Recombinant congenic strains of mice from B10.D2 and DBA/2: their contribution to behavior genetic research and application to audiogenic seizures

Interspecific resources: a major tool for quantitative trait locus cloning and speciation research

Positional cloning of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) still encounters numerous difficulties, which explains why thousands of QTL have been mapped, while only a few have been identified at the molecular level. Here, we focus on a specific mapping tool that exists in plant and animal model species: interspecific recombinant congenic strains (IRCSs) or interspecific nearly isogenic lines (NILs). Such panels exhibit a much higher sequence diversity than intraspecific sets, thus enhancing the contrasts between phenotypes. In animals, it allows statistical significance to be reached even when using a limited number of individuals. Therefore, we argue that interspecific resources may constitute a major genetic tool for positional cloning and for understanding some bases of speciation mechanisms.

Interspecific recombinant congenic strains between C57BL/6 and mice of the Mus spretus species: a powerful tool to dissect genetic control of complex traits

Complex traits are under the genetic control of multiple genes, often with weak effects and strong epistatic interactions. We developed two new collections of mouse strains to improve genetic dissection of complex traits. They are derived from several backcrosses of the Mus spretus SEG/Pas or STF/Pas strains on the C57BL/6J background. Each of the 55 interspecific recombinant congenic strains (IRCSs) carries up to eight SEG/Pas chromosomal segments with an average size of 11.7 Mb, totalizing 1.37% of the genome. The complete series covers 39.7% of the SEG/Pas genome. As a complementary resource, six partial or complete interspecific consomic strains were developed and increased genome coverage to 45.6%. To evaluate the usefulness of these strains for QTL mapping, 16 IRCSs were compared with C57BL/6J for seven hematological parameters. Strain 66H, which carries three SEG/Pas chromosomal segments, had lower red blood cell volume and higher platelet count than C57BL/6J. Each chromosomal segment was isolated in a congenic strain to evaluate individual effects. Congenic strains were combined to assess epistasis. Our data show that both traits were controlled by several genes with complex epistatic interactions. IRCSs are therefore useful to unravel QTL with small effects and gene-by-gene interactions.

Mouse strain variation in maximal electroshock seizure threshold

Maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) is a classical measure of seizure sensitivity with a wide range of experimental applications. We determined MEST in nine inbred mouse strains and one congenic strain using a procedure in which mice are given one shock per day with an incremental (1 mA) current increase in each successive trial until a maximal seizure (tonic hindlimb extension) is elicited. C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice exhibited the highest and lowest MEST, respectively, with the values of other strains falling between these two extremes. The relative rank order of MEST values by inbred strain (highest to lowest) is as follows: C57BL/6J > CBA/J = C3H/HeJ > A/J > Balb/cJ = 129/SvIMJ = 129/SvJ > AKR/J > DBA/2J. Results of experiments involving a single electroconvulsive shock given to separate groups of mice at different current intensities suggest that determination of MEST by the method used is not affected by repeated sub-maximal seizures. Overall, results document a distinctive mouse strain distribution pattern for MEST. Additionally, low within strain variability suggests that environmental factors which affect quantification of MEST are readily controlled under the conditions of this study. We conclude that MEST represents a useful tool for dissecting the multifactorial nature of seizure sensitivity in mice.

Ah receptor involvement in mediation of pyruvate carboxylase levels and activity in mice given 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

The arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a central role in mediating 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in animals. The investigations described here provide evidence that support a role for the AhR in TCDD-mediated pyruvate carboxylase (PC) level/activity reductions in mice. Pyruvate carboxylase plays a pivotal role in gluconeogenesis and in supplying carbon units for the citric acid cycle. Delivered ip in a corn oil carrier, TCDD suppresses PC activity/amount at doses as low as 1 microgram/kg in responsive C57BL/6J(Ahb/b) mice. Corn oil alone injected ip into mice at 4 mL/kg appears to be an inducer that increases the amount and activity of PC. However, TCDD suppresses this induction. In the Ahb/b mouse, PC levels and activity are reduced to 10% of control values at a dose of 75 micrograms/kg. A time-course experiment shows that the PC reductions are apparent within 16 hours post-TCDD exposure. Here we report investigations on the PC/TCDD response using a congenic C57BL/6J(Ahd/d) mouse strain having an AhR with a low affinity for TCDD. If the PC/TCDD response is AhR mediated, the congenic mouse strain (Ahd/d) would require much higher doses of TCDD to suppress PC. In the Ahd/d mice, we observe that an approximately 60-fold increase in TCDD dose is necessary to produce a PC/TCDD effect. We also find that in Ahd/d mice, corn oil does not induce an increase in PC activity/amounts, as reported for Ahb/b mice.

Evidence for a multigenic system controlling methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM)-induced seizures

beta-CCM is a beta-carboline known to have properties opposite to those of benzodiazepines. Our approach was to analyze, in mice, the genetic mechanisms involved in beta-CCM-induced myoclonic seizures using recombinant congenic strains and F1 hybrids issued from these strains. Our aim was to define the extent of the multigenic character of beta-CCM-induced myoclonic seizures, while also evaluating the distribution of the strength of the genes implicated in this trait. The results show that the control of reactivity to beta-CCM is multigenic with notable epistatic involvement.