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Kovalenko E, Makhnovich E, Osinovskaya N, Bogolepova A. Focused ultrasound as a non-invasive method with therapeutic potential in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:38-45. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212210138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mogk S, Boßelmann CM, Mudogo CN, Stein J, Wolburg H, Duszenko M. African trypanosomes and brain infection - the unsolved question. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1675-1687. [PMID: 27739621 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes induce sleeping sickness. The parasites are transmitted during the blood meal of a tsetse fly and appear primarily in blood and lymph vessels, before they enter the central nervous system. During the latter stage, trypanosomes induce a deregulation of sleep-wake cycles and some additional neurological disorders. Historically, it was assumed that trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier and settle somewhere between the brain cells. The brain, however, is a strictly controlled and immune-privileged area that is completely surrounded by a dense barrier that covers the blood vessels: this is the blood-brain barrier. It is known that some immune cells are able to cross this barrier, but this requires a sophisticated mechanism and highly specific cell-cell interactions that have not been observed for trypanosomes within the mammalian host. Interestingly, trypanosomes injected directly into the brain parenchyma did not induce an infection. Likewise, after an intraperitoneal infection of rats, Trypanosoma brucei brucei was not observed within the brain, but appeared readily within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the meninges. Therefore, the parasite did not cross the blood-brain barrier, but the blood-CSF barrier, which is formed by the choroid plexus, i.e. the part of the ventricles where CSF is produced from blood. While there is no question that trypanosomes are able to invade the brain to induce a deadly encephalopathy, controversy exists about the pathway involved. This review lists experimental results that support crossing of the blood-brain barrier and of the blood-CSF barrier and discuss the implications that either pathway would have on infection progress and on the survival strategy of the parasite. For reasons discussed below, we prefer the latter pathway and suggest the existence of an additional distinct meningeal stage, from which trypanosomes could invade the brain via the Virchow-Robin space thereby bypassing the blood-brain barrier. We also consider healthy carriers, i.e. people living symptomless with the disease for up to several decades, and discuss implications the proposed meningeal stage would have for new anti-trypanosomal drug development. Considering the re-infection of blood, a process called relapse, we discuss the likely involvement of the newly described glymphatic connection between the meningeal space and the lymphatic system, that seems also be important for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mogk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Christian M Boßelmann
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Celestin N Mudogo
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany.,Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, BP 834 KIN XI, Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
| | - Jasmin Stein
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Medical Department, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Liebermeister Str. 8, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany.,Medical Department, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Raevsky O, Solodova S, Lagunin A, Poroikov V. Computer modeling of blood brain barrier permeability of physiologically active compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:161-81. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
At present work discusses the current level of computer modeling the relationship structure of organic compounds and drugs and their ability to penetrate the BBB. All descriptors that influence to this permeability within classification and regression QSAR models are generalized and analyzed. The crucial role of H-bond in processes both passive, and active transport across BBB is observed. It is concluded that further research should be focused on interpretation the spatial structure of a full-size P-glycoprotein molecule with high resolution and the creation of QSAR models describing the quantitative relationship between structure and active transport of substances across BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.A. Raevsky
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science
| | - S.L. Solodova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Science
| | - A.A. Lagunin
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - V.V. Poroikov
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
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Raevsky OA, Solodova SL, Lagunin AA, Poroikov VV. Computer modeling of blood brain barrier permeability for physiologically active compounds. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s199075081302008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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