding efficiency was 38%. The immobilized enzyme was reusable for 3 cycles with 50% loss of activity after the third cycle. Twenty-four U of immobilized enzyme at 45 degrees C and 1 h incubation time increased the transmittance of the apple juice by about 55% at 650 nm. The immobilized enzyme can be of industrial advantage in terms of sturdiness, availability, inertness, low price, reusability and temperature stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivalika Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summerhill, Shimla-171 005, India
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Influence of the microenvironment on the activity of enzymes immobilized on Teflon membranes grafted by γ-radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(99)00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Immobilization of invertase onto a copolymer of methacrylamide and N,N′-methylene-bis(acrylamide). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02941838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Garg SK, Johri BN. Immobilization of milk-clotting proteases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 9:139-44. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/04/1992] [Accepted: 08/12/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sannier F, Piot JM, Guillochon D, Dhulster P, Thomas D. Stabilization of pepsin on duolite for the continuous hydrolysis of bovine haemoglobin at pH2 and 40�C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Manji B, Yada R, Findlay C, Parkin K. Optimization of the immobilization of milk‐clotting proteases to granular bone. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/08905438809549675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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