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Braun D, Rivalta A, Giunchi A, Bedoya-Martinez N, Schrode B, Venuti E, Della Valle RG, Werzer O. Surface Induced Phenytoin Polymorph. 1. Full Structure Solution by Combining Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction and Crystal Structure Prediction. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2019; 19:6058-6066. [PMID: 31728132 PMCID: PMC6839513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior and properties of molecules assembled in thin layers requires knowledge of their crystalline packing. The drug phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin) is one of the compounds that can be grown as a surface induced polymorph. By using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, the monoclinic unit cell of the new form II can be determined, but, due to crystal size and the low amount of data, a full solution using conventional structure solving strategies fails. In this work, the full solution has been obtained by combining computational structure generation and experimental results. The comparison between the bulk and the new surface induced phase reveals significant packing differences of the hydrogen-bonding network, which might be the reason for the faster dissolution of form II with respect to form I. The results are very satisfactory, and the method might be adapted for other systems, where, due to the limited amount of experimental data, one must rely on additional approaches to gain access to more detailed information to understand the solid-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris
E. Braun
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arianna Rivalta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Giunchi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Univertitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Guido Della Valle
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Univertitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Giunchi A, Rivalta A, Bedoya-Martínez N, Schrode B, Braun DE, Werzer O, Venuti E, Della Valle RG. Surface Induced Phenytoin Polymorph. 2. Structure Validation by Comparing Experimental and Density Functional Theory Raman Spectra. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2019; 19:6067-6073. [PMID: 33828438 PMCID: PMC8016182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method for structure solution in thin films that combines grazing incidence X-ray diffraction data analysis and crystal structure prediction was presented in a recent work (Braun et al. Cryst. Growth Des.2019, DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00857). Applied to phenytoin form II, which is only detected in films, the approach gave a very reasonable, but not fully confirmed, candidate structure with Z = 4 and Z' = 2. In the present work, we demonstrate how, by calculating and measuring the crystal Raman spectrum in the low wavenumber energy region with the aim of validating the candidate structure, this can be further refined. In fact, we find it to correspond to a saddle point of the energy landscape of the system, from which a minimum of lower symmetry may be reached. With the new structure, with Z = 4 and Z' = 2, we finally obtain an excellent agreement between experimental and calculated Raman spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giunchi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Rivalta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Doris E. Braun
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Guido Della Valle
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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Shah HS, Chaturvedi K, Zeller M, Bates S, Morris K. A threefold superstructure of the anti-epileptic drug phenytoin sodium as a mixed methanol solvate hydrate. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 75:1213-1219. [PMID: 31484808 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229619010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenytoin sodium, a salt of 5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, or phenytoin, is commercially available in various dosage forms for its anti-epileptic properties to treat and prevent seizures. The title compound, poly[aquatris(μ3-4,4-diphenyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-ido)trimethanoltrisodium(I)], [Na3(C15H11N2O2)3(CH4O)3(H2O)1.08]n, a methanol solvate and hydrate of phenytoin sodium, forms a modulated crystal structure that consists of a supercell made up of three close-to-identical repeat units. Each of the basic fragments consists of one phenytoin anion, a sodium cation, and either a methanol, or a methanol and a water molecule coordinated to the sodium ion, yielding a formula unit of Na(C15H11N2O2)(CH3OH)x(H2O)y for each of the three segments (x, y = 0 or 1; x + y = 1 or 2). Modulation along the b axis is introduced due to the presence or absence of water or methanol molecules at sodium and by the alternating torsion angles of one of the two phenytoin phenyl rings. Individual segments within the asymmetric unit are linked by covalent Na-O and Na-N bonds, with each sodium ion coordinated to one anionic amide N atom and three keto O atoms. The Na-N and one of the Na-O bonds connect (C15H11N2O2)·Na units along the modulation direction, creating an infinite [(C15H11N2O2)·Na]n chain that is further stabilized by intramolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonding parallel to [010]. The second Na-O bond connects this chain with a symmetry-equivalent copy of itself created by a screw-axis operation, yielding double strands of [(C15H11N2O2)·Na]n chains. Two of these double strands, propagating in opposite directions, constitute the content of the unit cell. Neighboring double strands are connected with each other to form layers perpendicular to the a axis, tethered together via O-H...O hydrogen bonds involving the water and methanol molecules. In addition to modulation, each of the repeat units also exhibits disorder of the modulated segments. Phenyl rings of each repeat unit are rotationally disordered, and sodium-coordinated methanol and water molecules are also positionally disordered and/or partially occupied. The solvated structure reported here, while not matching the patterns reported for any of the known forms of phenytoin sodium, does provide a first insight into the complications and complexities involved in resolving the structure of anhydrous phenytoin sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh S Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Kaushalendra Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., W. Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
| | - Simon Bates
- Triclinic Labs, 2660 Schuyler Avenue, Suite A, Lafayette, IN 47905, USA
| | - Kenneth Morris
- Lachman Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Long Island University, 75 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
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Moriyama K, Furuno N, Yamakawa N. Crystal face identification by Raman microscopy for assessment of crystal habit of a drug. Int J Pharm 2015; 480:101-6. [PMID: 25615983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crystal habit is one of the key crystallographic characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), especially those that are poorly soluble. X-ray powder diffraction has commonly been used to assess crystal habit; however, it can only provide macro-information regarding crystal habit for a whole powder sample, not for individual crystals. We describe an approach that uses Raman microscopy for the identification of crystal faces to assess crystal habit at the individual particle level. An antiepileptic agent, phenytoin, was used as the model substance. Phenytoin crystals form a primitive orthorhombic cell. Raman microscopy was used to identify three different patterns of Raman spectra, corresponding to the crystallographic axis that was parallel to the polarization direction of the excitation laser. Thus, a combination of Raman spectra, in which the polarization direction was horizontal and vertical to the morphologically long axis of the crystal, characterized the crystal face. Phenytoin crystals were prepared under various conditions, and the horizontal/vertical combinations of Raman spectra were recorded for individual crystals. The dominantly exposed crystal faces for each condition were identified. This analytical method enables micro-view assessments of crystal habit, which are helpful for identifying the habits of APIs alone and in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Moriyama
- Shujitsu University, School of Pharmacy, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
| | - Naoko Furuno
- Shujitsu University, School of Pharmacy, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamakawa
- Shujitsu University, School of Pharmacy, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
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Puszyńska-Tuszkanow M, Daszkiewicz M, Maciejewska G, Staszak Z, Wietrzyk J, Filip B, Cieślak-Golonka M. HSAB principle and nickel(II) ion reactivity towards 1-methyhydantoin. Polyhedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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